The goal of this thesis is to introduce new methods to create intricate perforated shapes in a computing environment. Modeling shapes with a large number of holes and handles, while requiring minimal human interaction, is an unsolved research problem in computer graphics. In this thesis, we have developed two methods for interactively modeling such shapes. Both methods developed create perforated shapes by building a framework of tube like elements, such that each edge of a given mesh is replaced by a pipe. The first method called Wire modeling replaces each edge with a pipe that has a square cross-section. The result looks like a shape that is created by a framework of matchsticks. The second method, called Column modeling allows more rounded cross-sections for the pipes. The cross-sections can be any uniform polygon, and the users are able to control the number of the segments in the cross-section. These methods are implemented as an extension to an existing modeling system guaranteeing that the pipes are connected and the resulting shape can be physically constructed. Our methods require an initial input mesh that can either be imported from a commercially available software package, or created directly in this modeling system. The system also allows the users to export the models in obj file format, so that the models can be animated and rendered in other software packages.

While FPGA interconnect networks were originally designed to connect logic block output pins to input pins, FPGA users and architects sometimes become motivated to create connections between pins and specific wires in the interconnect. These pin-to-wire connections are motivated by both a desire to employ routing-by-abutment, in modular, pre-laid out systems, and to make direct use of resources in the fabric itself. The goal of this work is to measure the difficulty of forming such pin-to-wire connections. We show that compared to a flat placement of the complete system, the routed wirelength and critical path delay increase by 6% and 15% respectively, and the router effort increases 3.5 times. We show that while pin-to-wire connections impose increased stress on the router, they can be used under some circumstances. We also measure the impact of increasing routing architecture flexibility on these results, and propose a low-cost enhancement to improve pin-to-wire routing.

While FPGA interconnect networks were originally designed to connect logic block output pins to input pins, FPGA users and architects sometimes become motivated to create connections between pins and specific wires in the interconnect. These pin-to-wire connections are motivated by both a desire to employ routing-by-abutment, in modular, pre-laid out systems, and to make direct use of resources in the fabric itself. The goal of this work is to measure the difficulty of forming such pin-to-wire connections. We show that compared to a flat placement of the complete system, the routed wirelength and critical path delay increase by 6% and 15% respectively, and the router effort increases 3.5 times. We show that while pin-to-wire connections impose increased stress on the router, they can be used under some circumstances. We also measure the impact of increasing routing architecture flexibility on these results, and propose a low-cost enhancement to improve pin-to-wire routing.

Paper making involves three fabrics: forming, pressing, and drying. The forming fabric is responsible for sheet forming, the initial dewatering of a low concentration pulp suspension into a wet sheet of paper. In the process of forming, topographical and hydrodynamic marks can be transferred from the drainage media (the forming fabric) to the sheet produced. An experimental investigation of a model forming fabric was performed to identify the geometric parameters having the largest influence on hydrodynamic wire mark. The data were also compared with the numerical simulations of Huang. To simplify the problem, justifiable engineering simplifications were made. The second phase (the fibres) was removed and the machine-direction filaments were neglected. This reduced the problem to investigation of flow through a bank of dissimilar cylinders. It was desired to find the most important geometrical parameter to reduce flow non-uniformity in the paper side flow field. Particle image velocimetry, pressure drop and flow visualization tests were conducted to investigate the flow through the array of cylinders. It was found that with a cylinder surface separation of 0.75$\times$ the paper side cylinder diameter the pressure drop tended toward the sum of the rows, and the paper side flow field was nearly identical to the paper side row only flow field, regardless of the backing side cylinder dimensions and configuration. It was seen that when the pressure drop through the bank of cylinders was equal to the sum of the rows' pressure drops the paper side flow field was the same as the paper side row only flow field. As such, pressure drop can act as an indication of when the machine side row will not affect the paper side flow field.

