Environmental protection and the World Trade Organization Klára Šmídlová Abstract The theme of this diploma thesis is the relationship of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to the environmental protection. In its three chapters, this paper carries out an analysis of the historical aspects of this relationship and also of the questions, which are being solved in the present. The first chapter outlines the evolution of the relationship between the international trade and the environmental protection since 1947 when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was concluded. The second part of the paper focuses on the analysis of the provisions of the particular WTO agreements, which approach the issue of the environmental protection in different ways. The case law established by the WTO bodies during solving of the disputes between the member states is especially emphasised in analysis of the provisions of the WTO agreements. Finally, the last chapter is devoted to the research of the relationship between the WTO and multilateral environmental agreements, above all those making use of the trade measures to achieve their goals.

World Trade Organization and European Union - the International Trade Aspects of their Relationship The purpose of this thesis is to provide an overall and comparative insight into the relation of the World Trade Organization and the European Union, both being the most influential entities in scope of international trade. The relationship of these two organizations is complex and needs to be assessed with regard to various circumstances - primarily, there is a questionable relationship between the legal systems of those entities, complicated by the attitude of the European Union towards the law (or agreements) of the World Trade Organization. Secondly, both the European Union and the World Trade Organization represent individual and separate entities acting in the area of international trade and thirdly, the European Union is a Member of the World Trade Organization. All these dimensions play a key role when defining the relationship between those entities. The thesis commences (first chapter) with the overview of the development of international trade and organizations with the purpose of regulating this area. Second and third chapter deal with basic terms relating to the World Trade Organization and the European Union - their development, instruments, aims and forecasts. World Trade Organization...

The subject matter of this dissertation entitled "Dispute Settlement System in the World Trade Organization, developments and future prospects" is to examine dispute settlement system in the world trade, since the establishment of the World Trade Organization's predecessor - the GATT, until now. Besides the historical introduction into the area, the dissertation provides a comparison of these two consecutive systems and their main goals. Using available corresponding case law provided by panels and the Appellate Body, this dissertation covers the procedures and principles based on which the dispute settlement system currently stands. The secondary but not less important topic are the developing countries, their role in the system and inequality of the system related thereto. This inequality of the system lies mainly in the compliance issues. The dispute settlement system includes certain remedies in order to enforce the decisions and recommendations of the respective tribunals, but it is fair to say that they are not effective enough and tend to favour the developed countries. This dissertation also tries to find the solutions to the listed problems, mainly from the perspective of a proper compliance.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-08-18T18:18:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SHEYLA DE LIMA PINHEIRO.pdf: 398200 bytes, checksum: ead98109ca8c66204004417d733b2f03 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:18:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SHEYLA DE LIMA PINHEIRO.pdf: 398200 bytes, checksum: ead98109ca8c66204004417d733b2f03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-01 / The substantial increase in trade between countries that negotiate multilaterally did also increase the number of disputes related to commercial issues that are regulated by WTO agreements and such disputes are resolved by its dispute settlement body. The large number of disputes arise not only the inconsistency of trade rules, but also a slightly more stabilized environment that was fostered by the creation of the WTO. The system of dispute settlement provided a more stable, predictable and governed by rules previously accepted by the members environment. The system of dispute brought unquestionable innovations in solving trade disputes, however, although most of its decisions are complied with for an index of noncompliance that should be examined, because any breach in the commercial harvest is problematic and generates numerous developments. This research is based on the search for an understanding of the reasons for the failure of these decisions and if noncompliance is the result of the influence of market values or institutional weakness of the WTO. The research tries to seek an understanding of the barriers that hinder the implementation of the decision of the OSC when the dispute is between a country with a strong economy and a developing country. It is in the implementation phase of the decisions that the economic and political disparities between states are revealed as the greater or lesser importance of access to certain market seems to be crucial to the decision to comply with a WTO ruling. To identify asymmetries, the work focuses mainly on the analysis of the cotton case involving Brazil and the U.S. over agricultural subsidies used by the Americans and considered illegal by the decision issued by the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO. / O aumento substancial das trocas comerciais entre os vários países que negociam multilateralmente fez aumentar também o número de disputas relacionadas aos temas comerciais que são regulados por acordos da OMC e tais disputas são solucionadas por seu órgão de solução de controvérsias. O grande número de disputas decorre não somente da inconsistência de regras comerciais, mas também de um ambiente um pouco mais estabilizado que foi propiciado pela criação da OMC. O sistema de solução de controvérsias propiciou um ambiente mais estável, previsível e regido por regras previamente aceitas pelos membros participantes. O sistema de solução de controvérsias trouxe inovações inquestionáveis na solução das disputas comerciais, no entanto, apesar da maioria de suas decisões serem cumpridas há um índice de descumprimento que deve ser analisado, pois qualquer descumprimento na seara comercial é problemático e gera inúmeros desdobramentos. Esta pesquisa se baseia na busca de um entendimento sobre as razões do descumprimento das decisões e se estes descumprimentos são fruto da influência dos valores de mercado ou da fragilidade institucional da própria. A pesquisa tenta buscar um entendimento sobre os entraves que dificultam a implementação da decisão do OSC quando a disputa for entre um país de economia forte e um país em desenvolvimento. É na fase de implementação das decisões que as assimetrias econômicas e políticas entre os Estados são reveladas uma vez que a maior ou menor importância de acesso a certo mercado parece ser determinante para a decisão de cumprir com uma decisão da OMC. Para identificar as assimetrias, o trabalho foca principalmente na análise do caso do algodão envolvendo o Brasil e os EUA acerca dos subsídios agrícolas utilizados pelos norte-americanos e considerados ilegais pela decisão emitida pelo Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC.

