Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Bonn, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2006. / Submitted to the School of Nutrition Science and Policy. Adviser: Patrick Webb. Includes bibliographical references. Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

Bakgrund: The Hunger Games (Collins, 2008) och Divergent (Roth, 2011) är succéromaner som friskt blandar teman som t.ex. identitetssökande, politisk revolt och tonårstrots. Romanerna ingår i genren young adult dystopian literature och är i gott sällskap eftersom intresset för dystopisk och post-apokalyptisk litteratur och film är stort. Ofta handlar denna genre om någon sorts samhällskritik som riktar sig mot en västerländsk samhällsstruktur, vilket även The Hunger Games (Collins, 2008) och Divergent (Roth, 2011) gör. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att göra en komparativ analys av tonårsromanserna i The Hunger Games (2008) och Divergent (2011). Romanerna kommer att jämföras utifrån ett genusperspektiv med särskilt fokus på huvudkaraktärerna och deras romantiska förhållanden. En central fråga är i vilken utsträckning de utmanar eller reproducerar normer i förhållande till varandra. Metod: I analysen används närläsning som den grundläggande metoden för att besvara frågeställningarna för den här uppsatsen. I närläsningen tas det stöd av Hellspongs (2001, s. 171-177) metod för berättelseanalys eftersom den bidrar till en fullare förståelse för texten som helhet och därmed kompletterar den väl. För det jämförande inslaget i analysen används Hellspongs (2001, s. 78-81) metod för komparativ analys. Resultat: De kvinnliga protagonisterna i romanerna utgörs av normbrytande flickor som inte alls påminner om deras traditionella föregångare. I de dystopiska romanerna med dystra framtidsvisioner och förtryckande samhällen skapas det utrymme för dessa rebelliska hjältinnor att rekonstruera bilden av vad en flicka är och vad hon har möjlighet att vara. På så vis ruskar romanerna om genusnormerna. Båda romanerna har också de starka och modiga manliga motspelarna som bidragande aktörer till detta, enbart, genom att de inte är överlägsna utan att de är deras jämlikar. Det som skiljer romanerna åt är att The Hunger Games (2008) har den snälla och mjuka protagonisten Peeta som utmanar den traditionellt manliga könsstereotypen, medan de andra manliga motspelarna lever upp till den. Tillsammans utmanar de alltså normer inom heteronormen.

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to examine relationships among the sensations and cognition components of perceived hunger and four contextual correlates: physiological, emotional, environmental, and established patterns. The study examined (1) relationships among the contextual factors and components of perceived hunger, (2) differences between normal weight and overweight individuals in their perception of hunger, and (3) multivariate relationships among contextual factors and perceived hunger. The convenience sample was comprised of 359 healthy adults living in western Canada. The theoretical framework for this study emerged from the global context of the eating experience, specifically the relationship between the constructs of contextual factors and hunger. Physiological context was estimated by body mass index. Instruments used to estimate the concepts, emotional context, environmental context, established patterns, sensations, and cognition were immature instruments. Reliability and validity had been assessed in a pilot study. Statistical analysis of data included descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, one-way analysis of variance, and stepwise multiple regression techniques. Approximately 58 percent of the variance in the cognitive struggle component of perceived hunger, was accounted for by the intensity of the individual's negative emotions and their degree of adiposity. Other patterns were indicative of trends. The linear composite of negative emotions, environmental factors, and the immediacy component of the established patterns accounted for 22 percent of the variance in the enhancers aspect of cognition. Nineteen percent of the variance in the sensations component was accounted for by the linear composite of the immediacy component of established patterns, environmental context, degree of adiposity, and negative emotions. Both overweight and obese individual's perception of sensations denoting hunger was significantly less intense than those experienced by normal weight individuals. The obese individual's perception of cognitive struggle was significantly more intense than that experienced by underweight, normal weight, or overweight individuals. Overweight individuals experienced cognitive struggle with significantly greater intensity than did underweight individuals. Nurses in clinical settings may use the findings for assessing and formulating nursing interventions related to eating behavior.

No description available.

No description available.

