<p> The primary aim of this dissertation is to analyze a spiritual aspect of Chamorro cosmology known as <i>fa&rsquo;&ntilde;ague,</i> or visitations from the deceased, to shed light on how and why it exists in Guam, and how it differs among Chamorro Natives who experience it in the island and abroad. A secondary aim of the dissertation is to expand upon the scholarly documentation of Native Chamorro epistemologies concerning life and death, and the role of the spiritual realm in daily life of the people of the Marianas. </p><p> The dissertation is structured as follows: Part I offers an in-depth exploration and personification of Guam, the place, the culture, and the people in order to balance longstanding and erroneous conceptions about the Island. Part II includes the rationale for the research, a methodological framework, and a literature review. In addition, a full chapter on Chamorro epistemology is included to reinforce the elements of the Native worldview and way of knowing to provide context for the research findings. In Part III &mdash; the fruits of data gathering and analysis &mdash; are offered using both quantitative and qualitative methods. </p><p> Finally, this dissertation hopes to argue and position a new model of Indigenous research methodology, which I am calling Neo-Indigenous Methodology. Essentially, it is an evolution from the de-colonizing approach borne by founding Indigenous scholars who sought to break from Western scholarly dialect to express and inform Native wisdom. Instead, Neo-Indigenous Methodology proposes that Indigenous scholars embrace the dialect of all Western humanistic discourse to further clarify and magnify pure Indigenous knowledge.</p><p>

This thesis examines the challenges that the Federal and Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)1 Courts of Ethiopia face in the realisation of legal and social justice. The Ethiopia Constitution (1995) under Article 43 declares that Ethiopian people have the right to improved living standards and sustainable development where the basic aim of development activity is to enhance, through their full participation, citizens’ capacity for development and the meeting of their basic needs. The Constitution underlined this as the ‘North Star’ of social justice which would be meaningless unless dispute resolution mechanisms empower litigants and the people in gaining social justice and thus the attainment of the Constitutional objective. The attainment of the social justice is however problematic as the legal justice the formal court is administering does not meet the people’s Constitutional expectations. The mismatch between legal and social justice, coupled with the legal history and the prevalence of justice pluralism, tends to force the People of Ethiopia to use non-formal systems of dispute resolution. Thus, there is a need to refine the formal and non-formal systems and to align them with the Constitutional imperative of social justice. Judicial reform is being implemented, with the help of international institutions like the World Bank, but the underlining concern is whether the World Bank proposals on judicial and legal reform will meet these needs or whether they are too located in Western values, the suggestion being that they may suffer from the same problems as other modernisation projects. There also lies a tension between the Constitutional expectation, the conceptualisation of justice by professionals and clients, and the overall purpose of securing justice and preventing injustice. Litigants’ preference for justice is itself in conflict with other litigants and the diverse institutional understanding of justice that made the attainment of social justice a difficult exercise. The area is found to be so problematic that there is a need to re-connect the practical conceptualisation of justice with the Constitutional conceptualisation of social justice which the Federal and ANRS courts require the redoing of justice so that the conceptualisation of justice would not cause irreversible damage to people’s societal, economic, and ecological demands and to the sustainability of justice and development.

This thesis provides a critical account of state transformation on one of the last ‘frontiers’ of mineral exploration and extraction. Mongolia’s struggle to consolidate its extractive development strategy lies in a fundamental tension between the nature of global capital investment and the responsiveness of national democratic institutions to their political electorate. In this sense, Mongolia is part of a broader pattern of state formation in a global era. This pattern has been recognised in established Western democracies, but, as this thesis argues, vulnerable states in the periphery of the global economy are also being affected with potentially more immediate and alarming consequences. In the context of a transition to a development strategy reliant on the extraction and export of raw minerals (primary commodities) since 1997, the Mongolian state has entered the world of competitive international finance (as opposed to development loans) and investment, in which courting and preserving the interest and ‘confidence’ of the investor is paramount for the government. In the early years of the millennium (2003-2012), Mongolian citizens became increasingly engaged in democratic political processes and particularly vocal regarding the lack of perceived public benefit from mining investment and the damaging socio-environmental consequences of extraction in rural areas. Thus, I argue that a constitutional struggle played itself out between the contradictory impulses of the state towards investors and citizens as evidenced in the see-saw cycles of legal and policy reform between 1997 and 2013. Consequently, by the end of 2013, the general downturn in global commodity prices and the particular “vote of no confidence” in Mongolia’s investment environment from the majority of investors led to the consolidation of a cross-party ‘stability consensus’ within the state. The process of ‘stabilising’ the investment environment has occurred at the expense of the democratic constitution of the state, demonstrated in the curtailment of Parliamentary powers over policy-making processes, the limitation of self-government for sub-national administrations and the restriction of civil society organisations’ participation in political processes. As a post-socialist state adjusting to the constraints of the global economy and the cycles of commodity markets, Mongolia provides concrete evidence of the antagonistic relationship between national democracy and global economic integration, and the reality of the latter’s constitutional impacts.

