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al-Mawāniʼ al-Saʻūdīyah ʻalá al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar dirāsah fī al-jughrāfiyā al-iqtiṣādīyah /Ruwaythī, Muḥammad Aḥmad. January 1983 (has links)
Thesis (doctoral)--Jāmiʻat al-Qāhirah, Cairo, 1981. / Abstract in English. Title on added t.p.: The ports of Saudi Arabia on the Red Sea coast. Includes bibliographical references (p. 595-607).
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al-Mawāniʼ al-Saʻūdīyah ʻalá al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar dirāsah fī al-jughrāfiyā al-iqtiṣādīyah /Ruwaythī, Muḥammad Aḥmad. January 1983 (has links)
Thesis (doctoral)--Jāmiʻat al-Qāhirah, Cairo, 1981. / Abstract in English. Title on added t.p.: The ports of Saudi Arabia on the Red Sea coast. Bibliography: p. 595-607.
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The lost sea of the Exodus a modern geographical analysis /Fritz, Glen A. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Texas State University-San Marcos, 2006. / Vita. Appendix: leaves 295-329. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 330-348).
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Exploring Archaeal Communities And Genomes Across Five Deep-Sea Brine Lakes Of The Red Sea With A Focus On MethanogensGuan, Yue 15 December 2015 (has links)
The deep-sea hypersaline lakes in the Red Sea are among the most challenging,
extreme, and unusual environments on the planet Earth. Despite their harshness
to life, they are inhabited by diverse and novel members of prokaryotes.
Methanogenesis was proposed as one of the main metabolic pathways that drive
microbial colonization in similar habitats. However, not much is known about the
identities of the methane-producing microbes in the Red Sea, let alone the way in
which they could adapt to such poly extreme environments. Combining a range of
microbial community assessment, cultivation and omics (genomics,
transcriptomics, and single amplified genomics) approaches, this dissertation
seeks to fill these gaps in our knowledge by studying archaeal composition,
particularly methanogens, their genomic capacities and transcriptomic
characteristics in order to elucidate their diversity, function, and adaptation to the
deep-sea brines of the Red Sea. Although typical methanogens are not abundant
in the samples collected from brine pool habitats of the Red Sea, the pilot
cultivation experiment has revealed novel halophilic methanogenic species of the
domain Archaea. Their physiological traits as well as their genomic and
transcriptomic features unveil an interesting genetic and functional adaptive
capacity that allows them to thrive in the unique deep-sea hypersaline
environments in the Red Sea.
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Metabarcoding and Metagenomic Characterizations of the Red Sea Sector of the Global Dust Belt’s MicrobiomeAalismail, Nojood 10 1900 (has links)
Atmospheric aerosols have been studied in great depth in regards to its metrological and
chemical characterizations. Covering about 33% of the planet, the Global Dust Belt is the
major source of wind-blown dust. Airborne aerosols play important roles in the Earth
systems, impacting the marine and terrestrial ecosystems, human and organismal health.
Aerosolized dust can carry a diverse range of microorganisms that may be transported
across large distances. If surviving the transport, influence, as vectors supporting
microbial populations or as pathogens to other organisms, the recipient ecosystems where
they may be delivered through dry and wet depositions. Located in the middle of the
global dust belt area, the Red Sea receives about 1.2 Mt of emitted dust particles per
storm and a total of 6 Mt dust deposition from the annual 5-6 storm events, which may
contain important loads of microorganisms. This dissertation characterizes the
taxonomical compositions of airborne prokaryotes and micro-eukaryotes and their
transport history in the dust-associated microbiome, and the functional profile of the
airborne microorganisms. The samples required to achieve these goals were collected
with a high-volume dust collector over the Red Sea from the coastal and offshore regions
over two years. In addition, microbial communities sampled from the surface Red Sea
water were used to establish the possible relationship, suggesting an exchange, between
the airborne microbial communities and those in the Red Sea. Since relying on culture5
based analyses would take no notice of unculturable microorganism, culture-independent
techniques were followed to detect the vast majority of the biological particles on the
sampled air filters. However, large volumes of air should be collected due to the
difficulty of acquiring enough genomic materials from the low density of airborne
microorganisms for molecular assays. Sahara Deserts and deserts in the Arabian
Peninsula represented the major sources of microbial inputs to the Red Sea atmosphere.
Hence, a high number of allergens, plant and mammalian pathogens, human and animal
parasites have been detected in airborne dust samples, which could be of concern.
Functionally, dust-associated microbiome has exclusive lifestyle’s features that facilitate
a resilient strategy to survive during airborne transportation, so-called “aeolian lifestyle.”
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Connectivity in a Red Sea Sponge across an Environmental GradientGiles, Emily C. 08 1900 (has links)
While geographic distance is a variable often used to explain population genetic
differentiation, dynamic processes leading to stochastic population structure are more
likely driving factors. The following thesis presents the population structure of a
common reef sponge, Stylissa carteri, and yields hypotheses on the influence of
environmental heterogeneity as a predictor of the observed population structure. This
project represents the largest population genetics study thus conducted in the Red Sea and
also includes the first population genetics data gathered for sites off the coast of Sudan
and Soccotra. The study herein presented includes both a large scale (36 reef sites
covering over 1000km of coastline) and small-scale (16 transects of 50m each) analysis
of gene flow in a benthic dwelling organism. The variable effect of geography and
environmental conditions on S. carteri population structure is assessed using a seascape
genetics approach. Environmental factors from a nine-year dataset accessed from the
NASA Giovanni website including chlorophyll a, sea surface temperature, dissolved and
particulate organic matter for both the annual and winter temporal scale were considered.