The main goals of the present thesis were to investigate how food deprivation influences food related disgust and to identify mental mechanisms that might underlie alterations in food related disgust. For this purpose, 9 studies were conducted that employed direct and indirect measures of attitudes, biological measures of affect as well as measures of real eating behavior and food choice, and compared responses of deprived and non deprived subjects on each of these measures. Spontaneous facial reactions were assessed via EMG and revealed that food deprived subjects showed weaker disgust reactions than satiated participants when being confronted with photographs of disgusting foods. Interestingly, deprived and non deprived subjects evaluated disgusting foods equally negative on a conscious level of information processing, indicating that food deprivation has the potential to attenuate food related disgust irrespective of conscious evaluations. Furthermore, it was found that food deprived participants readily consumed disgust related foods (“genetically modified foods”), while satiated participants rejected those foods. Again, no difference emerged between deprived and non deprived subjects in respect to their conscious evaluations of genetically modified foods (that were negative in both experimental groups). The dissociation between conscious evaluations and actual eating behavior that was observed amongst food deprived participants resembles the dissociation between conscious evaluations and facial reactions, thereby corroborating the assumption that alterations in food related disgust might directly influence eating behavior without changing conscious evaluations of foods. The assumption that a shift in automatic attitudes towards disgusting foods might be responsible for these effects received only partial support. That is, there was only a non significant tendency for food deprived subjects to evaluate disgusting foods more positive than satiated subjects on an automatic level of information processing. Instead, the results of the present thesis suggest that food deprived subjects exhibit a stronger motivation than satiated subjects to approach disgusting foods immediately. More precisely, food deprived participants exhibited strong approach motivational tendencies towards both, palatable and disgusting foods in an “Approach- Avoidance Task” whereas satiated participants only approached palatable (but not disgusting) foods on an automatic level of information processing. Moreover, food deprivation seems to change the subjective weighting of hedonic and functional food attributes in the context of more elaborated decisions about which foods to pick for consumption and which foods to reject. It was found that individual taste preferences were of minor importance for food deprived subjects but very important for satiated subjects when actually choosing between several food alternatives. In contrast, functional food attributes (e.g., immediate availability of a given food, large portion size) were more important selection criteria for food deprived subjects than for satiated subjects. Thus, food deprived participants were less picky than satiated participants, but showed a clear preference for those food alternatives that were functional in ending a state of food deprivation quickly – even if this meant choosing a food that was not considered tasty. Taken together, the present thesis shows that physiological need states (e.g., food deprivation) are tightly linked to the affective and motivational processing of need relevant cues. This link is so strong that food deprivation even modulates affective and motivational reactions as well as eating behavior and choice behavior towards disgusting (but need relevant) foods. / In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, wie sich Nahrungsdeprivation auf nahrungsbezogene Ekelreaktionen auswirkt und welche mentalen Prozesse in diesem Zusammenhang eine Rolle spielen. Hierzu wurden in insgesamt 9 Studien unterschiedliche direkte und indirekte Einstellungsmaße, biologische Affektmaße (z.B. EMG), sowie tatsächliches Ess- und Nahrungsauswahlverhalten von hungrigen und satten Probanden analysiert. Anhand elektromyographisch abgeleiteteter, fazialer Reaktionen wurde nachgewiesen, dass hungrige Probanden schwächere unmittelbare Ekelreaktionen als satte Probenden zeigen, während sie mit Fotos von ekelerregenden Speisen konfrontiert werden. Interessanterweise trat dieser Effekt auf, obwohl hungrige Probanden eklige Speisen auf einer bewussten Ebene der Informationsverarbeitung genau so negativ beurteilten wie satte Probanden auch. Dies legt nahe, dass Nahrungsdeprivation auch unabhängig von bewussten Bewertungen zu einer unmittelbaren Abnahme nahrungsbezogener Ekelreaktionen führen kann. Darüber hinaus wurde gefunden, dass satte Probanden den Konsum von ekelassoziierten Speisen („Genfood“) verweigerten, während hungrige Probanden diese in uneingeschränktem Ausmaß konsumierten. Interessanterweise beurteilten hungrige Probanden genetisch veränderte Lebensmittel auf bewusster Ebene jedoch genau so negativ wie satte Probanden auch. Die Hypothese, dass die beobachteten Effekte auf eine Modulation automatischer bzw. „unbewusster“ Einstellungen gegenüber ekligen Speisen zurück zu führen ist, wurde nur bedingt bestätigt. So zeigten hungrige Probanden zwar sowohl gegenüber appetitlichen, als auch gegenüber ekligen Speisen positivere automatische Bewertungen als satte Probanden, dieser Unterschied verfehlte jedoch knapp statistische Signifikanz. Vielmehr legen die gefundenen Ergebnisse nahe, dass hungrige Probanden vor allem stärkere unmittelbare Annäherungsreaktionen an eklige Speisen zeigen als satte Probanden. Letztere differenzierten im Rahmen einer sog. „Annäherungs- Vermeidungsaufgabe“ auch auf einer automatischen Ebene der Informationsverarbeitung deutlich zwischen appetitlicher und ekliger Nahrung, während hungrige Probanden sich gleichermaßen stark an appetitliche und unappetitliche Speisen annäherten. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich, dass hedonische Aspekte (z.B. individuelle Geschmacksvorlieben) unwichtigere Kriterien für die Nahrungsauswahl von hungrigen Probanden waren, als für die Nahrungsauswahl satter Probanden. Funktionale Nahrungsattribute (z.B. Portionsgröße, unmittelbare zeitliche Verfügbarkeit) hingegen waren wichtigere Auswahlkriterien für hungrige Probanden als für satte Probanden. Hungrige Probanden waren somit weniger „wählerisch“ als satte Probanden, sondern zeigten eine Präferenz für jene Nahrungsalternativen, die dazu geeignet waren, einen physiologischen Deprivationszustand schnell zu beenden – selbst wenn es sich dabei um geschmacklich unattraktive Speisen handelte. Insgesamt zeigt die vorliegende Arbeit auf, dass physiologische Deprivationszustände wie Nahrungsdeprivation eng mit der affektiven und motivationalen Verarbeitung von bedürfnisrelevanten Reizen verknüpft sind. Diese Verknüpfung ist so eng, dass Nahrungsdeprivation sogar unmittelbare affektive und motivationale Reaktionen, sowie Konsum.- und Auswahlverhalten gegenüber Speisen beeinflusst, die wir normalerweise als eklig oder unappetitlich erachten.

