This thesis provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in the economic regulation of air transport in the Asia-Pacific region. The focus is on the progressive liberalisation of the designation criteria in selected agreements. A brief historical overview is followed by a summary of the decision of the European Court of Justice in the "open skies" cases. The thesis then examines three recent Asia-Pacific agreements: the Australia - New Zealand arrangements; the APEC Multilateral agreement; and the Pacific Islands agreement. This review is followed by a discussion of some potential developments in the region that could lead to the conclusion of a new multilateral agreement between the European Union and selected Asia-Pacific States.

The purpose of the study was to trace the route of William Wright Anderson who traveled overland to Oregon from St. Joseph, Missouri in 1848 and then on to California in 1849. It was to be determined what guidebook(s) and/or map(s) he used on his journey. The identification of places, individuals, terms, and events while on the journey and while in Oregon and California were to be included in the study.The diary and memoirs were purposely to be kept as nearly as possible to their original state as not to lose the historical value and flavor of the manuscript. However, a minimal amount of editing was necessary to insure clarity.Findings1. It was determined that Anderson used Joel Palmer's guidebook Palmer's Journal of Travels Over the Rocky Mountains, 1845-1846, while on the Oregon Trail.2. Numerous geographical features and places were identified on the Oregon Trail, in Oregon, on the overland trail from Oregon to California, and in California.3. Numerous pioneers and contemporaries with who Anderson came in contact were identified. These included, most notably, Joe Meek, Antoine Reynal, Jr., Thomas "Peg-Leg" Smith, Philip Foster, Henderson Luelling, Alanson Beers, and Elisha, John, and Charles Packwood. 4. Various terms no longer in use were identified as to their meaning. Examples included were: “deadening," "thimble-rigging," "clever," and "hewer."5. Anderson was directly involved in several historical events which included: the meeting of Oregon representative Joe Meek on Meek's trip to Washington, D.C., the meeting of the soldiers searching for the murders of Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, the manufacture of the famous "Beaver Money" in Oregon, the growth of Coloma, California after the gold discovery, and the rise and decline of the California gold mining operations.ConclusionThe Anderson manuscript is of great historical value because the timing and extent of his travels coincided with many historical events. The work is a historical treasure for scholars studying Oregon or California history of the period.

I report the findings of an original empirical study of population policy information needs and modes of information dissemination and use among policymakers in the Asia-Pacific region. Data were obtained through a survey of readers of a population journal. Respondents' information needs and uses are analyzed. The findings help answer broad questions about development-related social-scientific information needs and uses among policymakers. An assessment of the potential contribution of new telematic technologies to information dissemination and use in the 1990s, based upon the survey findings and a review of the literature on telematic applications, is presented.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306 / Center for Information and Communication Sciences

Graduation date: 1993

Graduation date: 1981

Graduation date: 2000

Graduation date: 1998 / Best scan available for figures. Original is a black and white photocopy.

Ocean circulation changes in the tropical Pacific strongly influence global climate, as demonstrated during El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) extremes. Understanding the causes of past variability in tropical Pacific circulation and their relationship to climate change will help to predict how future climate may evolve under anthropogenic radiative forcing. I measure fossil coral radiocarbon (Δ¹⁴C) from Palmyra (6°N, 162°W) and Christmas (2°N, 157°W) Islands in the central tropical Pacific to reconstruct high-resolution records of tropical Pacific ocean circulation variability over the last millennium. Variations in coral Δ¹⁴C from Palmyra and Christmas reflect a combination of the atmospheric concentration of ¹⁴C at the time of growth, Δ¹⁴C-depleted waters associated with equatorial upwelling, and Δ¹⁴C -enriched waters advected from the western tropical Pacific. Existing oxygen isotopic (δ ¹⁸O) records of the Palmyra and Christmas fossil corals reveal a rich history of interannual to centennial variability in sea-surface temperature (SST) and salinity over the last millennium [Cobb et al., 2003b]. My approach targets specific time intervals associated with strong interannual to centennial-scale coral δ ¹⁸O anomalies for high-resolution Δ¹⁴C analysis. Seasonally-resolved Δ¹⁴C measurements are used to compare interannual Δ¹⁴C variability across the 10th, 13th, 15th, 17th, and 20th centuries. Annually-resolved Δ¹⁴C measurements are used to compare decadal to centennial-scale Δ¹⁴C variations from the 10th, 12th - 15th and 17th centuries. SEM photos are used to assess the fidelity of the coral Δ¹⁴C records with respect to post-depositional alteration of the coral skeleton. I find evidence for minor dissolution and addition of secondary aragonite, but my results indicate that coral Δ¹⁴C is only compromised after moderate to severe diagenesis. Despite strong ENSO signals in modern and fossil coral δ ¹⁸O, our data show no statistically significant interannual variability in coral ¹⁴C. There is a centennial-scale increase in coral radiocarbon from the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, ~900-1200AD) to the Little Ice Age (LIA, ~1500-1800). I use a box model of central tropical Pacific Δ¹⁴C contributions to show that this centennial-scale trend over the last millennium is largely explained by centennial-scale changes in atmospheric ¹⁴C. However, large 12th century depletions in Palmyra coral ∆¹⁴C data cannot be explained by atmospheric ¹⁴C variability and likely reflect a roughly two-fold increase in upwelling and/or a significant change in the ¹⁴C of higher-latitude source waters reaching the equatorial Pacific during this time. Conversely, significantly enriched Christmas coral ∆¹⁴C values during the 16th century are consistent with a two-fold reduction in upwelling strength and/or the advection of high-¹⁴C waters to the equatorial thermocline from higher latitudes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-171) / Microfiche. / xi, 171 leaves, bound ill., maps 29 cm

The ecology of patch reef fishes was studied to quantify the main factors that affect the natural variability of the fish community and to determine the effects produced on the community by experimental removal of predators. Initially, a year-long baseline description was completed of the physical, biological and ecological characteristics of 8 pristine patch reefs at Midway lagoon. For over 3 subsequent years, piscivorous predators were spearfished at least monthly, often for days at a time, on 4 of the 8 reefs. Fish populations were visually censused throughout the experiment. In all seasons and years of the project, daily recruitment rate of postlarval fishes to natural patch reefs was compared to that measured on standardized, artificial reefs of various sizes and degrees of inter-reef isolation. Finally, all baseline measurements were replicated and complete collections were made of all fishes, to validate the visual census method. Visual censusing was found to be of adequate precision and accuracy for most resident, non-cryptic species (highest for small patch reefs). Fishes could be assigned to size classes underwater by visual estimate with high accuracy. Rotenone collections were highly effective in quantifying many species commonly missed or underestimated in visual censuses. Only a few species composed the bulk of all recruits, while most species were rare or not seen at all. Variation between species was related to life history strategies or behavioral requirements. High temporal variability was found at the following scales: 1) Annuallywhere variability increased with the magnitude of recruitment, and different species recruited heavily in different years, suggesting that species specific factors in the plankton are more important than general oceanographic conditions; 2) Seasonally- pulsing strongly in summer, and occasionally late fall, when favorable environmental conditions may maximize growth and survival; and 3) Daily- with 1 or 2 strong peaks (each only a few days long) over a period of several weeks of low, variable recruitment. Small-scale spatial variability between replicate attractors (standardized artificial reefs) and between attractor types (coral and wire) were both high for a few species recruiting abundantly, although most recruits are probably substrate generalists. Rigorous visual fish censuses can adequately document moderate- to long-term temporal variation in the abundances of recently recruited juveniles on patch reefs (i.e., based on similar temporal patterns assessed by daily attractors). Daily total recruitment rate increased, although at diminishing densities, with (attractor) reef size, and with degree of inter-reef isolation. Abundances of recently recruited fish censused on neighboring, natural patch reefs (much larger than attractors) increased with reef size. The effect of isolation on these natural reefs was confounded by the stronger effect of reef size. These results suggest that if optimum size and spacing of reefs is provided, either by proper design of artificial reefs or selection of marine reserves, managers may enhance fish recruitment and ultimately improve local fisheries: Of the 135 fishes censused on the patch reefs studied, only 6 species together accounted for 70% of the total number of all fish, mainly due to heavy seasonal recruitment pulses. Strong seasonal and annual variability in recruitment was responsible for most of the temporal variation in fish abundance. The structure of patch reef fish communities at Midway was characterized by high unpredictability (e.g., great seasonal and/or annual variability in recruitment by common species, recruitment limitation for most species, and a high turnover rate detected by frequent sampling). Some predictions of the theory of island biogeography were also met by these fish communities (e.g., species richness correlated strongly with patch reef area, volume and relief). and total fish abundance. Some populations also exhibited a degree of long-term stability. Species diversity [H'] was similar among different size reefs. The experimental fishing on piscivores produced a catch composed mainly of lizardfish, due largely to immigration following the removal of other, competitively superior, highly resident piscivores. Scorpionfish and moray eels were also dominant predators. The expected decreases in catch-per-unit-effort were not realized, except for a quantitatively insignificant family (hawkfish). Conversely, the catch of the highly migratory lizardfish actually increased as fishing progressed. Changes in the catch composition for other piscivores related mainly to major changes in reef size or to patterns of large, inter-year recruitment fluctuations. Census data confirmed the major trends indicted by catch results. Sharks and jacks were attracted to the experimental reefs by spearfishing; the study was unable to determine whether their piscivorous effect was different between reef treatments. Patch reef fish communities at Midway were relatively resilient to long-term, intense fishing pressure on piscivores. However, enhanced survival of a large, annual, summer recruitment pulse of a common cardinalfish, synchronized with a temporary but significant reduction of lizardfish (the most prevalent piscivore) by fishing, suggested that an effect of predation on reef fish populations is experimentally detectable and considerable. However, temporal and spatial variability in recruitment, and reef size differences and changes in size were the primary factors responsible for the observed temporal patterns in fish abundance. COlnmunity analysis involves numerous confounding effects and requires the most careful interpretation for valid conclusions. / xvi, 321 leaves, bound : ill. ; 29 cm.