Paper making involves three fabrics: forming, pressing, and drying. The forming fabric is responsible for sheet forming, the initial dewatering of a low concentration pulp suspension into a wet sheet of paper. In the process of forming, topographical and hydrodynamic marks can be transferred from the drainage media (the forming fabric) to the sheet produced. An experimental investigation of a model forming fabric was performed to identify the geometric parameters having the largest influence on hydrodynamic wire mark. The data were also compared with the numerical simulations of Huang. To simplify the problem, justifiable engineering simplifications were made. The second phase (the fibres) was removed and the machine-direction filaments were neglected. This reduced the problem to investigation of flow through a bank of dissimilar cylinders. It was desired to find the most important geometrical parameter to reduce flow non-uniformity in the paper side flow field. Particle image velocimetry, pressure drop and flow visualization tests were conducted to investigate the flow through the array of cylinders. It was found that with a cylinder surface separation of 0.75$\times$ the paper side cylinder diameter the pressure drop tended toward the sum of the rows, and the paper side flow field was nearly identical to the paper side row only flow field, regardless of the backing side cylinder dimensions and configuration. It was seen that when the pressure drop through the bank of cylinders was equal to the sum of the rows' pressure drops the paper side flow field was the same as the paper side row only flow field. As such, pressure drop can act as an indication of when the machine side row will not affect the paper side flow field.

SAAB Support and Services, som är servicecenter för flygplanskomponenter, utför idag huvuddelar av sina mätningar manuellt, mätningar som ibland kan ta upp till fyra dagar. För att höja noggrannheten samt öka effektiviteten köpte de år 2007 in ett automatiskt testkoncept från MK Test systems. I examensarbetet har vi först undersökt den inköpta utrustningen. Sedan har vi tagit fram rutiner för kalibrering av utrustningen som klarar SAAB:s krav. Därefter har vi arbetat fram kravspecifikationer och instruktioner för hur utrustningen ska användas. Under arbetets gång har vi samlat in information för att kunna göra en utvärdering av hur lämplig utrustningen är att använda för att testa flygplanskomponenter. Arbetet resulterade huvudsakligen i tre st manualer som går igenom tre olika områden; kalibrering, kablagetest och ett standardtest för t.ex. paneler och styrboxar. / SAAB Support & Services, a service centre for air plane components, perform most of their measurements manually. These measurements can sometimes take up to four days to perform. In 2007 an automatic concept for testing from MK Test systems was purchased in order to enhance the accuracy and increase the efficiency. In our thesis we have initially examined the automatic concept for testing and then developed standards for how to calibrate this equipment, standards that meets SAAB:s requirements. Thereafter we have developed specifications and instructions on how to use the equipment. During our work we have gathered information for an evaluation of how fitting it is to use the F1500 for testing air plane components. The main outcome of our work consists of three manuals for three different areas; calibration, harness test and a standard test for example panels and controller units.

The hot rod and wire rolling process is widely used to produce rolled iron alloys in different shapes and dimensions. This industry has been under a constant development during the last decades. Today, complex geometries are produced at a high speed since it is possible to use several stands in each mill at the same time. A reason for the development is rising demands from customers. The most important demands are to save energy, to get better material properties and higher dimension accuracy. To meet these demands on speed and accuracy, a better control of how the material behaves in the process is needed. There is also a need to be able to quickly find a new setup of the mill in order to be able to produce other geometries. The purpose with this Master Thesis is to model and simulate the hot rod and wire rolling process with the modeling language Modelica. The model is given the known inputs and the desired final result in order to compute the unknown inputs to the mill. To meet these goals, a model that depends on for example the gap between the rolls, the roll speeds and the tensions between different stands is needed. It should be possible to make simulations to find roll speeds or to calculate the tensions caused by known roll speeds. With the help of models of the steps in the process, a model has been developed in Modelica. The model can be expanded to a mill with an arbitrary number of stands. In the search for the best way of modeling a hot rod and wire rolling mill, several algorithms have been simulated and analyzed in Modelica. The results from all simulations show that the billet and the groove should be described by different functions for the upper and the lower half. Furthermore, it is not a good solution to use only polynomials to describe the shapes in the process. A function with infinite derivative in the endpoints is needed to describe the billet in an acceptable way. The problem has also been solved using Matlab. In this work it is shown that the Modelica solution is preferred, compared to solving the optimization problems in Matlab. An advantage with the Modelica solution is that the model can be split into several easily connected sub models. Unfortunately it was even hard for Modelica to solve general problems. The describing functions made it hard to find the intersections and to keep the area constant during the rotation. The least square method could lead to bad approximations of the shapes. / Profilvalsning används idag globalt som en process för att tillverka metaller i olika former och har under de senaste årtiondena varit i en lång utvecklingsfas. Numera valsas komplicerade geometrier samtidigt som produktiviteten har ökat drastiskt tack vare möjligheten att valsa med flera valspar samtidigt. Under utvecklingsprocessen har även kraven från kunderna ökat, främst vad gäller energibesparing och noggrannhet på den slutgiltiga produktens dimensioner och materialegenskaper. För att kunna möta dessa krav på snabbhet och noggrannhet krävs större kontroll av hur materialet beter sig i valsningsprocessen och att det snabbt går att bestämma hur valsverket ska ställas in när en ny serie ska tillverkas. Syftet med examensarbetet som redovisas i denna rapport är främst att modellera och simulera profilvalsningsprocessen med modelleringsspråket Modelica. Modellen ska sedan kunna användas för att utifrån givna indata till processen bestämma olika inparametrar till valsverket för att uppnå önskat slutresultat. För att nå dessa mål krävs en modell som bland annat beror på spelet mellan valsarna, valshastigheterna och dragen mellan olika valspar. Simuleringar ska kunna göras för att både bestämma önskade valshastigheter och för att beräkna vilka drag givna valshastigheter ger upphov till i valsverket. Med hjälp av modeller och beskrivningar av de olika stegen i valsningsprocessen har en modell tagits fram i Modelica. Modellen har en given inprofil och kan sedan byggas ut till ett valsverk med önskat antal valspar. I Modelica har olika modeller och algoritmer simulerats och analyserats för att kunna svara på hur ett profilvalsverk modelleras på bästa sätt. Resultaten från de olika simuleringarna visar att heta och valsspår bör beskrivas med olika funktioner för den övre och för den undre delen av profilen. Det är ingen bra lösning att endast använda polynom för att beskriva de olika formerna. En basfunktion med oändlig derivata i ändpunkterna är nödvändig för att beskriva hetan på ett bra sätt. En fördel med Modelica är även att modellen enkelt kan delas upp i flera enkelt sammankopplade delmodeller. Tyvärr var det svårt även för Modelica att lösa generella problem. Funktionerna som användes för att beskriva de olika formerna gjorde det svårt att hitta skärningspunkter och att hålla arean konstant under rotationen. Minsta kvadratmetoden resulterade ibland i dåliga approximationer av de olika formerna.

The main objective of this research is to develop a pervasive wire sharing technique that can be easily applied across the entire range of on-chip interconnects in a very large scale integration (VLSI) system. A wave-pipelined multiplexed (WPM) routing technique that can be applied both intra-macrocell and inter-macrocell interconnects is proposed in this thesis. It is shown that an extensive application of the WPM routing technique can provide significant advantages in terms of area, power and performance. In order to study the WPM routing technique, a hierarchical approach is adopted. A circuit-level, system-level and physical-level analysis is completed to explore the limits and opportunities to apply WPM routing to current VLSI and future gigascale integration (GSI) systems. Design, verification and optimization of the WPM circuit and measurement of its tolerance to external noise constitute the circuit-level analysis. The physical-level study involves designing wire sharing-aware placement algorithms to maximize the advantages of WPM routing. A system-level simulator that designs the entire multilevel interconnect network is developed to perform the system-level analysis. The effect of WPM routing on a full-custom interconnect network and a semi-custom interconnect network is studied.

Organic solvents in varnish can easily cause volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odorous problems in manufacturing plants of enamel insulated wire. In general, the related process exhaust gases are treated by catalytic incinerators. However, the slight odors in the incinerated exhausts may induce uncomfortable feels to the inhabitants in the vicinity of the plants. Main components of odors are reported to be xylenes and to a lesser extent ketones. This study intended to oxidize the odorous compounds by chemical scrubbing method with either sodium hypochlorite or ozone as an oxidant and hydrogen peroxide as a reducing agent for the elimination of residual chlorine or ozone emitted from the oxidation scrubber. An additional study was the oxidation of aqueous mixed xylenes by sodium hypochlorite. The first part of the study was the chemical oxidation of aqueous xylenes by sodium hypochlorite. Results indicated that more than 95 % of 20 mg/L xylenes could be converted to some oxygenated hydrocarbons with an initial effective chlorine concentration of 180 mg/L at pH 6.5 over a prolonged reaction time of over 120 min. With pH < 3 and a reaction time of 120 min, xylenes could be oxidized to benzene carboxylic acid that precipitated as organic crystalline solids to the reactor bottom. The second part was chemical scrubbing of the odorous gases emitted from the catalytic incinerator. Operation conditions were an effective chlorine concentration of 1,500 mg/L and pH 6.5 for the oxidative scrubbing liquor, and a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 700 mg/L and pH > 12 for the reductive one. Results indicated that on an average, around 59 % of the influent xylenes could be removed, and the scrubbed gas was nearly odorless. 65.0 - 98.5 % of the influent non-aromatic compounds could be removed with trace amounts of chlorinated compounds in the gas were detected. The third one was the treatment of the odorous gases by using ozone as an oxidant and followed by activated carbon adsorption. 18 - 34 mg/m3 of ozone was added to the test gas with initial xylene concentrations of 25 - 55 mg/m3. Results indicated that only around 35 % of the added xylene was removed with ozone contact times of 0.15 - 0.6 min. Although 99.9 % of the residual ozone and odors were removed by the activated carbon, a longer operation time should be tested to verify the performance. Trace amounts of ring cleavage precursors of 2.4-dimethylphenol and ring cleavage products were found in the ozonized gas.

There are three parts in this thesis: In the first part (Chapter 2), we discuss the port excitation (Wave port vs Lumped port) suitable for sub-millimeter wave operations. We realized on printed circuit board a grounded coplanar waveguide (CPWG) and on gallium arsenic (GaAs) a microstrip line. We performed simulation on these structures using high frequency structure simulator (HFSS), and compared the results with measured ones. From the comparison, we found close match for CPWG insertion loss from 10 MHz to 67 GHz using the Wave port. However, for G-S-G lumped port, only matched up to 40 GHz. The wave port not only was more accurate, but also consumed less time in simulation. Consequently, we employed wave port as our simulation excitation for our sub-millimeter wave QFN design. In the second part (Chapter 3), we focused on design of low cost QFN for sub-millimeter wave applications. We fabricated test structures, which include IC pads and transmission lines, wire bonds, QFN leads, and G-S-G structures on printed circuit board. In HFSS simulation, our specially designed ribbon bonds and QFN configuration show return loss less than -20dB and insertion loss less than -0.4 dB up to 60 GHz. Using the same design principles, we strived to improve the performance of a commercially available QFN, which normally operates at 3 to 6 GHz. The extraction method to obtain the high frequency characteristics was introduced first, and the characteristics of a commercially available QFN (with our wire bond configuration) were then obtained. The insertion loss was less than -20 dB and insertion loss less than -0.5 dB up to 20 GHz. In Chapter 5, we discuss the performance discrepancies between the simulated ribbon bond results and that for fabricated wire bonds. In the third part (Chapter 4), we introduced a method to extract the characteristics of a single backside via and investigated the effects of die attachment on the performance of a single and multiple backside via(s). Using silver epoxy and Cu blank layer as die attach methods, we found it was important to provide a broad path (Cu blank layer), as opposed to a restrict path (like silver epoxy) to reduce the inductance of the backside vias. The conclusion and future work are provided in Chapter 5.