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SAMMANFATTNING Syfte Att studera om det förelåg skillnader i hunger, sug, motivation, koncentration samt törst beroende på andelen protein i kosten vid negativ energibalans. Metod Som en del av en större interventionsstudie användes enkäter i form av självskattningskalor för att studera de olika faktorerna (hunger, sug, motivation, koncentration och törst) vid normalt respektive lågt proteinintag vid negativ energibalans. Den större studien innefattade bl a moment så som fysiska arbetsprov, biokemiska tester, direkt –och indirekt respiratorisk kalorimetri. Resultat Studien visar att ett proteinintag på 2,5 gram per kilo kroppsvikt varken ger minskad hunger eller minskat sug jämfört med vid ett proteinintag på 1.0 gram per kilo kroppsvikt. Däremot visade studien att ett ökat proteinintag gav minskad törst jämfört med ett normalt proteinintag. När det gäller motivationen ses inga betydande skillnder med avseende på proteinintaget då båda grupperna skattade sin motivation likartat. Koncentrationen hos de båda grupperna följdes åt under de första 4 dagarna för att sedan avvika från varandra under dag 5. Normalproteingruppen skattade då sin koncentration mer är dubbelt så hög som högproteingruppen. / ABSTRACT Aim The aim of the survey was to study whether there were differences in hunger, cravings, motivation, concentration and thirst depending on the proportions of protein in the diet during negative energy balance. Method A quasi-experimental quantitative study was conducted where perceptions of hunger, cravings, motivation, concentration and thirst were assessed in young men consuming either a normal or a high protein intake during negative energy balance. Results The study shows that a protein intake of 2.5 grams per kilo of body weight neither reduced hunger nor cravings compared to a protein intake of 1.0 grams per kilo of bodyweight. However, the study showed that increased protein intake resulted in reduced thirst compared to a normal protein intake. No difference in motivation. Concentration was rated similar in both groups during the first 4 days and the last two days, but on day 5 the normal protein group rated their concentration more than twice as high as the high protein group.

The purpose of this study was to explore women’s subjective food and eating experiences from childhood through to adulthood and the ways in which these experiences either connected or disconnected them from their appetites for food and eating. The present study used a qualitative life history methodology, the goal of which is to assess individuals’ lived experiences to construct broader contextual meaning. In-depth interviews were used to investigate food and eating experiences among twelve women between ages 25 and 44, representing diverse social and cultural backgrounds as well as current and past eating problems. Participants took part in an open-ended interview, using a series of guided questions about their food and eating experiences from childhood through to adulthood. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes using the constant comparison method. Two models emerged from the data in this study that described the social factors that connected and disconnected women from their appetites and eating. The Regulating Discourses Model which outlines current ways women negotiate appetite and desire through food and eating experiences, and the Socialization through Food and Eating Model which delineates socialization processes related to food and eating during women’s development. This research may be useful for counselors, health care professionals, as well as the larger community to increase awareness on ways to maintain girls’ and women’s connection to their bodily appetites and desires throughout the lifespan.