Advertising plays a distinct role in economies around the world and, in this regard, diverse countries have been investigated in this study including the BRICS countries. It focused on the classification of advertising cost for tax purposes. Research questions posed by this study are answered through the development of a classification process that may assist with the classification of advertising cost for the purpose of taxation. It has been established that guidelines for the classification of advertising cost as capital or revenue of nature are needed to correctly classify advertising cost for tax purposes. Furthermore, the determination of when advertising cost will be regarded as capital of nature is required. The study used a mixed method research approach, involving a literature review of case law and income tax acts as well as an analysis of annual financial statements. Findings from this research indicate a growing trend in revenue generated from advertising in South Africa; proving the importance of the advertising market in the economy. Guidelines for the classification of advertising cost for tax purposes were established by using principles from national and international case law. / MCom (Accountancy)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2015

Drawing upon media agenda-setting theory and previous studies in organizational impression management, this paper empirically investigates the influence of tax avoidance news on corporate tax reporting. This study is based on the pronounced discontinuity in the amount of news articles related to tax avoidance in the United Kingdom over two periods (2010-2011 and 2012-2013). A difference-in-differences design is employed in order to enable a comparison of the media effects on those firms that have been reported in tax avoidance news versus those without media attention. Using a sample of annual reports of UK FTSE 100 companies across the period 2010 to 2013, I test the impact of tax avoidance news on quality and quantity of tax disclosure. The results suggest that the recent increase in media attention on tax avoidance does not stimulate firms to improve the quality and the quantity of tax disclosure in their corporate reporting. Rather, firms can be discouraged from discussing the most relevant tax items in their reporting, as shown in the case of financial firms which were the subject of the largest amount of tax avoidance news. (author's abstract) / Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series

The main goal of my thesis was to present a compact view on current adjustment of the taxation of income of natural persons resulting from business and other forms of self- employment with the emphasis on the description of tax records, lump-sump expenses and lump-sump tax. I tried to apply articular structural elements of the taxation of income of natural persons resulting from business and other forms of self-employment and to present its interpretation. Regarding the complexity of the act I consider to be useful to present some practical examples which would enable better understanding of the institutes described and I also tried not to forget the judgments relating the interpretation. Lump-sump tax which I tried to analyzed, is not very spread in the Czech Republic even though it should contribute to simplification of the setting of the Income Tax for tax-payers running their business on a mall scale. The reason for this state is, in my opinion, the impossibility to apply tax refund, impossibility to apply tax loss and one of the reason can also be uncertainty of economic result because if tax-payers reach lower income and higher expenses than those ones which were counted while setting lump-sum tax, their tax liability doesn't change. In connection with the change of the Act of Accounting, on the 1st...

M.Com. (Taxation) / One of the canons of context requires that a liability will be in 1986:para 4.47). taxation is certainty. "Certainty taxpayer be reasonably certain of what any given set of circumstances" (Margo in this his tax Report, It is submitted that, at present, there is not the desired certainty regarding the treatment of unrealised foreign exchange differences. This is proven by the internal memorandum circularised by the Commissioner of Inland Revenue, advising local Receivers of Revenue to put on hold all income tax returns with unrealised foreign exchange losses and all objections to the disallowance of these losses until such time that it has, in consultation with professional bodies, been able to establish an acceptable solution to the problem (Commissioner for Inland Revenue, n.d.). No finality has been reached to date and uncertainty therefore still prevails on either side of the fence, resulting in losses to both parties. As a result of the Commissioner's instruction not to assess income tax returns with foreign exchange differences, Revenue suffers significant losses from a cash flow point of view. This is because a taxpayer is entitled to base his first and second provisional tax payment for a particular tax year on his "basic amount", this being his taxable income or assessed loss for the last tax year for which he has been assessed. For many affected taxpayers, this is their 1984 tax year in respect of which they reported a considerably lower taxable income than for their last year of assessment. This means that their first two provisional tax payments in respect of a particular tax year can be extremely low in comparison to their taxable income for their last year of assessment. There are also quite a few taxpayers who had an assessed loss for their 1984 tax year who are therefore not required to make a payment at all. It follows, therefore, that Revenue could improve its cash flow position by not allowing assessments to fall too far in arrears. Conversely, disallowance response to pay tax on purposes. taxpayers lose where they have objected to the of their foreign exchange losses and are still awaiting a their objections as, in the meantime, they will have to the basis that the losses are not deductible for tax The direct effect of the disallowance of unrealised foreign exchange losses would be that the after tax cost of borrowings from abroad would be unacceptably high, thus creating a bias towards local borrowing. In a country in dire need of foreign capital, this situation is obviously totally undesirable.

