The present study examined the links between whole family interaction patterns, parent-child attachment, and child emotional adjustment in a sample of 86 community families with children between the ages of 8 and 11. Family interactions were observed and coded with the System for Coding Interactions and Family Functioning (SCIFF; Lindahl, 2001). Target children completed the Children’s Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CCSQ; Yunger, Corby, & Perry, 2005), and the Behavior Assessment System for Children- 2nd Edition, Self Report of Personality (BASC-2 SRP; Reynolds &Kamphaus, 2004). Results of hierarchical regressions indicated that Secure and Avoidant attachment each independently predicted children’s emotional symptoms in some models. Family Cohesion and Positive Affect moderated the relationship between father-child attachment and children’s emotional symptoms. Results of the current study support the utility of considering dyadic attachment and family interaction patterns conjointly when conceptualizing and treating children’s emotional outcomes.

Path models assessed different models of influential order for parental bonding; adult romantic attachment; views of self, world/others, and the future; the fear of intimacy; and cognitive distortions among child molesters and non-offending controls. Child molesters receiving sex offender treatment reported more problematic parental bonding; insecure adult romantic attachment; negative views of self, world/others, and the future; a greater fear of intimacy, and more cognitive distortions regarding adult-child sex. The predicted path models were not established as the models did not adequately fit the data. However, post hoc logistic regressions indicated that Maternal Optimal Bonding, Preoccupied attachment, and cognitive distortions regarding adult-child sex significantly predicted child molester status. Overall, the findings provide support for a multi-factorial model of child molestation derived from attachment theory. Limitations of the study and areas for future research are also discussed.

The focus of this investigation is to assess the relationship between false self behavior, object relations and attachment variables, and adjustment. Theory suggests that object relations and attachment are interrelated, and have been independently linked to psychological consequences. Theory also postulates a relationship between false self behavior and object relations theory. Given the interrelatedness of object relations and attachment theory it is possible that false self behavior may also be linked to attachment variables. While the relationship between object relations and false self behavior seems to have been established object relations theory and attachment theory have not been studied in tandem as related to false self behavior. In addition, this investigation will explore the relationship of adjustment variables to attachment and object relations variables. Undergraduate males and females will be solicited for participation, and will be asked to complete self-report questionnaires measuring false self behavior, object relations, attachment, and adjustment. The primary research hypothesis is that less false self behavior will be related to mature object relations, secure attachment, and fewer symptoms.

While Christian counseling is a burgeoning field, it seems to lack clear philosophical and methodological definitions. This is particularly true when it comes to the human-divine relationship in that few theories or models exist that can guide practitioners in assessment and intervention of the human-divine relationship in order to improve it. Attachment theory offers relational concepts that can be applied to a person's relationship with God thus offering guidelines for soulcare providers. Attachment theory describes the relationship between God and persons in similar fashion with the Bible. Adoption is understood to be the central doctrine that relates to attachment, but it is aided by justification by faith, union with Christ, naming God "Abba," and the testimony of the Spirit. While attachment theory holds much in common with biblical principles, it also has several deficiencies including biological reductionism and limited teleology. Attachment theory is most applicable to Christianity in a post-postmodern ideology that allows for metanarrative but also takes seriously the subjective elements of experience as these experiences form narratives through a hermeneutic function in which persons interpret reality. Paul Ricoeur's concept of testimony aids in explaining the way in which life experiences form a narrative that fuels concepts of self, others, and relationships and the manner in which this process if transformed. Ricoeur's ideas have much in common with the Adult Attachment Interview in which adult's state of mind toward attachment is revealed through the type of narrative they produce about attachment. The primary indicator of such is the level of coherence in the person's narrative. It is proposed that a similar narrative interview, entitled the Adult Attachment to God Interview (AAGI), could produce indicators of a person's level of security and primary attachment strategy. Through testimony analysis, the soulcare provider can discover the level of coherence of a person's narrative concerning life with God and thus encounter the type of attachment a person has with God. Furthermore, the interview process will give insights into types of interventions that will aid the person in developing a more cohesive narrative and thus a more secure relationship with God. / This item is only available to students and faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. If you are not associated with SBTS, this dissertation may be purchased from <a href="http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb">http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb</a> or downloaded through ProQuest's Dissertation and Theses database if your institution subscribes to that service.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology. Johannesburg, 2016 / Substance dependence is a global issue that is becoming significantly more problematic. This is due to the fact that it does not just have a devastating effect on the individual but results in profound spin-off effects, which impact society as a whole. Much research has been conducted within this area and contemporary research has seemed to focus on the link between attachment styles and substance abuse. Since its conception by John Bowlby, attachment theory has achieved an empirical authority that has contributed to its popularity in modern times. However, despite this renewed interest there still exists a gap in the literature around the role that relationships, throughout the lifespan, play in areas such as pathology and recovery. Consequently, this research embarked on an interpretive phenomenological exploration of the way relationships impact the lives of individuals suffering from substance dependence. Adults in recovery from substance dependence were individually interviewed about their experiences of their relationships during and after their years of abusing substances. Hermeneutical phenomenological analysis was used to analyse this data and it revealed a typical model of pathology where a negative childhood experience had cascading effects that culminated in the later dependence on substances. Participants all highlighted relationships with themselves or others as pivotal to either seeking substances or to going into recovery. These themes were then located within Bowlby’s (1976, 1980) developmental pathways framework in order to make sense of the progression of substance dependence along the lifespan as it manifested in these participants. / MT2017

