Children's right to participate in judicial and administrative matters that affect them is perhaps the most frequently overlooked children's right, globally. This research was a descriptive study of what exists with regard to children's participation, at the Office of the Family Advocate, when parents divorce. The methods of data collection used included a content analysis (quantitative method) a focus group interview (qualitative method) and review of the literature and legislation. The content analysis involved analyzing the data of forty case files involving disputed cases, according to a content analysis schedule. The focus group interview was conducted with family advocates and family counselors and focused on various factors that facilitate or impede children's participation at the enquiry. The data obtained was analyzed manually and presented in the form of pie charts, tables, discussions and quotes. From the content analysis the researcher found that most children had definite views regarding their future care. One of the factors that hinder children's participation at the enquiry is the fact that not all enquiries are conducted using the team approach. The research also indicates that the adversarial nature of divorce proceedings impact negatively on children's participation and a more conciliatory approach would prove more child-centered. The focus group interview indicates that the professionals involved have positive attitudes towards children's views and participation in the enquiry. Children's expressed wishes are considered in conjunction with other factors such as the bond between parent and child, and the suitability of the parent. The focus group participants made various suggestions with regard to ensuring a more child centered approach regarding children's participation. The researcher presented the major findings, together with recommendations for future research at the end of the study. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2004.

Appréhender le volet contentieux d'une discipline juridique suppose préalablement de déterminer son champ matériel et spatial. Le contentieux de l'environnement est transversal, transfrontalier et par conséquent, suppose le dépassement du cadre national et du cadre environnemental. Ce contentieux va imprégner l'échelon international, communautaire et européen. L'office du juge est prégnant et sa jurisprudence est « orientée » afin de respecter l'objectif de protection de l'environnement. Le contentieux de l'environnement résulte de l'intégration du droit de l'environnement dans les autres branches juridiques. Il implique d'une part, de faire application de certains mécanismes empruntés aux procédures existantes et d'autre part, d'adapter certains outils juridiques afin de répondre de manière optimale à sa finalité. La particularité du contentieux de l'environnement réside dans l'originalité de son droit. Ce dernier conduit et pousse le juge à contrôler certaines « créations » spécifiques à la matière environnementale faisant ainsi de sa jurisprudence une véritable source du droit. Le contentieux de l'environnement s'affranchit peu à peu des procédures classiques afin de mettre en évidence des raisonnements propres à l'enjeu environnemental. Cette émergence tend vers unité du droit de l'environnement et de son action contentieuse à tel point que se décèle une réelle spécificité juridique. / Understanding the litigation aspect of a legal discipline implies to determine beforehand its material and spatial field. Environmental litigation is transversal, cross-border and therefore implies to go beyond both the national and the environmental frame. This litigation will influence the international, national and European level. The judge's office is central and its legal precedents are “oriented” in order to meet the objective of environment protection. Environmental litigation results from the integration of the environment laws in other legal branches. It involves, on the one hand, to apply some mechanisms borrowed from existing procedures and on the other hand, to adapt some legal tools in order to respond optimally to its purpose. The peculiarity of environmental litigation resides in the originality of its legal frame. It encourages and pushes the judge to control some environmental specific “creations” turning his case into a true source of law. The environmental litigation slowly frees itself from classical procedures to highlight environment focused concerns. This emergence tends to unify the environmental law and its contentious action leading to a real legal specificity.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. March 28, 2013 / The search for solutions to the important differential equations arising in extended surface heat transfer continues unabated. Extended surfaces, in the form of longitudinal fins are considered. First we consider the steady state problem and then the transient heat transfer models. Here, thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient are assumed to be functions of temperature. Thermal conductivity is considered to be given by the power law in one case and by the linear function of temperature in the other; whereas heat transfer coefficient is only given by the power law. Explicit analytical expressions for the temperature profile, fin efficiency and heat flux for steady state problems are derived using the one-dimensional Differential Transform Method (1D DTM). The obtained results from 1D DTM are compared with the exact solutions to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. The results reveal that the 1D DTM can achieve suitable results in predicting the solutions of these problems. The effects of some physical parameters such as the thermo-geometric fin parameter and thermal conductivity gradient, on temperature distribution are illustrated and explained. Also, we apply the two-dimensional Differential Transform Method (2D DTM) to models describing transient heat transfer in longitudinal fins. Furthermore, conservation laws for transient heat conduction equations are derived using the direct method and the multiplier method, and finally we find Lie point symmetries associated with the conserved vectors.

One of the more recently established methods of analysis of di erentials involves the invariance properties of the equations and the relationship of this with the underlying conservation laws which may be physical. In a variational system, conservation laws are constructed using a well known formula via Noether's theorem. This has been extended to non variational systems too. This association between symmetries and conservation laws has initiated the double reduction of di erential equations, both ordinary and, more recently, partial. We apply these techniques to a number of well known equations like the damped driven Schr odinger equation and a transformed PT symmetric equation(with Schr odinger like properties), that arise in a number of physical phenomena with a special emphasis on Schr odinger type equations and equations that arise in Optics.

Research considered investigates the optimal control problem which is constrained by a hyperbolic conservation law (HCL). We carried out a comparative study of the solutions of the optimal control problem subject to each one of the two di erent types of hyperbolic relaxation systems [64, 92]. The objective was to employ the adjoint-based optimization to minimize the cost functional of a matching type between the optimal solution and the target solution. Numerical tests were then carried out and promising results obtained. Finally, an extension was made to the adjoint-based optimization approach to apply second-order schemes for the optimal control problem in which also good numerical results were observed.