This diploma thesis is concerned with developing countries in the multilateral trading system. Its goal is to analyze how the position of this group of countries changed from the moment GATT was signed up to the present and what their role and importance were in the forming of this system. The thesis also uncovers major sticking points in the current round of negotiations along with demands of developing countries and therefore analyses why no consensus has been reached yet.

The Aim of this master thesis named Consequences of WTO accession on China's trade policy is to provide a complex insight into the circumstances of accession of People's Republic of China to World Trade Organization (WTO), to map China's commitments and the real changes which were made. Subsequent prediction of future development of China's foreign trade policy and China itself was based on the analysis mentioned above.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2016-09-13T19:52:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Hamana Karlla Gomes Dias.pdf: 1355111 bytes, checksum: f28369379557e5717eab669569a90e36 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T19:52:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Hamana Karlla Gomes Dias.pdf: 1355111 bytes, checksum: f28369379557e5717eab669569a90e36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-30 / CAPES / This study aims to analyze the formation of the panel, under the WTO framework, driven by the United States, European Union and Japan against China, having as its main subject China's policy of restrictions on exports of rare earths, a fact that undermines technological development of these countries, because China holds the monopoly on the production of these minerals. This research also aims to understand the importance and application of rare earths in the contemporary world and whether the rules of the WTO will be able to resolve the conflict of economic and strategic interests of the parts involved in the dispute. With this aim, we are going to make a case study, presenting the question and we will analyze, from the perspective of WTO, its ability to resolve the conflict. This is a qualitative academic work, based on analysis of the process in the WTO, statements and official reports of the Organization, the U.S., European Union, Japan and China, as well as papers that address the issue. We conclude that the controversy not only covers the purely economic aspects, but starts a relevant discussion on the geopolitical world that leaves the question about conflict resolution beyond the scope of the WTO. / O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo analisar a formação do Painel, no âmbito da OMC, movido pelos Estados Unidos, União Europeia e Japão contra a China, tendo como matéria principal a política chinesa de restrições de exportação de terras raras, fato este que compromete o desenvolvimento tecnológico desses países, pois a China detém o monopólio da produção desses minerais. O trabalho visa ainda compreender a importância e aplicação das terras raras no mundo contemporâneo e saber se as regras estabelecidas no âmbito da OMC serão capazes de resolver o conflito de interesses econômicos e estratégicos das partes envolvidas no diferendo. Para esse fim, faremos um estudo de caso, apresentando a questão e analisaremos, sob o prisma da OMC, a sua capacidade de solucionar o conflito. Trata-se de um trabalho acadêmico qualitativo, pautado na análise do processo na OMC, de declarações e relatórios oficiais da Organização, dos EUA, União Europeia, Japão e China, assim como artigos científicos que abordam a questão. Conclui-se que a controvérsia não abrange apenas os aspectos puramente econômicos, mas que dá início a uma relevante discussão no âmbito da geopolítica mundial que deixa a questão além das possibilidades da OMC quanto à solução do conflito.

