Das deutsche Bildungssystem ist noch weit davon entfernt, Inklusion im Schulalltag und im Schulunterricht flächendeckend umzusetzen. Dies ist jedoch eine Verpflichtung, die Deutschland mit dem Beitritt zur Behindertenrechtskonvention eingegangen ist. Die Realisierung einer inklusiven Schulentwicklung gestaltet sich schwierig, da die in der Inklusion erfolgreichen Schulen es einerseits nicht schaffen, den notwendigen Bedarf aufzufangen und es andererseits auch nur in bedingtem Maße gelingt, ihr Wissen und ihre Praxiserfahrungen über Inklusion weiterzugeben. Zugleich zeigt sich im Schulalltag die Notwendigkeit eines Abbaus von Barrieren sowie einer Verbesserung der Lernsituation. Debatten über die Anerkennung der heterogenen Rahmenbedingungen und damit über die Umsetzung eines inklusionspädagogischen Ansatzes dürfen nicht nur theoretisch geführt werden. In dem Beitrag werden daher konkrete Möglichkeiten für den Fremdsprachenunterricht und Gute-Praxis-Beispiele aufgezeigt. Auch wenn ohne Frage umfangreichere finanzielle Mittel für eine Inklusionsumsetzung Voraussetzung wären, wird dabei sichtbar, dass adäquates Handeln und ein entsprechender Wille aus Verwaltung-, Schulleiter-, Lehrer- und Schülerperspektive schon vieles bewegen kann. Es wird aufgezeigt, welche Probleme und Herausforderungen sich in einer inklusiven Praxis ergeben können. / Inclusive education in foreign language teaching: Implementation and examples of best practice The German education system is still far from implementing the concept of inclusive education in its schools and classrooms. However, this is a commitment Germany made when signing the CRPD. The implementation is rather difficult because on the one hand successful schools that exist already all over Germany are not able to serve the needs, and on the other hand, they have only limited resources to pass on their knowledge and practical experience of an inclusive approach. It is important to reduce barriers in everyday school practice and improve the learning situation now. Debates on the recognition of a heterogeneous learning group and thus on the implementation of an inclusive pedagogical approach must not only take place hypothetically. In this paper, therefore, will be presented specific ways as well as best practices of teaching foreign languages in an inclusive education system. Although greater financial resources for implementing inclusive education in schools are necessary, an adequate attitude of the administration, the school headmaster, the teachers and also of the students as well as their voluntary to act accordingly can already change a lot. Problems and challenges that may arise however in an inclusive education practice will also be presented.

Since 1995, a thrombolytic therapy, rt-PA, has been approved for use with acute stroke that significantly reduces, and sometimes reverses, neurological damage. Treatment has to be given within a few hours of the start of symptoms and can only commence once a CT-scan has confirmed a particular type of stroke. In the evidence-based medicine and knowledge translation literature, variations in practice are constituted as a problem to be solved. It is assumed that a physician decides whether or not to use this therapy based on his/her evaluation of the scientific evidence. In this thesis, I demonstrate that what are less evident in many of these claims are issues related to the social production of knowledge. Little attention is paid to who conducts research, who promotes its findings, and who is expected to implement them. The positivist discourse of evidence-based medicine assumes that research produces knowledge that is neutral and can be translated into treatment that is in the patient’s best interest. Yet these assumptions remain empirically unexamined, despite social science critiques of these processes. Institutional Ethnography is an approach in sociology developed by Dorothy Smith. Based on Smith’s understanding of the social organization of knowledge, it allows for an examination of the complex social relations organizing people’s experiences of their everyday working lives. Beginning in the experiences of physicians who provide acute stroke services, this dissertation explores an example of how best practice medicine is developed, translated, and taken up in practice across various sites in the province of Ontario. For Smith, texts mediate and organize people’s experiences. In my study, the discourses of both evidence-based medicine and knowledge translation, designed to improve patient care, come into view as managerial tools designed to control the delivery of care. I render visible how in fact things work as they do in real life settings in a way that links back actual people to the texts, or discourse, organizing their experiences. In so doing, I am able to uncover some of the assumptions and hidden priorities underlying the current emphasis on translating scientific knowledge in medicine into practice.