The swimbladder of Atlantic and Pacific herring has a pneumatic duct arising from the stomach caecum and a direct posterior opening to the exterior. The thesis is advanced that these peculiarities are associated with differences in function which may be related to the life of the herring. Herring obtain swimbladder gas by swallowing air at the surface but not by secretion or bacterial gas generation over one week. Gas release from the swimbladder through the posterior duct occurs in response to pressure reduction, sympathomimetic drugs and atropine and is inhibited by spinal section or brain removal suggesting a gas release mechanism involving the central nervous system. Gas loss through the pneumatic duct is prevented by the swimbladder valve which opens in response to adrenalin. The swimbladder responds to adrenalin by moving its contained gas anteriorly and to pilocarpine by increasing internal gas pressure. The pneumatic duct, normally fluid filled, controls the applied pressure at which gas flow in either direction starts and finishes. This duct mechanically prevents the entry of particulate matter from the stomach and is able to remove air bubbles leaving a mean net force of 3.2 dynes/ml downwards to be compensated for by movements of the fish. As the herring swimbladder functions as a hydrostatic organ the low skeletal body content and high fat content results in a low swimbladder volume, so reducing the change in density with depth, an advantage to a fish undergoing diurnal vertical migrations. It was calculated that herring of Passamaquoddy Bay, N.B. can descend to their median daytime depth of 10 metres in August and 35 metres in February for sinking factors of 1016 and 1018 respectively. Predation may be reduced by the ability of herring to complete air uptake rapidly, to move upward without restriction by expelling any excess gas through the posterior duct and to liberate gas in times of stress in response to adrenaline so increasing body density and permitting rapid downward movement. Thus in many ways the herring because of its anatomical modifications has been able to adapt the physostome condition successfully to its marine environment. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

When the Sisters of Saint Ann arrived in Victoria, B.C. on June 8, 1858, they were the first religious order of women to set foot in the territory north of the forty-ninth parallel. The history of their activities and their contribution to education during the first one hundred years of their existence in the west is the specific study of this present work. Histories dealing with the development of the west make reference to their coming but no complete record of their story has been made. Since the work of Catholic Education in British Columbia, the Yukon and Alaska commenced with the foundation of the Church in these parts, a background study of the early missionaries and the establishment of the Diocese of Vancouver Island was included. This led to the investigation necessary to confirm the time of establishment of the first Catholic School. The conclusion was reached that a Catholic School was in existence in 1849 and that it opened simultaneously with the one started in 1849 by Reverend R. Staines in the Hudson's Bay Fort. The arrival of the Sisters at the peak of the Gold Rush fever, their success in the first Convent School in Victoria, B.C. and the courage of the individuals who made up the first little missionary band is a study that adds colour to the early picture of the history of British Columbia and the Northland. In the beginning, the need was for schools to christianize and educate the children of the primitive Indians. The Sisters of Saint Ann answered the call and soon they were staffing schools in Duncan on Vancouver Island and at New Westminster and St. Mary's Mission on the mainland. However, almost simultaneously with this type of work, the sudden opening up of the country in these parts created a demand for the education of the children whose parents came west for the various reasons that history relates. This need brought an increased number of Sisters from the Motherhouse in Lachine and it also led to the opening of a novitiate in Victoria, B.C. where young girls could be trained for the Sisterhood. Consequently the Sisters of Saint Ann organized primary, elementary and High Schools at focal points throughout this vast territory. The increased enrolment from thirty pupils in 1858 at Victoria, B.C., to over six thousand in 1958 in thirty-four establishments throughout British Columbia, the Yukon and Alaska shows the extent the works of the Sisterhood reached. A study was made of the methods of teaching adopted by the Institute, the success of the schools because of better teacher-training and advanced educational methods. The study included an investigation of the first programme of studies organized at the Motherhouse in Lachine, Quebec, and adapted from the Ontario system of Education. As the Province of British Columbia developed its own teacher-training centres and its own university, the programme of studies of the Sisters of Saint Ann was changed in 1907 in favour of that of the Department of Education of British Columbia and that of Alaska and the Yukon respectively. The successes of students was noted and a survey of departmental examination results was tabulated. In addition, a sample of students in various walks of life who have achieved success and honours was taken. The results obtained from these investigations are an assurance of the excellence of performance in education of the Sisters of Saint Ann. Together with these investigations a study of the Mothers Provincial who administered the works of the province within the first one hundred years, as well as the educational leadership of the Prefects of Studies was essential to show the reasons for the success and continued vitality of the work of the Sisters of Saint Ann in British Columbia, the Yukon and Alaska. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

