Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a produção do adubo obtido a partir do resíduo da raspa do couro bovino, curtido ao cromo (III), bem como avaliar a viabilidade de ganhos ambientais e energéticos que ao adubo se atribui. A metodologia usada foi estabelecida a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as alternativas para o gerenciamento de resíduo sólido da indústria de beneficiamento do couro e no estudo do efeito do cromo no meio ambiente, fundamentada na teoria das restrições no aspecto ambiental e energético. Para a implementação da parte experimental e produção do adubo da raspa do couro bovino hidrolisado foi montado um protótipo composto de três componentes: caldeira, autoclave e secador, considerando-se os parâmetros termodinâmicos: temperatura de 403 a 433 K e a pressão de 700 a 800 kPa. No decorrer desse processo automaticamente controlado, calcularam-se as incertezas das medidas efetuadas nos parâmetros do adubo e do solo, da pressão e a produção de vapor gerado pela caldeira, bem como nas medições dos equipamentos, autoclave e secador com suas respectivas densidades, obtendo-se a relação de massa e volume. As amostras foram analisadas para verificar os teores máximos e mínimos dos macro e micronutrientes, assim como seus elementos de maior relevância. Foram avaliadas as características fisico-químicas e agronômicas do produto, o balanço de massa e a energia da produção do adubo. A experiência aplicada com o adubo na cultura do milho foi realizada em casa de vegetação, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se a partir da utilização de dois tipos de adubo de apara de couro (resíduo italiano e resíduo brasileiro) e sulfato de amônio como fonte de nitrogênio em três doses. Foram utilizados dois tipos de solo: Latossolo Férrico e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo. A produção desse adubo será implantada industrialmente para a redução do impacto ambiental provocado pelas indústrias de beneficiamento do couro e também para a agricultura, uma vez que esse adubo é um produto rico em nitrogênio. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the production of fertilizer obtained from cow leather shavings cured with Chrome (III), as well as the viability for this fertilizer to contribute for environmental and energetic gains. The methodology was based on a review of bibliographic material of the alternatives for management of solid waste from the leather industry and on a study of the effect of chrome on the environment based on the theory of restrictions, with concern for environmental and energy factors. The experimental portion of the study involved the assemblage of a prototype composed of three pieces of equipment: a boiler, an autoclave and a dryer, for the production of fertilizer from hydrolyzed cow leather shavings. In relation to the thermodynamic process, the temperature was maintained at 403 and 430 K and pressure at 700 and 800 kPa. During this automatically controlled process, the uncertainties in the measurements conducted in the parameters of fertilizer and soil were calculated of pressure and production of steam generated by the boiler and the readings of the autoclave and dryer equipment were calculated in addition to their respective densities, to obtain the ratio of mass and volume. The samples were analyzed to determine the maximum and minimum amounts of the macro and micro nutrients and their most important elements. The physical-chemical and agronomic characteristics of the product were evaluated as well as the balance of mass and energy of the fertilizer production. The experiment conducted with fertilizer from cow leather applied to a corn crop, was conducted in a vegetable greenhouse, with completely arbitrary delineation and four repetitions. The treatment involved the use of two types of fertilizer made from leather shavings (Italian residue and Brazilian residue) and ammonia sulfate as a nitrogen source in three doses. Two types of soil were used: Ferric Latosol and Red-Yellow Latosol. The fertilizer can be produced industrially to reduce the environmental impact caused by leather manufacturing companies and to agriculture because it is rich in nitrogen.