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Biogeographic Patterns of Reef Fish Communities in the Saudi Arabian Red SeaRoberts, May B. 12 1900 (has links)
As a region renowned for high biodiversity, endemism and extreme temperature
and salinity levels, the Red Sea is of high ecological interest. Despite this, there is
relatively little literature on basic broad scale characteristics of the biodiversity or overall
reef fish communities and how they change across latitude. We conducted visual
transects recording the abundance of over 200 species of fish from 45 reefs spanning over
1000 km of Saudi Arabian coastline and used hierarchical cluster analysis to find that for
combined depths from 0m-10m across this geographical range, the reef fish communities
are relatively similar. However we find some interesting patterns both at the community
level across depth and latitude as well as in endemic community distributions. We find
that the communities, much like the environmental factors, shift gradually along latitude
but do not show distinct clusters within the range we surveyed (from Al-Wajh in the
north to the Farasan Banks in the south). Numbers of endemic species tend to be higher
in the Thuwal region and further south. This type of baseline data on reef fish distribution
and possible factors that may influence their ranges in the Red Sea are critical for future
scientific studies as well as effective monitoring and in the face of the persistent
anthropogenic influences such as coastal development, overfishing and climate change.
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Airborne Prokaryote and Virus abundance over the Red SeaYahya, Razan 07 1900 (has links)
Aeolian dust exerts a notable influence on atmospheric and oceanic conditions and
human health, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions like Saudi Arabia. Dust is often
characterized by its mineral and chemical composition, but there is a microbiological component
of natural aerosols which has received comparatively little attention. Moreover, the amount of
materials suspended in the atmosphere is highly variable from day to day. Thus, knowing the
loads of dust and suspended microbes and its variability over the year is essential to understand
the possible effects of dust on the Red Sea ecosystem. Here, we present the first estimates of
dust and microbial loads at a coastal side on the Red Sea over a two-year period supplemented
with information from dust samples collected along the Red Sea in offshore water and their
variability. Weekly average dust loads ranged from 4.63 to 646.11 μg m-3, while the abundance
of airborne prokaryotic cells and viral particles ranged from 31,457 to 608,333 cells m-3 and from
69,615.5 to 3,104,758 particles m-3, respectively. These are the first estimates of airborne
microbial abundance that we are aware of in this region. The large number of dust particles and
suspended microbes found in the air indicates that airborne microbes may have a large impact
on our health and that of the Red Sea ecosystem.
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Multiple stressor interaction of nutrient enrichment and crude oil pollution on benthic recruitment on a Red Sea coral reefHulver, Ann 11 1900 (has links)
The Red Sea is one of the warmest, saltiest, and most oligotrophic seas in the world that supports a healthy and extremely diverse coral reef ecosystem. Increasing development along the Saudi Arabian coast may increase eutrophication due to impacts of human population and also oil pollution from increased shipping traffic and refinery activity. The risk of oil pollution combined with increased eutrophication due to coastal development provides a clear stressor interaction which is vastly understudied. Individually, these stressors are known to negatively impact coral reproduction, recruitment, and growth. This study focuses on reef settlement and recovery following experimentally-simulated disturbance scenarios. Carbonate recruitment tiles were placed on the reef and exposed to four treatments: control, nutrient enrichment with slow-release fertilizer, tiles soaked in crude oil, and a combination treatment of nutrient enrichment and oil-coated tiles. At periods of 3, 6, 9, 14, and 17 weeks, tiles were collected to classify the settled community and measure oxygen production. Oil, nitrate, and phosphate were the biggest determining factors predicting settlement and oxygen production of the different treatments. The oil treatment had the least overall settlement and oxygen production, whereas the nutrient treatment had the most turf algal recruitment and oxygen production. The combination treatment had an antagonistic effect on algal growth: the nutrients facilitated growth on the otherwise toxic oiled tiles.
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Distribution, diversity, and anemonefish associations of host sea anemones (Actiniaria) in the eastern Red SeaBennett-Smith, Morgan 04 1900 (has links)
The relationship between clownfish and sea anemones is a beloved and iconic
example of marine symbiosis. However, ecological information in the eastern
Red Sea about the endemic Red Sea clownfish, Amphiprion bicinctus, and its
host sea anemones remains relatively incomplete. For example, previous studies
report that A. bicinctus forms mutualistic relationships with three to five host
anemone species in the Red Sea. But the reported number and combination of
host anemone species varies substantially among sources and little is known
about host anemone distributions at different scales on the eastern coastline. To
better understand the ecology of A. bicinctus and its host sea anemones, we
conducted 70 surveys in three regions of Saudi Arabia and one region in Djibouti.
We then analyzed distribution patterns for all anemone species observed in
these regions, to attain deeper knowledge of anemone habitat usage and relative
abundance. We recorded six host sea anemone species associated with A.
bicinctus in the Red Sea, one of which represents a new case of symbiosis, and
we identified differences in species composition and abundance across different
reef scales. We noted patterns of decreasing anemone diversity with increasing
latitude, beginning at 20° N, and greater overall anemone abundance in the
central Red Sea. We also used field and laboratory observations to examine anemonefish abundance, survival, and fecundity on different species of anemones at different life history stages. In sum, this thesis collectively identifies eastern Red Sea anemone hosts for A. bicinctus, evaluates their regional and
fine-scale distributions, and assesses how different anemone species impact their anemonefish occupants on different levels.
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