This thesis describes the manner in which the Japanese market for Pacific Northwest lumber grew over the last one hundred years. The description attempts to explain why British Columbia, which for many years was the under-dog in the Japanese market, suddenly and irrevocably took the lead from Washington and Oregon in 1961. The answer seemed to lie in B.C.'s marketing philosophy - the international marketing orientation - which geared her in practical terms for the export markets of the world generally and for Japan particularly. Manifestations of this marketing philosophy were first seen around 1934 when H.R. MacMillan, in spite of an ample and virtually guaranteed U.K. market, recognized the importance of keeping one foot in relatively slack markets like Japan. It was a question of increasing B.C.'s market share. Yet it took more than twenty-five years for the Province to bear the fruits of this orientation. There were good reasons for this time lag. Prior to 1961, except for a fifteen year period after the Great Japanese earthquake of 1923, Japan was a modest purchaser of Pacific Northwest lumber. The greater part of these lumber shipments were of large Douglas fir squares which Washington and Oregon were in a better position to supply. In the latter part of the decade of the 1950's, however, when large-sized Douglas fir was needed for the developing Pacific Northwest plywood industry, and when the booming Japanese economy needed more timber, the Japanese had to look for an alternative species. Hemlock was their choice and both British Columbia and the American Northwest had ample supplies of these resources. But whereas B.C., being geared to the export market, could economically cut unusual Japanese specifications, the American Northwest being geared to their domestic market could not. The Japanese bought U.S. logs instead of lumber for cutting to their requirements at home. Thus, by supplying Japan with their large demand for hemlock baby squares, B.C. surpassed Washington and Oregon. In recent retaliation, the Americans have passed legislation restricting the export of logs from their territory with the hope that the Japanese would buy more lumber from them. But this writer predicts that unless the lumbermen of the American Northwest adopt the international marketing orientation expounded upon in this thesis and gear themselves for the export market, then no amount of log export legislation can guarantee them their former ascendancy in the Japanese lumber market. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

In the first part of this thesis definitions of sea level are given and causes and effects of its seasonal and secular variations are briefly discussed. The second part deals with the numerical determination of these changes on the coast of British Columbia. Using raw tidal data in the form of monthly means of sea level, seasonal variations are determined as annual oscillations with mean amplitudes between 5 and 12 cm for seven stations on the B.C. coast. The investigation of secular variations is based on (raw) annual means of sea level. These variations are essentially represented by linear trends which are statistically significant at the stations VICTORIA, VANCOUVER, POINT ATKINSON and PRINCE RUPERT, where they indicate submergence. Assuming an eustatic rise of sea level at the rate of 1.0 mm/yr, the influence of land movement on submergence is estimated. For VICTORIA, a probable land uplift since 1909 and for VANCOUVER, POINT ATKINSON and PRINCE RUPERT a definite land subsidence since about 1943 is found. The rates of land subsidence range between 1 and 2 mm/yr. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

During July 1974, two reversed deep seismic sounding (DSS) profiles extending about 75 km were recorded in the Explorer Ridge region of the northeastern Pacific, one parallel and the other perpendicular to the ridge. A two-ship operation was used to record near-vertical incidence to wide-angle reflected waves and refracted waves with penetration from the ocean bottom to the upper mantle. Signals from six individual hydrophones suspended at 45 m depth from a 600 m cable trailed behind the receiving ship were recorded in digital form. The shooting ship detonated charges ranging from 2.3 kg to 280 kg and recorded the direct arrival plus the WWVB time code. Processing of the data recorded at distances beyond 4 km included demultiplexing, stacking, and filtering. Before the data were presented in record section form, traveltime corrections were made for topography and shot distance, and amplitude corrections were made for amplifier gain, charge size, and spherical spreading. The interpretation procedure consisted of two steps. A homogeneous, layered velocity-depth model was initially constructed from first arrival traveltime data. The p-A curve corresponding to this model was then altered until an amplitude fit was obtained using synthetic seismograms. Weichert-Herglotz integration of the resultant p-A curve produced the final velocity-depth model. This traveltime and amplitude interpretation required the introduction of velocity gradients into the model. The profile run across the ridge showed no anomalous behaviour as the ridge was crossed; the profile on the Juan de Fuca plate, paralleling the ridge, exhibited traveltime branch offsets and delays. These have been interpreted as due to faulting with a. vertical component of offset of about 5 km. The reversed upper mantle velocities are 7.8 and 7.3 km/s in directions perpendicular and parallel to the ridge. Anisotropy is proposed to explain these different velocities. Compared with crustal sections from other ridge areas, the data require a thick "layer 3" (up to 7 km) near the ridge crest. The total depth to the base of the oceanic crust varies between 10 and 12 km except in the faulted region. The results of this study favor the hypothesis that Explorer Ridge is presently an inactive spreading center. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