p. 1 - 89 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-01-22T18:31:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Textual - Ufba.pdf: 456287 bytes, checksum: 7eb3c235b387fcc373c085a5c8a48a2c (MD5) Pre Textual - Ufba.pdf: 34407 bytes, checksum: c14da7f6841d0188a012189d150a30c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-22T18:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Textual - Ufba.pdf: 456287 bytes, checksum: 7eb3c235b387fcc373c085a5c8a48a2c (MD5) Pre Textual - Ufba.pdf: 34407 bytes, checksum: c14da7f6841d0188a012189d150a30c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Este estudo se propõe a analisar o nível de competitividade do Cluster de fertilizantes da Região Metropolitana de Salvador. Especificamente pretende-se analisar a evolução da indústria internacional, brasileira e baiana, identificar e discutir suas principais limitações, identificar e discutir suas principais competências, avaliar as estratégias das indústrias de fertilizantes e recomendar ações que aumentem o grau de competitividade das indústrias que compõem o Cluster. Para analisar a competitividade, considerou-se o modelo proposto no Estudo da Competitividade da Indústria Brasileira (ECIB). O Modelo ECIB avalia Fatores Empresariais - aqueles sobre os quais a empresa detém o poder de decisão, Estruturais – aqueles sobre os quais a empresa possui limitado poder de intervenção e Sistêmicos – aqueles sobre os quais a empresa detém escasso ou nenhum poder de intervir. O estudo também apresenta conceitos básicos sobre fertilidade do solo, com as principais funções fisiológicas dos macronutrientes. A história da indústria de fertilizantes no Brasil é apresentada em cinco fases, com os eventos mais relevantes de cada fase. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada através de análise de dados secundários e entrevistas com especialistas de todas as empresas de fertilizantes do Cluster, incluindo misturadoras de adubos e fábricas produtoras de fertilizantes intermediários. O trabalho finaliza com a identificação e análise dos principais fatores de competitividade, destacando suas fragilidades e os pontos onde o cluster é competitivo. A expectativa é que o trabalho tenha contribuído para um maior conhecimento dos problemas que influenciam a competitividade do Cluster, bem como estimular uma reflexão sobre o desenvolvimento do setor de fertilizantes na Bahia. / Salvador

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF JESSE MILLER, for the Master of Science degree in PLANT, SOIL, and AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, presented on May 13, 2016 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: THE EFFECTS OF STARTER FERTILIZER ON SOYBEAN INFESTED WITH FUSARIUM VIRULIFORME OR RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Jason Bond Fusarium virguliforme (Aoki), the fungus that causes sudden death syndrome of soybeans (SDS), is prevalent in most of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) production regions throughout the United States. Sudden death syndrome management has been limited to cultural practices and host resistance. Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn) is a fungus responsible for pre-emergence and post emergence damping off. Control methods include seed treatments and cultural practices. Several companies have advocated the use of in-furrow starter fertilizers in soybean production. Promoting root growth and emergence are a couple of the alleged benefits. It is unknown if the increased fertility in the root zone may actually increase or decrease the severity of root or seedling diseases. An objective of this study is to determine if the starter fertilizers (2-6-16), (7-12-11), (3-10-13) Nachurs Alpine Solutions™ impacts seedling disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani and soybean yield. A second objective is to determine if starter-fertilizer influences the incidence and severity of SDS and soybean yield. One trial was infested with R. solani at the rate of 0.9 g of inoculum/30.5 centimeters of row. A second trial was infested with F. virguliforme at the rate of 2.25 g/30.5 centimeters of row. Inoculum consisted of sterilized white sorghum inoculated with either pathogen. Plots were 3.04 meters wide by 6.1 meters in length with row spacing of 0.76 meters. Trials took place during the growing season of 2014 and 2015. In 2014, a randomized complete block design consisted of 4 treatments that were replicated 6 times and planted into 4 row plots. Treatments consisted of treated (Metalaxl™, Fluxapyroxad™, Pyraclostrobin™, and Imidacloprid™) or non-treated seed (‘Asgrow 4730’) combined with either fertilizer (2-6-16) or non-fertilizer. Across both trials, there were no seed treatment and fertilizer rate interactions. In the R. solani trial, stand counts were similar between the fertilizer and non-fertilizer treatments. Stand counts were higher when the seed treatment was used. There was no significant difference in soybean yield regardless of treatment. In the F. virguliforme trial, stand counts were reduced in the fertilizer treatment when compared to the non-fertilizer treatment. Foliar symptoms of SDS and soybean yield were not affected by treatment. In 2015, there were changes in treatment structure due to additions of fertilizer treatments 7-12-11 and 3-10-13. Seed treatments and randomized complete block design remained for 2015. Stand counts were higher in plots that received fertilizer treatments in the R. solani trial. Stand counts were lower in R. solani plots with treated seed. Yield was not influenced by seed treatment but was increased by 3-10-13 and 7-12-11 fertilizer treatments. For the F. virguliforme trial, reduced stand counts were found in the plots with seed treatments. Seed treatments did not influence yield. Fertilizer did not impact stand or yield. Foliar symptoms of SDS were not influenced by seed treatment or fertilizer.