Abstract Background People with alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems are offered treatment by a variety of organisations in the non-government sector, many of which have religious affiliations. Little is known about the actual treatment offered, and whether the ideology of the organisation has an impact on the choice of treatment provided. Christian churches were amongst the first service-delivery organisations in the Australian AOD sector, and those remaining in the sector appear to have evolved from providing overt Christian-care to providing some evidence-based care in line with the move to best practice under Australia’s National Drug Strategy. It remains to be determined, however, whether the approach to treatment and service provision by religiously-affiliated agencies is influenced by their religious background and orientation. To resolve this gap in knowledge a national survey of non-government AOD agencies was conducted in late 2005–early 2006. Methods Survey participants consisted of all identified non-government AOD agencies in Australia. The operational definition of AOD agencies was in keeping with definitions used in other investigations in the sector. The sample frame was compiled using the most recent directories and databases available. Two questionnaires were posted to 331 agencies throughout Australia. Responses were sought from both the director/coordinator and a staff member working directly with clients. Completed questionnaires were received from 169 (51 per cent) of agencies. A completed questionnaire from both the director/coordinator and an AOD worker was received from 90 of these 169 agencies. Where this was the case, the response from the director/coordinator was taken to be the ‘agency response’. Questions were about the agency’s profile, goals, activities, the respondent’s own view of substance dependence and the respondent’s demographic characteristics. Qualitative methods were also used to gain further information and clarification from key informants, both prior to and after the quantitative survey. Findings There was surprising homogeneity amongst all agencies in their use of the eight treatment orientations studied (12-step, therapeutic community, cognitive behaviour, psychodynamic, rehabilitation, dual diagnosis, medical, and family). Cognitive behaviour therapy was the most popular treatment across all types of agencies in contrast to the 12-step approach which was only a major focus for a small number of agencies. Psychodynamic and therapeutic community orientations were also widely used but family and rehabilitation orientations were amongst the least popular orientations. With the family orientation there was a wide discrepancy between agencies that had family goals but not family activities. In regard to accessing treatment, mothers accompanied by their children and couples were the two groups least likely to be accepted into treatment (44 per cent and 40 per cent respectively did not accept couples). Directors interviewed in this study indicated that not accepting mothers accompanied by their children was due to the cost of providing relevant services. Of the agencies surveyed, 42 per cent were affiliated with a church organisation. Although 85 per cent of church-affiliated agencies indicated that they received some contribution towards policy from a religious organisation, results suggested that there was very little difference between church-affiliated and non-church-affiliated agencies in service delivery. One area of significant difference between church-affiliated and non-church-affiliated agencies was access. Church-affiliated agencies were significantly more likely than non-church-affiliated agencies to not accept couples, Indigenous people, and people referred from the criminal justice system. Church-affiliated agencies were also significantly more likely to take into consideration a prospective client’s motivation to succeed. Across all agencies activities of a spiritual nature (e.g. meditation/prayer, talking with clients about spirituality/religion) were only a major feature for a small number of agencies; although 70 per cent of agencies included developing a client’s spiritual self in their goals. The majority of directors/coordinators indicated that they have a broad set of beliefs about substance use that allows for various social and psychological understandings and treatment responses. Conclusion Overall, there was uniformity in the type of treatment goals and activities offered by the non-government AOD agencies. The findings suggest that churches are becoming indistinguishable from secular organisations in their delivery of AOD services. Where once there may have been faith in religion as a basis of service provision there now appears to be faith in science. This is in the context that the ‘best evidence’ of effective treatments suggests that most treatments are relatively weak predictors of a positive outcome, and that the choice of treatment may not impact on treatment outcomes. The evidence-based medicine movement may have become a form of religion and, in association with a population health approach, is dominating the AOD service delivery sector. Although successful drug treatment programs may well require that the client/patient undergo moral and value changes, these may occur without connection to organised religion. Ideology in the form of religious belief has historically played a central role in treatment choices and it continues to do so in the form of an ideology giving priority to best practice, despite the likelihood that best practice may nevertheless continue to produce poor outcomes.

No description available.

The goal of the research is to devise an equitable road pricing system which would leave the majority of routes free of tolls, so that low income people would suffer no cash loss although they would probably suffer loss of time. The aims of the dissertation are twofold. The first is to provide a numerical analysis of how urban commuters with differing abilities to pay would respond to additional road user charges. The welfare implications of such differential responses are examined and their policy implications analysed. The second aim is to develop a practical framework to model congestion pricing policies in the context of heterogeneous users. To achieve these aims, the following objectives have been set: (a) Using a simple network with two parallel competing routes, determine both welfare maximising and revenue maximising tolls under the constraint that only one route can be priced. In this setting, determine the allocation of traffic between the alternative routes, the efficiency gain, the revenue, the changes in travel cost and the distributional effects. (b) Establish a realistic model of an actual urban area to examine the impacts of selectively tolling congestible routes. As in the simple network case, assess the effects of toll policy on traffic distribution, network efficiency, revenues, and the welfare of the individual consumer and society. (c) Evaluate whether the non-identical treatment of users will enhance the acceptability of congestion pricing as a transport policy. Results from the simulations indicate that non-identical treatment of drivers? responses to toll charges provides better understanding of the differential impacts of various pricing policies. Allowing for heterogeneity in time valuation provides a better assessment of the efficiency of pricing policies and of the welfare impacts of toll charges, as it is able to capture their differential effects. More importantly, it shows that low-income commuters may not be significantly worse off with pricing especially when there is a free alternative route. This research demonstrates the need to adopt appropriate analytical techniques and assumptions when modelling the traffic equilibrium in a network with tolls. These include relaxing the homogeneity assumption, examining sensitivity to supply function parameter values and to the effect of vehicle operating cost, and using a route rather than link based measure of consumer surplus

Thesis (Psy. D.)--Wheaton College, 2005. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-56).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2003. / Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 28, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of English, Faculty of Arts. Degree awarded 2003; thesis submitted 2002. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2005. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-55). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Psy. D.)--Wheaton College, 2005. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-56).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-141).