At the 1996 World Fisheries Congress, Donald A. McCaughran declared seventyfive years of regulatory success for the International Pacific Halibut Commission. The Commission's mandate was to reverse the precipitous decline in halibut stocks that had become apparent in the 1910's, and save this fishery from economic extinction. The biologists and fishermen who sat on the Commission assumed that the appropriate biological target was the one that yielded the maximum sustainable harvest. Using a bioeconomic model of the fishery and regression analysis, I argue the Commission's use of global quotas to achieve its biological goal of maximum sustained yield was most certainly an economic failure. I also argue its policies were very likely a biological failure, as well. While arguably accomplishing its biological goal of the maximum sustainable yield in 1960, dynamic bioeconomic theory indicates their policies probably destabilized the biological fishery. The paper will first sketch the historical background of the industry. Then the regulatory history will be discussed. Then the economic literature will be reviewed as it applies to the Pacific halibut industry. Finally, the historical data will be examined and the proposition that the regulatory management of the halibut fishery was a success will be tested. The period 1928 to 1960 is covered as it provides both reliable data and a continuous period of regulation, at the end of which the biological goal of maximum sustainable yields was apparently achieved. In conclusion, I find that statistically the fishermen were insensitive to the direct effects of the quota and the total quantity of fish available, and instead responded to the quota's indirect effects on the fishermen's costs, which induced the inflow of greater fishing capital than otherwise would have occurred. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

The objectives of this study were to isolate and characterize the fungi associated with saprolegniasis of Pacific salmon and to determine the conditions which allow the infections to become initiated. The fungi isolated from the salmon were either sterile Saprolegnia species, or Saprolegnia species with affinities to the S. diclina-S. parasitica complex. Two morphologically and physiologically distinct strains were recognized in this latter group. Difficulties associated with the identification of these and other Saprolegnia isolates focussed attention on the inadequacy of existing species concepts and also showed that more attention should be directed toward the effect of nutritional and environmental factors on the morphology and growth of these fungi. A study of the DNA base compositions of eleven isolates belonging to the genus Saprolegnia sensu stricto showed that, contrary to expectations based on the literature, this character could not be used to distinguish groups at the infrageneric level, but the results did suggest that isolates included in the genus may have relatively homogeneous genomes. The existence of a satellite DNA was confirmed and was found in all isolates examined. This satellite DNA separates Saprolegnia species from all other Oomycetes which have been similarly examined. An argument is present favouring the rejection of the name Saprolegnia parasitica Coker as a nomen ambiguum and it is shown that all existing oogonium producing isolates included in this species can be legitimately considered to be Saprolegnia diclina Humphrey. Infection experiments, and observations on the histo- and gross pathology of saprolegniasis, when considered in the light of modern concepts concerning the nature of infectious diseases and existing knowledge of the physiology of Pacific salmon, suggest that there is a direct link between increased plasma corticosteroid levels in the fish and their susceptibility to saprolegniasis and other infections caused by normally non-pathogenic organisms. It is hypothesized that natural increases in the plasma corticosteroid levels of the salmon, either alone, or in conjunction with further stress-induced increases, create a situation where natural immunity and the ability to repair tissue damage are greatly impaired. This combination of factors allows an infection to be initiated and, once established, it becomes progressively worse, and ultimately terminal, at a rate which can be directly correlated with increasing temperature. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