A research project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Clinical Psychology Department of Psychology in the Faculty of Humanities University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2017 / Bowlby (1979, p. 129) posited that “attachment behaviour characterises the human being from the cradle to the grave.” These intimate attachments to other human beings are the hub around which a person’s life revolves, not only in childhood but throughout adolescence, the years of maturity and into old age (Bowlby, 1980). Much of Bowlby’s work focused on the early years of childhood and the attachment formed with caregivers at this time. With the development of the ‘Strange Situation’ procedure, researchers were able to empirically test Bowlby’s theory and have since been able to produce studies that looked at how the quality of attachment behaviours changed or remained stable over time (McConnell & Moss, 2011). A substantial amount of this research has been conducted on the effect of maternal employment and mother-child attachment. However, the research that has been conducted has only looked at the effect of maternal employment in the early years of the child’s life. No research could be found that measured the influence of early maternal employment status beyond second grade and into early adulthood. Furthermore, this research has not explored whether there are any reported differences between the employment status of mothers and the romantic attachments in young adults, internationally or in the South African context. A substantial focus has also been placed on exploring the possibility that the attachment styles identified in infancy continue into adulthood and play a role in romantic relationships, with Hazan & Shaver (1987) proposing romantic love as an attachment process. Research has shown that the quality of attachment relationships experienced in early childhood are related to the nature of later adult romantic relationships (Simpson, Collins, Tran, & Haydon, 2007). This study aimed to ascertain whether any associations existed between the romantic attachment styles of young adults, aged between 18-24 years old, and their mothers’ employment status during their childhood (i.e.: between ages 0 and 5). A sample of 446 participants completed an online questionnaire containing two sections: the first section ascertained demographic information while the second contained the Attachment Style Questionnaire (Feeney, Noller & Hanrahan, 1994). A series of Pearson chi-square were used to measure associations between a) the participants’ romantic attachment styles and their mothers’ early employment status, b) the participants’ age at which their mother returned to work and their romantic attachment style and c) maternal employment status and participants’ preference for their mothers to work or stay-at-home. Results for the overall romantic attachment style showed that regardless of early maternal employment status, the majority of the sample was avoidant in their romantic attachment style. Only 18.83% of the sample was securely attached and 1.79% was ambivalent in their romantic attachment. Results for the chi-squareds were all significant, indicating that an association does exist between the various constructs. Thematic content analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) was used to analyse data gathered on participants’ feelings toward their mothers’ employment status. Findings showed that participants with working mothers felt that their mothers were less available to them and provided less emotional and physical nurturance than they would have liked. Those with stay-at-home mothers indicated that they often experienced financial difficulty due to reliance on one income and that their mothers were sometimes perceived as too controlling; not allowing them enough space to explore the world for themselves. / XL2018