From the dark muscle of British Columbia herring a highly active enzyme capable of peroxidising unconjugated unsaturated fatty acids was isolated. This ‘lipoxidase’, which was shown to be a nitrogenous complex possessing no heavy metals or sulphydryl group as the active centre, is heat-labile and can act only in presence of activators such as certain iron-containing organic nitrogenous compounds. Two such compounds, namely haemoglobin and cytochrome ‘C’ were isolated. The enzyme exhibits optimum activity at 15°C. and pH 6.9. There is also an optimum concentration of enzyme, substrate, and of the activators for maximum enzyme activity. The presence of the activators appears to change the kinetics of the reactions. The inhibition of the enzymic reaction brought about by cyanide and azide is possibly due to the inactivation of the iron-containing activators rather than of the enzyme itself. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

No abstract included. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

If the psychiatrist's belief that childhood determines adult behaviour is true, then historians should be able to ascertain much about the fabric of past cultures by examining the way in which children were raised. Indeed, it may be argued that the roots of new cultures are to be found in the growing up experiences of the first generation. Such is the premise adopted in this thesis, which explores the emergence of the Metis in the Pacific Northwest by tracing the lives of fur trade youngsters from childbirth to old age. Specifically, the study focuses on the children at Fort Vancouver, the Hudson's Bay Company headguarters for the region, during the first half of the nineteenth century — a period of rapid social change. While breaking new ground in childhood history, the thesis also provides a social history of fur trade society west of the Rocky Mountains. Central to the study is the conviction that the fur trade constituted a viable culture. While the parents in this culture came from a wide variety of ethnic backgrounds, their mixed-blood youngsters were raised in the 'wilderness' of Oregon in a fusion of fur trade capitalism, Euro-American ideology and native values — a milieu which forged and shaped their identities. This thesis advances the interpretation that, despite much variation in the children's growing up experience, most fur trade youngsters' lives were conditioned and contoured by the persistent and sometimes contrary forces of race, class and gender. In large measure, the interplay of these forces denoted much about the children's roles as adults. Rather than making them victims of 'higher civilization,' however, the education of fur trade children allowed them access to both native and white communities. Only a few were 'marginalized'. The majority eventually became members of the dominant culture, while a few consciously rejected the white experience in favour of native lifestyles. / Arts, Faculty of / Philosophy, Department of / Graduate

Using the oceanographic ship, the Endeavor; the University of British Columbia undertook a study of Bowie Seamount (53°18', 135°41') during the summer of 1968. Receiving a proton precession magnetometer for the cruise from PNL, a magnetic field survey was included in the study. The magnitude of the observed anomaly was about 850 gammas. The regional was determined by data taken in an airborne magnetic survey done in 1958 by the Dominion Observatory. Corresponding to the topography, the contour plot of the magnetic field showed a strong linear trend from the SW to the NE. In addition, despite fairly symmetrical bathymetry, the observed anomaly is decidedly unsymmetrical, implying a non-uniform intensity of magnetization. This seems to be confirmed by the use of a three dimensional, model - assuming uniform magnetization - developed by Manik Talwani. Using the least squares best fit intensity of magnetization, a large discrepancy was found between the model and the observed anomaly. In light of the fact that the earth's magnetic field has reversed directions many times in its history, the above discrepancy may well be due to the fact that the lava flows of the seamount span at least one time boundary separating a normal and a reversed magnetic period. This is given some credence in that an age determination was made on one sample yielding an age of about 100,000 years, a normal period in the earth's magnetic history. This together with the fact that the magnetic anomaly over most of the seamount is negative yields the above conclusion. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Northwest Coast gambling paraphernalia are found in many museums and are usually accompanied by very meagre catalogue entries. The Accumulation of a number of sources pertaining to this category of material culture was therefore seen as a worthwhile task. Even a superficial examination of these gambling implements suggests that they were associated, with a very popular and possibly important activity, at least prior to European contact. This paper is an attempt to construct a profile of gambling on the Northwest Coast and to assess its importance in the culture. Three main sources of data were drawn upon for this purpose: (1) the material culture itself and the associated records located in museums; (2) the published ethnographic literature; and (3) the published myths. From these sources the analysis yielded a number of conclusions. The first is that gambling was a very popular activity. Secondly, a large degree of homogeneity can be seen to have existed in the areas considered. With a few exceptions, basically similar games of chance were played throughout the entire area, areal differences being quantitative rather than qualitative. A similar pattern is seen in the themes of gambling stated in the myths: there are a few main themes, but details differ from place to place. A third conclusion is that gambling usually involved very high stakes; and a fourth is that losing much was considered shameful, especially when a gambler lost other people's property. A fifth conclusion, supported by the data, is that serious gambling for high stakes was considered strictly a man's activity. A sixth conclusion is that cheating was common, expected, and accepted as part of the play as long as it was not discovered. The seventh conclusion is that the data stress the link between the supernatural and games of chance. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate