Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative, halophilic, human pathogenic bacterium ubiquitous in the marine environment. Like many Vibrio species, V. parahaemolyticus commonly associates with shellfish, particularly oysters. Ingestion of a raw or under cooked oysters contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus can cause gastroenteritis, which is typically self-limiting and rarely causes death. Globally, oyster production is highly lucrative, especially on the West Coast of the United States where approximately 60% of oyster production occurs each year. Outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus can result in a significant public health problem as well as an economic burden for the oyster farms implicated in the outbreak. With the increase in overall V. parahaemolyticus outbreaks, improved post-harvest processing strategies have been developed to reduce this natural contaminant. Depuration was developed to allow shellfish to purge contaminants from their tissues into the clean, flowing seawater where they are held. This post-harvest processing technique can typically reduce fecal contaminants from the oyster tissues but is relatively ineffective at eliminating V. parahaemolyticus and other Vibrio species.. Thus, improved methods for reducing this and other human pathogenic Vibrio are needed to effectively produce safer oysters for the consumer. To develop more effective and novel V. parahaemolyticus intervention strategies, first we must identify the factors that are involved in V. parahaemolyticus colonization of the oyster, allowing them toresist depuration. This study sought to investigate specific factors utilized by V. parahaemolyticus and, in the process, determined that various strains of V. parahaemolyticus have different alleles of the Type IV pili, mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA)and chitin-regulated pilus (PilA). In addition, we expanded our investigations into the allelic diversity of MSHA and PilA from Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus and found that V. cholerae strains that possess the Type IV toxin co-regulated pilus (TCP) maintained highly conserved MSHA and PilA sequences while strains of V. cholerae without TCP, and all of the V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus strains examined, had highly divergent sequences with no discernable connection to isolation source or observed phenotype. Following that discovery, we determined that Type I, and Type IV pili, as well as polar and lateral flagellar systems contribute to V. parahaemolyticus persistence in the Pacific oyster during depuration, while Type III secretion systems and phase variation do not. Overall, we have identified factors involved in colonization of the Pacific oyster by V. parahaemolyticus. Future studies investigating conditions that affect pili and flagella production in V. parahaemolyticus may provide novel depuration conditions that could easily and effectively increase the efficiency of oyster depuration, ultimately reducing the risk of seafood-borne illness by V. parahaemolyticus associated with oysters. / Graduation date: 2013

There is a widespread problem with looting and vandalism of cultural resources in the Pacific Northwest. To combat this problem law enforcement must have the assistance of the archaeological community. To be able to assist law enforcement, archaeologists and cultural resource specialists must have the proper training in cultural resource law and crime prevention. The focus of this study is to investigate the preparedness of archaeologists and cultural resource specialists within the federal government, specifically the United State Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, to assist in the investigation and prevention of cultural resource crime. To answer this question a survey was sent out to all of the aforementioned subjects within the Pacific Northwest. This survey asked for data concerning types of cultural resources affected by crime, prevention methods, training, opinions on quality of training, and demographic information. The respondent was also asked to reply to various fictitious scenarios concerning cultural resource crime, and the answers compared to a control group made up of law enforcement personnel. Information obtained from this survey showed that there is a lack of training among both of these agencies. A large percentage of the respondents feel that their training was either nonexistent or was lacking in depth and quality. The ability of the subject group to make decisions concerning the fictitious scenarios was closely analogous to those made by the law enforcement group. However, from information obtained from the respondents and from analysis of other data these scenarios may not have been a good indicator of the preparedness of the subject group. To improve their abilities at preventing and assisting in the investigation of cultural resource crimes, all archaeologists and cultural resource specialists need to have the opportunity to have access to quality training. These persons must also take it upon themselves to protect the resource using methods that are allowed by their respective agencies. / Graduation date: 1994

Graduation date: 1954

Engaging a determined enemy across a broad range of conditions, the U.S. Army in World War II's Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) played an important role in the defeat of Japan. How units fought and learned in SWPA and how they adapted to the evolving challenges of their environment is the focus of this dissertation. The subject remains largely unexplored, especially in contrast to the attention the European theater has received. An examination of the 112th's performance not only illuminates an understudied area in the historiography of World War II but also offers relevant lessons for contemporary military organizations. Mining a rich collection of primary sources, this study analyzes the development of the 112th Cavalry Regiment and sheds light on how American units in SWPA prepared for and conducted combat operations. A National Guard unit federalized in 1940 and sent to the Pacific theater in 1942, the 112th performed garrison duties on New Caledonia and Woodlark Island and eventually fought in New Britain, New Guinea, and the Philippines. Before deactivating, the regiment also served in Japan during the first months of the occupation. Concentrating on one unit illustrates the extent to which ground forces in SWPA were driven to learn and adapt. The 112th had mixed success when it came to carrying out its assigned missions effectively. The same was true of its efforts to learn and improve. The unit's gradual introduction to combat worked to its advantage, but learning was not simply a matter of building on experience. It also involved responding to unexpected challenges. Experience tended to help, but the variety of circumstances in which the cavalrymen fought imposed limits on the applicability of that experience. Different situations demanded that learning occur in different ways. Learning also occurred differently across the organization's multiple levels. Moreover, failure to learn in one area did not, as a matter of course, undermine advancement in all. Much depended on the presence of conditions that facilitated or disrupted the learning process, such as the intricacy of the tasks involved, the part higher headquarters played, and the enemy's own responses to the changing environment.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-131).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 263-281).

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Auburn University, / Abstract. Includes bibliographic references (p.228-235).

published_or_final_version / Applied Geosciences / Master / Master of Science

This thesis explores changing perceptions, theory, structure and policy within art exhibit and collection catalogues of First Peoples' objects from the Pacific Northwest Coast. This work looks at emerging viewpoints on material culture and its display over forty years as they present themselves in catalogue entries, textual content and labeling of Native groups and individuals. Early concepts based on salvage anthropology such as Native cultural demise and the degeneration of remaining people weakened as scholarship changed from a predominantly anthropological understanding of the objects to an aesthetic understanding based in art history. Political actions by Native groups have demanded policy changes within Canadian museum structure that includes the Native voice in curatorial decisions and textual discussions on both old and new objects. These very policy changes bring with them increased responsibility for the museum as well as new challenges of representation of the objects and their makers. The theme explored in this thesis is the changing role and responsibility of academia in the representation of the Other.

This thesis explores the role for social work in addressing government policies that threaten the sustainability of small coastal communities. The response of government and industry to the globalization of trade and resource degradation is at odds with the needs of people. Utilizing a case study methodology the development and implementation of the Pacific Salmon Revitalization Plan is explored. This department of fisheries plan to rationalize the fishery was highly contested on the grounds that it took jobs out of small coastal communities. It was accused of benefiting the large fishing corporations and the urban based fishing fleet, which had the capital to profit from the plan. Concentrated opposition from coastal communities, fishers, advocacy groups and academics was unsuccessful in changing the plan. The assumptions of modernism - expert knowledge, scientific rationality and orthodox economics - as well as distorted communications, were postulated to be behind this lack of success. A post modern analysis suggests that a successful challenge to the plan would have incorporated the local knowledge of fishers and coastal communities within a process of fair and equitable public discourse aimed at reaching intersubjectively mediated understanding. For social work this demonstrates the need to work conjointly with communities and affected groups to identify the modernist assumptions on which policy decisions are based and develop locally derived alternatives to these assumptions. And most importantly, that the focus of social change efforts be on demanding a process for discussion and decision-making that ensures that the concerns of effected individuals will be fairly addressed.