African perspectives of mothering and attachment have only started being explored recently. Conversely there has been extensive research on Western understandings of attachment and mothering from a psychoanalytic perspective. Due to the limited literature, little is known whether psychoanalytic theories can be related to African cultural perspectives of mothering and attachment. This study aimed to understand African grandmothers’ cultural knowledge of mothering and attachment through a psychoanalytic attachment theory perspective. Secondly the study intended to describe the points of convergence and divergence between psychoanalytic concepts of attachment and African grandmothers’ cultural knowledge on mothering. Using a qualitative research design, nine African grandmothers, from different locations in Johannesburg, were interviewed, using a semi-structured interview. The data gathered from the interviews was analysed using aspects of narrative analysis. The findings regarding African grandmother’s cultural descriptions of mothering were on the most part consistent with the literature reviewed. The discrepancies between the participants’ understandings and the psychoanalytic attachment literature arose as a result of the major influence of socio-economic circumstances on their lives as caregivers. Psychoanalytic attachment constructs were present in the participant’s narratives and even though they were not specifically named by the participants, the results suggested they are entrenched in African cultural practices. Thus, from a psychoanalytic attachment theory perspective the research was able to demonstrate the convergences and divergences between psychoanalytic concepts of mothering and African cultural understandings of mothering, thereby illustrating how there is room for dialogue between the two.

This study investigated friend influence on school engagement in a sample of 160 stable same-sex friendship dyads (94 female dyads and 66 male dyads) from five senior high schools and four vocational schools in a small city in central Finland. Longitudinal data were collected during the first and second years of upper secondary school, approximately one year apart, and self-reports were available from both members of each friendship dyad. The framework of the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM; Kenny, Kashy & Cook, 2006) was used to estimate friend influence on school engagement in a model that did not distinguish same-sex friends, in a direct-effects model that distinguished friends based on relative levels of school burnout, and in a multiple-group model for distinguishable friends that investigated perceptions of maternal affection as a moderator of friend influence. Results suggest that the higher burnout partner in a friendship dyad influenced a decline in the lower burnout partner's school engagement only when the lower burnout partner perceived low maternal affection. When the lower burnout partner perceived high maternal affection, there was no evidence of negative influence by a higher burnout partner. Patterns of influence did not vary as a function of sex or school track. The importance of distinguishing friends on a theoretically and statistically meaningful basis to learn who influences whom, and of investigating indirect effects models when studying friend influence is also discussed. / by Donna Marion. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Kangaroo care (KC), has been shown to promote healthy development for both pre-term and full-term infants, and to improve mother-infant bonding (Ludington-Hoe, 2011; Charpak et al., 2005). Current research on the maternal benefits of kangaroo care is scarce, primarily focuses on early KC, and is mostly qualitative in nature (Fegran, Helseth, & Fagermoan, 2008; Matos et al., 2010). The present study examined the effect of late KC on maternal behaviors, sensitivity, and mother-infant interactive mutuality when infants were 3 months of age. Mothers who used kangaroo care as directed were found to have greater bonding scores and less anxiety about caring for their infants as measured through the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire. Kangaroo care was also found to have an effect on mothers’ ability to effectively calm their infants after an arm restraint task. Further research on the usefulness of late intermittent KC with full-term infants is needed. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This one-year longitudinal study was designed to illuminate the direction of the causal arrow between children's perceptions of their mother's behavior and children's attachment style during a period of development that has been relatively neglected in research on attachment - preadolescence. The possibility that children's behavior problems moderate the influence of perceived parenting on attachment, or of attachment on perceived parenting, was also investigated. Participants were an ethnically diverse sample of 407 children (213 girls, 194 boys) who were in the fourth grade at initial testing (M age = 11 years 1 month). Measures included children's perceptions of five maternal behaviors (harassment, overprotectiveness, monitoring, affectionate contact, and reliable support), peer reports of children's behavior problems (internalizing and externalizing), and children's self-perceived attachment styles (preoccupied and avoidant). Contrary to a traditional attachment perspective, there was limited evidence that perceptions of parenting led to change in children's attachment styles. Though children with internalizing problems who perceived their mother as harassing developed preoccupied attachment over time, and children with externalizing problems who perceived their mother as v overprotective developed avoidant attachment over time. However, there was considerable support for the reverse causal hypothesis that children's attachment style influences how they perceive their mother: Preoccupied attachment predicted increasingly favorable perceptions of maternal behavior over time (reduced harassment and increased monitoring), whereas avoidant attachment predicted increasingly unfavorable perceptions of the mother over time (increased harassment, reduced monitoring, reduced affectionate contact, and reduced reliable support). Children's behavior problems moderated a few of these relations. / Overall, results support a "child effects" interpretation of the links between perceived parenting and attachment styles during preadolescence. / by Meenakshi Menon. / Vita. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2008. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, FL : 2008 Mode of access: World Wide Web.