In recent years, mortalities of unknown aetiology have occurred in Pacific oyster aquaculture in Baynes Sound, BC during the summer. Field studies were conducted to examine environmental, reproductive and microbial factors that could be contributing to these mortalities. In 2017, oysters were observed at three sites from July 5 to September 15. Each intertidal site had three modules containing seven stacked trays with 80 oysters per tray. Final mortalities ranged from 9.3 ± 1.9 to 38.8 ± 4.9% per module. The mortality per module correlated significantly with gonad length and the proportion of oysters that were female in a multiple linear regression model (R2=0.824, p=0.002). Vibrio aestuarianus, a well-documented pathogen of farmed Pacific oysters in France, was well represented in bacterial cultures from intertidal oysters in 2017 based on recA gene sequencing of 158 bacterial isolates. In 2018, juvenile Pacific oysters were monitored to characterize the onset of a summer mortality event in suspended culture. From May 11 to September 17, data on shell size, reproductive development, environmental conditions, and the microbial community of gill tissue was tracked at culture densities of 150, 300, 450, and 600 oysters tray-1. The onset of mortality was associated with a period of rapid growth, reproductive development, and elevated temperatures. Cumulative mortality per tray ranged from 34 to 75%, with the highest density trays having significantly lower mortality (p=0.023), smaller shell width (p=0.001), smaller shell length (p=0.002) and smaller gonad length (p=0.049) than the lowest density trays in a linear mixed-effects regression. Histology of oysters from August 12, during the mortality event, showed a mixed microbial infection in peripheral gill tissue. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and qPCR of V. aestuarianus using species-specific recA primers suggest V. aestuarianus is temporally associated with summer mortality. Mortalities observed in 2017 and 2018 occurred in different age classes and with different oyster culture techniques, but all were associated with elevated water temperature, increased reproductive effort, and the presence of V. aestuarianus. / Graduate / 2021-08-06

The Floras Creek area, east of the town of Langlois, near the southwest Oregon coast, includes Colebrooke Schist (a klippe of metamorphosed pelitic sediments of Jurassic age), Jurassic Otter Point Formation (a melange complex), and lower the middle Eocene Roseburg and Lookingglass Formations, part of a sandstone-shale sequence occurring more extensively in other areas. The Colebrooke Schist occurs in the south-central part of the area, bounded on the Otter Point and Roseburg. The Lookingglass is exposed as a small (1.5 sq. km) block in the north-north-west part of the area. Two major structural trends are found in the Floras Creek area; an older Mesozoic east-west normal fault trend which is truncated by younger serpentinitefilled, north-south shear zones. The younger fault trend was active into the Tertiary as the faults cut the Eocene. Detrital modal analyses of sandstones suggest that the Otter Point is related to the coeval Dothan Formation of the interior Klamath Mountains, in the same way that the Franciscan is related to the Great Valley sequence in California. The detrital modal analysis indicates that the Otter Point is trench-slope deposited sediments as is the Franciscan and the Dothan is forearc basin deposits similar to the Great Valley.

This thesis covers the practical research done on the condensation of thioacetophenone with benzaldehyde and the library research covers the chemistry of thioketones and the thioflavanones. Most of the thioketones have been made by dissolving a ketone in ethanol, usually absolute although 95 percent was also used, saturating the solution with anhydrous hydrogen chloride at ice temperature, then admitting hydrogen sulfide for several hours. This method was first used by Fromm and Baumann when they made thioacetophenone from acetophenone. David Shirley also gives theis process in his book “Preparation of Organic Intermediates” published by Wiley and Sons in New York. SOmetimes a metallic oxide dehydration catalyst such as alumina is used.

This work is an additional facet of the research undertaken by Dr. Herschel Frye of the Department of Chemistry of the University of the Pacific while he was a graduate student at the University of Oregon. Frye succeeded in making an analytical reagent for zinc and other transition metals similar to dithiszone but water soluble. His approach was to to sulfonate the benzene rings thus giving water solubility because of the ionic nature of the sulfonic acid. The new reagent-tensed thiazate--was quite successful in its purpose, but the sections of the compound were somewhat different than dithizone. The purpose of this thesis is to explain the nature of the decomposition of thiazate.

It seems possible that efforts to discover essential chemical differences which might exist between normal and malignant cells will eventually reveal the secret of cancer and thereby lead to new approaches to safer and more selective chemotherapy. One objective of this study is to find that part of this molecule that causes it to concentrate in the tumor and thence make a smaller size compound which has similar concentration characteristics to tumor as tetracycline. For this purpose, an attempt was made in this study to synthesize the right side ring of Chlorotetracycline, the structure of which is shown below. [see PDF]