published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

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by Wong Tze-Kin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-199). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACTS --- p.ii / LIST OF TABLES AND DIAGRAM --- p.ix / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.x / Chapter PART ONE: --- APEC AND THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background: the First APEC Meeting in 1989 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Statement --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Propositions of Thesis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual Framework --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Premises --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- The Political Economy of Globalization and Regionalization --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- International Cooperation and the Differentiation between Strong Regimes and Weak Regimes --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- "Functions of Regimes: Information, Institutional Nesting and Cross Issues-Linkage" --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4 --- Sources of Materials and Organization of the Study --- p.20 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- Concepts of Globalization and Regionalization --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Theories of Cooperation Among States --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Realist Theories --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Neo-Liberal Institutional ism --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Remarks --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Study of APEC --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Objectives of APEC --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Constraints on APEC --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Theoretical Implications of APEC --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.39 / Chapter PART TWO: --- "INTERDEPENDENCE, INDIVIDUAL VISIONS AND THE BIRTH OF APEC" / Chapter III. --- THE CREATION OF APEC AND INCENTIVES OF ORIGINAL PLAYERS --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1 --- Interdependence and the Development of Non-governmental Organizations in the Asia-Pacific Region --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Historical Development of Non-governmental Organizations --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Problems of Economic Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2 --- Interests of Founding Members in the Formation of APEC --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Australia: an Endeavor from a Middle-Power --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Japan: Easing Trade Tensions and Sustaining Growth Momentum --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- The United States: Engagement and Economic Benefits --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- ASEAN: Changing Environment and Cautious Participation --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3 --- Concluding Remarks: Initial Demands on APEC --- p.57 / Chapter PART THREE: --- CHALLENGES OF COOPERATION AND DIVERGENT PREFERENCES OF THE MEMBERS / Chapter IV. --- FORMATION OF REGIONAL GROUPS AND POLITICO-STRATEGIC INTERDEPENDENCE --- p.60 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2 --- "The Participation of China, Taiwan and Hong Kong" --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- The East Asia Economic Caucus (EAEC): Dividing the Asia-Pacific? --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- "Malaysia's Proposal for an ""Asian-only"" Core" --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Responses of Major Actors --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Nesting of Issues and the Importance of U.S. Engagement --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.79 / Chapter V. --- THE INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF APEC AND THE PROVISION OF INFORMATION --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2 --- Structure of APEC and Facilitation of Communication --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Meetings and Working Groups --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- The APEC Secretariat --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Advisory and Research Bodies --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- The Regime Function of APEC: Provision of Information --- p.88 / Chapter 5.3 --- Controversies in the Institutional Development of APEC --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Nature of APEC: Consultative Forum vs. Negotiating Forum --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Decision-making Process in APEC: a Case Study of the Indonesian Meeting --- p.94 / Chapter 5.4 --- Concluding Remarks: the Choice of APEC Model --- p.97 / Chapter VI. --- POLITICS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION: VISION AND TIME-FRAME --- p.102 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Initial Thrust of the First EPG Report (1993) --- p.103 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Open-Regionalism: From PECC to APEC --- p.104 / Chapter 6.3 --- The Turning Point of APEC: the 1994 Bogor Declaration of Common Resolve --- p.106 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- The Second EPG Report --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Reactions and Considerations of Major APEC Members --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Implications of the Trade Liberalization Program --- p.117 / Chapter 6.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.121 / Chapter VII. --- POLITICS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION: IMPLEMENTATION --- p.123 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.123 / Chapter 7.2 --- Non-Discrimination --- p.125 / Chapter 7.3 --- Comprehensiveness --- p.130 / Chapter 7.4 --- Comparability --- p.135 / Chapter 7.5 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.139 / Chapter VIII. --- CONCLUSION --- p.142 / Chapter 8.1 --- Introduction --- p.142 / Chapter 8.2 --- Findings --- p.144 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Values of APEC to Developed Economies --- p.148 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- Values of APEC to Developing Economies --- p.150 / Chapter 8.2.3 --- Theoretical Functions Performed by APEC --- p.152 / Chapter 8.3 --- A Theoretical Discussion on APEC --- p.155 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- "The Significance of ""Open Regionalism""" --- p.155 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- Theories of International Regimes --- p.157 / Chapter 8.4 --- "Limitations of this Thesis and Some Reflections from the ""Asian Financial Turbulence""" --- p.159 / APPENDICES / Chapter a. --- "A Brief Chronology of Related Events, 1989-1995" --- p.162 / Chapter b. --- The Structure of APEC (1995) --- p.165 / Chapter c. --- Seoul APEC Declaration --- p.166 / Chapter d. --- Guide to the Osaka Action Agenda --- p.169 / NOTES --- p.170 / SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.191

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Investigating past changes in Earth's climate can provide useful information for assessing future climate change scenarios. Planktic foraminifera preserved in marine sediment are commonly used as a tool to reconstruct past environmental change. Here I present a combination of modern census and multinet data from the North Pacific, a new compilation of global census data, a new global calibration for Mg/Ca ratios in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, and foraminifera assemblage, trace element, and boron isotope data from the North Pacific spanning the last deglaciation. New modern census data from the North Pacific shows that two key sub-polar proxy carrying species, N. pachyderma and Globigerina bulloides, predominantly live between 0-50 m in the water column. Global planktic foraminifera diversity is observed to be driven primarily by sea surface temperature, with upwelling and ocean productivity providing key secondary roles. In the North Pacific, a preservation bias of N. pachyderma over G. bulloides is observed when comparing multinet and core-top samples, highlighting the importance of tracking dissolution during downcore studies. To improve the use of Mg/Ca ratios in N. pachyderma downcore, I produced a new global calibration with a temperature sensitivity of 6 % per °C. This calibration was combined with boron isotope and Mg/Ca data from sediment core MD02-2489 to investigate changes in North Pacific circulation, productivity, and CO₂ during the last deglaciation. Two intervals of high surface CO₂ were observed, the first during Heinrich Stadial 1, where deep ventilation mixed CO₂ and nutrients throughout the water column. The second occurred during the Bølling-Allerød, where stratification pooled nutrients and CO₂ in surface waters, leading to enhanced productivity and CO₂ outgassing. Overall, this thesis improves the use of planktic foraminifera as tools for investigating past climate change and highlights the role of the North Pacific in deglacial CO₂ release.

The American pika (Ochotona princeps) finds moderately warm temperatures (>25°C) lethally stressful, and at the end of the last Ice Age 10,000 years ago was forced to disperse to cooler, "sky island" mountaintops where they are almost exclusively found today. Thirty six subspecies are recognized, all established using morphological characters, and it is uncertain whether these subspecies' designations are corroborated by genetic analyses. This study elucidates three hypotheses regarding populations in Oregon and southern Washington: 1) O. p. fumosa constitutes a subspecies distinct form O. p. brunnescens, 2) the Columbia River constitutes a barrier to gene flow giving rise to two subspecies rather than the single subspecies O. p. brunnescens, and 3) populations in eastern Oregon ( O. p. jewetti and O. p. taylori) are genetically distinct from populations in the Cascade Range ( 0. p. brunnescens and O. p. fumosa).

Focusing on the relationship between demography and sedentary behavior, this thesis explores changes to mobility strategies on the Northern Northwest Coast of North America between 11,000 and 5,000 cal BP. Drawing on a regional database of radiocarbon dates, it uses summed probability distributions (SPDs) of calibrated dates as a proxy for population change, in combination with syntheses of previously published technological, paleo environmental and settlement pattern data to test three hypotheses derived from the literature about the development of logistic mobility among maritime hunter-gatherers on the Northern Coast. In all, each of the hypotheses proposes that early peoples on the coast were foragers that utilized high levels of residential mobility, who later adopted collector (logistic) strategies. Two of the hypotheses emphasize the role of population growth and/or packing and resource distribution in this transformation, while the third emphasizes population replacement. Other issues addressed within this thesis are whether or not the forager-collector continuum, as it is used for terrestrial hunter-gatherers, can be applied to those in aquatic settings. Also explored, is the question of whether the available data is sufficient for making and/or testing claims about early mobility patterns in the region. The results of the demographic models suggest that while population levels were volatile, volatility declined through time and that there is no significant trend in either growth or decline of overall population levels throughout the region. This thesis also confirmed that significant changes to mobility, as evidenced by the emergence of semi-sedentary to sedentary living, begin to appear by ~7,000 cal BP. However, there appears to be little, if any correlation between the advent of more sedentary and logistic behavior and any of the variables tested here. Thus this author suggests, in agreement with Ames (1985; 2004) and Binford (2001) that the distribution of resources and labor organization needs within aquatic environments are sufficient without any other drivers for the development and intensification of logistic mobility. The principle analytic contribution of this research comes from the demographic modeling that relied on the construction of summed probability distributions. Though these methods have become commonplace in other settings (namely Europe), this thesis presents the first application of these methods within the time period and region covered. Moreover, this research is one of the only of its kind to address demographic histories within coastal landscapes that utilizes both marine and terrestrial 14C samples. In order to explore possible biases within the database, comparisons of marine and terrestrial SPDs were made between sub-sections of the region (i.e. Haida Gwaii, Southeast Alaska and the Dundas Islands). Though patterning between each of these areas was consistent, these comparative methods revealed an unexpected finding; a massive population crash throughout the region that began between ~9,000-8,800 cal BP and lasted till around 8,400 cal BP. Importantly, this crash was witnessed within all of the individual sub-areas and within SPDs made from both the marine and terrestrial 14C samples, though the reasons behind this collapse and verification of its existence require future research. However, finding this collapse at all further highlighted the need for use of correctly calibrated 14C dates, as the gap in 14C dates effectively disappears when using uncalibrated dates, which has been a longstanding tradition within Northwest archaeology.

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The Church College of New Zealand is a private co-educational secondary school located near Hamilton, New Zealand and is sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Since its opening in 1958, it has hosted a large population of Polynesian students, in particular Māori. The questions that this thesis addresses centre on the nature, history and reasons for what seems to be a disproportionately higher level of achievement amongst Māori and Pacific Island students at Church College than in New Zealand more broadly. Through a life-history approach to research, this thesis provides an overview of the rich history behind the building of the Church College, and highlights the experiences of successful graduates over three particular timeframes - 1951-1969, 1970-1989 and the 1990s. A major contributing factor to the success of the students at Church College is an environment where both religious and cultural values of students are reaffirmed and considered normal. For some students, Church College provided an environment that validated what students were being taught in their own homes. For others, it provided a refuge from a conflicted home. With the growing pressures of social problems within the wider community for many Māori and Pacific Island families, the school environment of the Church College was a key factor in providing stability and security for some students at the College. On June 29 2006, an announcement was made by leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints of the phased out closure of Church College beginning in the year 2007 and eventually closing at the end of the year 2009. With Māori and Pacific Island students so under-represented in achievement and participation in education settings in New Zealand, the announcement of the closure provided an opportunity to highlight some of the successes experienced at the Church College of New Zealand.

Graduation date: 1997