Thesis advisor: Dubi Kelmer / We prove a second moment formula for incomplete Eisenstein series on the homogeneous space Γ\G with G the orientation preserving isometry group of the real (n + 1)-dimensional hyperbolic space and Γ⊂ G a non-uniform lattice. This result generalizes the classical Rogers' second moment formula for Siegel transform on the space of unimodular lattices. We give two applications of this moment formula. In Chapter 5 we prove a logarithm law for unipotent flows making cusp excursions in a non-compact finite-volume hyperbolic manifold. In Chapter 6 we study the counting problem counting the number of orbits of Γ-translates in an increasing family of generalized sectors in the light cone, and prove a power saving estimate for the error term for a generic Γ-translate with the exponent determined by the largest exceptional pole of corresponding Eisenstein series. When Γ is taken to be the lattice of integral points, we give applications to the primitive lattice points counting problem on the light cone for a generic unimodular lattice coming from SO₀(n+1,1)(ℤ\SO₀(n+1,1). / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Mathematics.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Management in Public Policy (MMPP) in the Governance School, Faculty of Law, Commerce and Management, University of the Witwatersrand / It is human nature to pursue happiness. This pursuit of happiness is in many cases obtained through hard work. People work in order to provide for their families and they obtain satisfaction if their families are happy with their provision. It is thus never an employees’ motive or desire to be dismissed from work or have bad relations with his/her employer. It is important to minimize conflicts between employers and employees in any country because it helps reduce the socio-economic problems that these conflicts may foster in societies. Governments use labour laws and policies to manage labour disputes. However, if these policies do not seem to be achieving what they are supposed to then that may suggest policy failure. This study looked particularly at the effectiveness of institutions dealing with labour dispute resolution in Lesotho. The purpose of the study was to establish reasons for why, despite all the legal frameworks relating to labour relations in Lesotho, there seems to be an escalation of disputes. It was found that lack of public participation, especially of employees and employers, in the formulation and implementation of policies, laws and regulations relating to labour relations leads to the escalation of disputes. This simply means that involving stakeholders in issues that affect them from the onset can reduce the level of disputes because the majority would have understood what labour relations entails. A qualitative study was used and data was collected through one-on-one semi-structured interviews with 31 participants, focusing on people who are mostly affected by labour relations in Maseru, the capital of Lesotho. The participants were chosen purposively to suit the study being undertaken. However, data collection was a limitation to this study because it was difficult for the researcher to secure appointments with participants. The study made the following recommendations: it is through the effectiveness of institutions that labour disputes can be reduced, especially Ministry of Labour and Employment (Department of Labour), Directorate of Dispute Prevention and Resolution (DDPR), labour court, and labour appeals. However, the social partners, especially trade unions and employers’ organizations, also play a critical role in ensuring wellfunctioning labour relations are in place. / MT2016

STUDENT NUMBER: 0407481N SCHOOL FOR HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES MASTER OF ARTS IN FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES / Proponents of migrants rights often posit that distinct legislation not only secure migrants rights in host countries, but also enhance the ideals of liberal democracies in which policing is regulated by the rule of law, impartiality and respect for due process. The potential for discrimination by host communities to some categories of migrants is deemed to underscore the importance of migration laws. Critics argue that such laws undermine the very rights they are supposed to protect in that they set different standards for the treatment of migrants. In this study, based on evidence from research with Somali migrants in Johannesburg, South Africa, study I argue that legal documents as evidence of legal status have little significance in the policing of migrants. This paradox can be explained by three main reasons; first, the issuance, retention and renewal of these documents is characterized by irregularities and corruption that undermine the legitimacy of the document, giving the police enough grounds for suspicion. Second the political and social context in which policing of migrants is done undermines the significance of their legal status. The anti-migration sentiment among the nationals effectively sets different standards for policing of migrants. Third, the legal framework gives the police the dual and potentially conflicting responsibilities of regulating migration on the one hand and protecting migrants on the other hand. The police have taken their regulation responsibility to be synonymous with that of gate-keeping whereby migrants are separated and denied access to government services. This role of gate – keeping is manipulated by the police for their own ends while citizens and politicians directly or indirectly sanction their extra-legal actions when dealing with migrants.

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science School of Computational and Applied Mathematics. May 2015. / In this thesis we present numerical simulations of the gravitational collapse of isothermal clouds of one solar mass at a temperature of 10K. We will consider two types of initial conditions – initially uniform spheres and perturbed Bonnor-Ebert spheres. The aim of the performed numerical simulations is to investigate the core bounce described by Hayashi and Nakano [1]. They reported that if strong enough, the shock wave would be capable of ionizing the gas in the collapsing cloud. The simulations are performed using two numerical methods: the TVD MUSCL scheme of van Leer using a Roe flux on a uniform grid and the TVD Runge-Kutta time-stepping using a Marquina flux on a non-uniform grid. These two particular methods are used because of their differences in numerical structure. Which allows us to confidently make statements about the nature of the collapse, particularly with regards to the core bounce. The convergence properties of the two methods are investigated to validate the solutions obtained from the simulations. The numerical simulations have been performed only in the isothermal regime by using the Truelove criterion [2] to terminate the simulation before central densities become large enough to cause artificial fragmentation. In addition to the numerical simulations presented in this thesis, we also introduce new, analytical solutions for the steady-state accretion of an isothermal gas onto a spherical core as well as infinite cylinders and sheets. We present the solutions and their properties in terms of the Lambert function with two parameters, γ and m. In the case of spherical accretion we show that the solution for the velocity perfectly matched the solutions of Bondi [3]. We also show that the analytical solutions for the density – in the spherical case – match the numerical solutions obtained from the simulations. From the agreement of these solutions we propose that the analytical solution can provide information about the protostellar core (in the early stages of its formation) such as the mass.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law