A discussão acerca do impacto dos tributos sobre a renda na geração de valor ainda é pouco explorada na teoria de finanças. No entanto, a necessidade de investigação do tema é crescente, já que se trata de importante variável na composição do valor das empresas. O problema de estudo investiga se a estrutura dos tributos sobre a renda, determinada pela legislação específica de um país, pode ser responsável por um ganho de valor das empresas desse país se comparado a outro país com diferente legislação. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar o impacto dos tributos sobre a renda no valor das empresas em diferentes países. Em um primeiro momento é analisada, por meio da técnica bibliográfica e documental, a legislação dos tributos sobre a renda das empresas dos países selecionados (Brasil, EUA, Espanha e Japão), a fim de demonstrar e comparar as formas de apuração desses tributos. Após essa evidenciação, são realizadas análises estatísticas, por meio de testes de diferença entre médias das alíquotas efetivas e das bases de tributos sobre a renda nas empresas de capital aberto dos países analisados, buscando comparar os resultados obtidos com as formas de tributação sobre a renda apresentadas. Para comprovação e análise final do trabalho foi elaborada uma simulação hipotética visando demonstrar os efeitos dos tributos sobre a renda na geração de valor das empresas. Os resultados apurados revelam diferenças significativas entre a alíquota efetiva dos países e a alíquota marginal definida pela legislação, além de demonstrarem que o LAIR é estatisticamente diferente do Lucro Tributável. / There have been few in-depth studies of the impact of income tax on the generation of value in the theory of finances. However, there is a growing need to investigate the issue, since taxation is a major variable affecting the value composition of companies. This study asks whether the income tax structure stipulated by the specific legislation of a certain country may account for gains in the value of companies in this country compared to other countries with different legislation. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of income tax on the value of the companies in different countries. It initially uses bibliographical and documentary techniques to analyze income tax legislation affecting companies in the selected countries (Brazil, the USA, Spain and Japan), in order to demonstrate and compare different ways of reflecting these taxes in accounting terms. Having shown this, it proceeds to perform statistical analysis of average actual tax rates and taxable income parameters for publicly traded companies in the countries analyzed, and compares the results obtained with forms of income taxation. In conclusion, and as the final analysis of the study, a practical simulation is devised to show the effects of income tax on value of companies. The findings point to significant differences between actual rates in these countries and marginal rates as defined by legislation, and further show that Pre-Tax Income is statistically different from Taxable Income.

No description available.

A discussão acerca do impacto dos tributos sobre a renda na geração de valor ainda é pouco explorada na teoria de finanças. No entanto, a necessidade de investigação do tema é crescente, já que se trata de importante variável na composição do valor das empresas. O problema de estudo investiga se a estrutura dos tributos sobre a renda, determinada pela legislação específica de um país, pode ser responsável por um ganho de valor das empresas desse país se comparado a outro país com diferente legislação. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar o impacto dos tributos sobre a renda no valor das empresas em diferentes países. Em um primeiro momento é analisada, por meio da técnica bibliográfica e documental, a legislação dos tributos sobre a renda das empresas dos países selecionados (Brasil, EUA, Espanha e Japão), a fim de demonstrar e comparar as formas de apuração desses tributos. Após essa evidenciação, são realizadas análises estatísticas, por meio de testes de diferença entre médias das alíquotas efetivas e das bases de tributos sobre a renda nas empresas de capital aberto dos países analisados, buscando comparar os resultados obtidos com as formas de tributação sobre a renda apresentadas. Para comprovação e análise final do trabalho foi elaborada uma simulação hipotética visando demonstrar os efeitos dos tributos sobre a renda na geração de valor das empresas. Os resultados apurados revelam diferenças significativas entre a alíquota efetiva dos países e a alíquota marginal definida pela legislação, além de demonstrarem que o LAIR é estatisticamente diferente do Lucro Tributável. / There have been few in-depth studies of the impact of income tax on the generation of value in the theory of finances. However, there is a growing need to investigate the issue, since taxation is a major variable affecting the value composition of companies. This study asks whether the income tax structure stipulated by the specific legislation of a certain country may account for gains in the value of companies in this country compared to other countries with different legislation. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of income tax on the value of the companies in different countries. It initially uses bibliographical and documentary techniques to analyze income tax legislation affecting companies in the selected countries (Brazil, the USA, Spain and Japan), in order to demonstrate and compare different ways of reflecting these taxes in accounting terms. Having shown this, it proceeds to perform statistical analysis of average actual tax rates and taxable income parameters for publicly traded companies in the countries analyzed, and compares the results obtained with forms of income taxation. In conclusion, and as the final analysis of the study, a practical simulation is devised to show the effects of income tax on value of companies. The findings point to significant differences between actual rates in these countries and marginal rates as defined by legislation, and further show that Pre-Tax Income is statistically different from Taxable Income.