The law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) both explicitly and implicitly requires that a determination of causation be made at a number of points. In several of the WTO covered agreements, an important part of making a determination about causation involves separating those factors that are causative from those that are immaterial to the outcome in question (this process of separation is known as a 'non-attribution analysis'). This thesis argues that there are six parts of the law of the WTO that require, either explicitly or implicitly, that a causation and non-attribution analysis be undertaken. These are: (1) Safeguard Measures (Articles 2.1 and 4.2(a) and (b) of the Agreement on Safeguards ); (2) Anti-Dumping measures (Articles 3.1 and 3.5 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement ); (3) Countervailing Duties (Article 15.5 of the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement (SCM Agreement)); (4) Serious prejudice (Articles 5(c) and 6.3 of the SCM Agreement); (5) the relationship between a measure and its policy objective (Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and Article XIV of the General Agreement on Trade in Services ); and (6) the relationship between a responding Member's failure to comply with a DSB ruling and the complainant Member's level of nullification and impairment (Articles 22.6 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes and 4.10 of the SCM Agreement). This thesis will first examine the current approach in the jurisprudence to analysing causation and non-attribution in these parts of the law of the WTO. To that end, it will suggest that there is a trend in the current jurisprudence to attempt to make an a priori inference about the effects of a cause from the nature of the cause itself. This thesis will suggest that this approach reflects a misconception of causation, and it will propose an alternative, three-part methodology for interrogating causation based on the use of econometric analysis, which has been developed from guidance given by the Appellate Body in US-Wheat Gluten.

A presente Tese de Doutorado tem como objetivo analisar os mecanismos de implementação das decisões do Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC, consideradas como decisões adjudicatórias internacionais, na busca pelo incremento de efetividade desse sistema, e com a finalidade de proposição de um modelo para tal implementação no sistema jurídico brasileiro. O estudo adota uma abordagem dialética entre a dimensão teórica e a dimensão empírica de seu objeto, na investigação acerca das condições nas quais o Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias gera seus efeitos nos membros da OMC, bem como dos sujeitos e processos envolvidos nessa dinâmica transnormativa. A partir da análise empírica dos casos nos quais o Brasil atuou como demandante, demandado e terceira parte no Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC, e do exame da implementação por parte de seus principais usuários, a pesquisa desenvolve constatações sobre a diversidade dos mecanismos de implementação e dos efeitos jurídicos das decisões desse sistema de resolução de litígios nos diferentes ordenamentos. O trabalho procura enfrentar as complexidades de seu objeto no contexto normativo-institucional brasileiro, avaliando o tratamento casuístico, difuso e informal conferido à temática da implementação das decisões do Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC no Brasil, e confirmando a hipótese da necessidade e conveniência do estabelecimento de um marco normativo geral que institucionalize e legitime a escolha relacionada ao meio de implementação dessa decisão. / This Thesis aims to analyze the mechanisms for implementing the decisions of WTOs Dispute Settlement System, considered as international adjudicatory decisions, in the search for increasing effectiveness of this system, and in order to propose a model for implementation in the Brazilian legal system. The study adopts a dialectical approach between the theoretical dimension and the empirical dimension of its object, in the investigation of the conditions in which the Dispute Settlement System generates its effects on members of the WTO, as well as the subjects and processes involved in this transnormative dynamic. From the empirical analysis of cases in which Brazil served as plaintiff, defendant and third party in the WTOs Dispute Settlement System, and the review of the implementation by their main users, this research reveals findings about the diversity of implementation mechanisms and of legal effects of the decisions of this dispute resolution system in various jurisdictions. The thesis seeks to address the complexities of its object in the brazilian legal-institutional context, evaluating the casuistic, diffuse and informal treatment given to the implementation of the decisions of the WTOs Dispute Settlement System decisions, and confirming the hypothesis of necessity and advisability of establishing a general normative framework that institutionalizes and legitimizes the choices related to the measures for implementing these decisions.

<p>Departing from the case of textile and clothing trade dispute between the EU and China in 2005, it has been noticed that the EU’s policy in textile trade to a large extent has been situated in a position of dilemma. On the one hand, the growing global impetus of liberalization in the sector forces the EU to open up its market to cheap textile imports from the developing countries; on the other hand, the fierce protectionist pressures come from the domestic producers and slow down the paces towards liberalization, or sometimes even take setback towards more conservative performances. By placing this case in a broader context, the EU’s external trade policy is confronted with the similar dilemma, swaying between the trade liberalization and trade protection. Consequently, does the EU emerge in the current multilateral trading system of the WTO as a force for trade liberalization or a force for trade protectionism?</p><p>Bearing this question in mind, the general climate of global trade under the GATT/WTO and the EU’s external trade policy will firstly be examined. Then, the EU’s trade protectionism is about to be explained by strategic trade theory, the high political content of the EU’s external trade policy and the fragmentation in the EU’s policy networks; while the EU’s inclination towards trade liberalization will be explained by the implications from the conventional trade theory and new institutionalism, and as well as the impacts from the general climate of global trade.</p><p>The results shows that the EU’s external trade policy under the global trade liberalization is a mixture, neither pure liberalization nor pure protectionism. With regard to the trade issues concerning to the vital interests, the Union without exception inclines to conservative protectionism; whereas concerning the issues of less importance, compromises and concessions always lead the outcomes of the policy to the inspiring liberalization.</p>