Taxpayer certainty is the most frequently cited argument against statutory General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAARs). However the vast literature criticising statutory GAARs fails to consider the extent of taxpayer uncertainty, and the potential for taxpayer uncertainty, in jurisdictions without a statutory GAAR. This thesis examines that gap in the literature. The thesis uses inductive reasoning to suggest that there is greater taxpayer certainty where a statutory GAAR exists and is appropriately administered. Specifically, it uses a case study to demonstrate that there is greater uncertainty for taxpayers where the administration, the judiciary and the legislature may use their vast powers to address perceived avoidance. The thesis then considers the form of a statutory GAAR that may best be expected to promote taxpayer certainty. Such analysis involves a comparison of Australia???s oldest statutory GAAR, Part IVA of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cth) (and its predecessor section 260), with the more recent GAARs in Australia???s indirect tax legislation (GST and state stamp duty), and the GAARs of other jurisdictions, including New Zealand, Canada and South Africa. In order to promote taxpayer certainty, a uniform statutory GAAR is ultimately proposed for all Australian taxation legislation, with safeguards to ensure the appropriate administration of the uniform GAAR.

This dissertation estimates the relationship between tax-reporting decision and the change in marginal tax rates, relying on taxpayer's responses (standard labor supply response) as well as reported behavioral responses (compliance). There are still limited studies on elasticity estimates for developing countries. We utilize an applicable theoretical model by using standard labor supply model and summarize a tax avoidance model as the base of our elasticity estimation. The labor supply theoretical model suggests ambiguity of the labor supply decision and the tax avoidance model suggests that the responsiveness of taxpayers in the reporting decision differs across income groups. As previously stated, in developing countries, empirical evidence on reporting decision is still very limited. For our empirical analysis, we estimate reporting income elasticity for microsimulation purposes. We use this elasticity to estimate a dynamic behavior microsimulation model. The elasticity result shows that higher-income groups are more responsive and lower-income groups are less responsive to changes in tax policy. Our empirical analysis continues with estimating differences in taxpayers’ responses to the change in tax policy. We use a modified difference-in-difference model to analyze behavioral responses of taxpayers who are highly affected by the change in marginal tax rate compared to those who are least affected. The result shows that the treatment group, who experienced larger reductions on their marginal tax rate, reported more of their income relative to the control group, whose members are least affected by the change in marginal tax rate. The last part of our empirical analysis examines the distribution of income tax burden across different income groups and examines the government's tax collection from withholding income from some proposed scenarios. We proposed several scenarios and estimated the change in income tax burden compared to that under current income tax law. We also examined the government's revenue loss by calculating the tax differences under current and proposed scenarios. The overall microsimulation results suggest that there is a trade-off between government revenue loss and the distribution of income tax burden.

Abstract There are currently three arguments in the treatment of business tax in Taiwan's integrated income tax system. They are the income tax expense argument, appropriation of net income of income tax argument, and income tax asset argument. Among them, the income tax expense argument is mainly adopted. The purposes of this study are, first, to examine the legitimacy of the regulations of the current financial accounting principles as well as the arguments of scholars and experts. Then we try to find a more perfect accounting treatment model. Finally, we study the current income tax law regulations to check if it is absolutely necessary to set up an imputation credit account outside the book of account. This study finds that the current system is not legitimate enough to fulfill the requirements of an idealized accounting treatment model. The nature of business tax in our integrated income tax system should depend on the attributive situation rather than judging its nature and accounting treatment by the above mentioned three arguments. Therefore, this study proposes an innovative argument entitled Income Tax Attribution Argument. The logic of this new system is primarily to analyze the attributes for income tax according to current tax law; then judge its nature by its attributive situation; finally, decide its accounting treatment in accordance with its nature. According to our current income tax law, there are at least seven categories of attributive situations. The differences among their natures are so large that we have to distinguish them. The mistake that the income tax expense argument makes is that it attempts to treat various accounting affairs by a single accounting concept and method. Part of the differences among their natures were mentioned in the appropriation of net income of income tax argument and income tax asset argument, but no further study appeared later. Therefore, this study tries to bring out a new method of business income tax based on the attributive situation. We examine the nature and accounting treatment method according to four aspects: business entity convention, ownership theory, classification definition, and matching principle. The result shows that it has more advantages, even though it is a bit complex, and hence is a more perfect accounting treatment model compared to the others. The Income Tax Attribution Argument proposed by this study lists the classification of applying deductible tax amount formally to record the unapplied deductible tax amount. This classification can replace the shareholders' account of unapplied deductible tax amount. Therefore, it is unnecessary to set up an imputation credit account outside the book of account as is done in the current income tax law regulations.