A combustão do carvão para a produção de energia elétrica tem como consequência a geração de cinzas, que é um dos maiores resíduos gerados no Brasil, em termos de volume (4.109 dm³/ano). Visando a minimização do impacto ambiental causado pelo mau descarte das cinzas, este trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar zeólitas obtidas a partir de cinza de carvão e aplicar na agricultura como fertilizante potássico. Para isso a cinza utilizada foi obtida no combustor piloto de leito fluidizado operando com carvão da Mina do Leão/RS e empregada para sintetizar material zeolítico a partir do tratamento hidrotérmico alcalino. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais utilizando razão solução/cinzas constante em 6 L mg-1, variando a concentração de hidróxido de potássio (KOH) entre 3 e 5 M, a temperatura entre 100 e 150 ºC e o tempo de reação entre 24 e 72 h. O material sintetizado e a cinza foram caracterizados quanto a sua composição química, mineralógica, morfologia, área superficial específica e capacidade de troca catiônica. Através da caracterização foi observada a formação de duas fases zeolíticas, a chabazita-K e a merlinoíta. A partir da caracterização do material, foi escolhido um dos produtos zeolíticos obtidos para aplicação em solo, como fertilizante de potássio para o cultivo de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). A condição experimental escolhida foi de 5 M a concentração da solução de KOH, temperatura de 150 ºC e tempo de reação de 24 h. Nesta condição obteve-se apenas uma fase zeolítica identificada, a zeólita merlinoíta, com uma área superficial de 23,37 m² g e uma capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) de 2,62 meq g 1. Para fins de comparação foi utilizado o fertilizante comercial, cloreto de potássio (KCl), que contém em torno de 60 % de K2O. Foram realizados 35 ensaios experimentais em casa de vegetação da EMBRAPA, utilizando 7 tratamentos (3 doses diferentes de KCl e zeólita 50, 100 e 150 % da dose máxima recomendada e o solo não tratado (testemunha)) em 5 blocos aleatórios. Os experimentos na casa de vegetação foram concluídos com 59 dias de cultivo de trigo e submetidos às análises como determinação da produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes das plantas e análise química do solo e tecido foliar. Verificou-se que a zeólita merlinoíta obtida a partir da cinza de carvão pode ser utilizada como fertilizante, pois teve um desempenho similar ao KCl no crescimento do trigo, não inibindo seu crescimento. Utilizando o tratamento com zeólita 100 % a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea foi de 1,07 ± 0,09 g e raízes 1,6 ± 0,23 g e na análise do tecido foliar teve uma absorção de 3,39 ± 0,31. / Coal combustion for electricity production results in the generation of ash, which is one of the main waste generated in Brazil in terms of volume. Intending the minimization of the environmental impact caused by poor disposal of ashes, this study aimed to synthesize and characterize zeolites obtained from coal ash and apply in agriculture as potassium fertilizer. For this purpose, coal fly ash was obtained from a fluidized bed pilot combustor operating with coal from Mina do Leão/RS and used to synthesize zeolitic material through the alkaline hydrothermal treatment. Experimental tests were performed using the ratio volume of solution/mass of coal fly ash constant at 6 mL mg -1, varying the concentration of potassium hydroxide (KOH) between 3 and 5 M, temperature between 100 and 150 °C and reaction time between 24 and 72 h. The synthesized and coal fly ash material was characterized by their chemical composition, mineralogy, morphology, specific surface area and cation exchange capacity. With the characterization, it was observed the formation of two phases zeolite K-chabazite and merlinoite. By the characterization of the material, it was chosen one of the zeolitic products obtained for application to soil as a potassium fertilizer for the cultivation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The chosen experimental condition was 5 M KOH solution, temperature of 150 °C and 24 h time of reaction. At this condition, only one zeolitic phase was identified, zeolite merlinoite, with a surface area of 23.37 m² g a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 2.62 meq g-1. For purposes of comparison, the tests in the soil were performed using also a commercial fertilizer, potassium chloride (KCl), containing about 60 % of K2O. A total of 35 experimental trials were carried out in a greenhouse at EMBRAPA, using 7 treatments in 5 random blocks: 50, 100 and 150 % of the maximum recommended dose for KCl and for zeolite and untreated soil (witness). The experiments in the greenhouse were concluded with 59 days of wheat cultivation. The plants were submitted to analysis for dry matter in aerial parts and roots determination. Likewise, soil and foliar tissue were submitted to chemical analysis. It was found that the zeolite Merlinoite obtained from the coal fly ash can be used as a fertilizer because it had a similar performance to KCl in the wheat growth. The treatment with 100% zeolite presented a dry matter production of 1.07 ± 0.09 g for aerial parts and 1.6 ± 0.23 g for roots. Also, the leaf tissue analysis showed a potassium absorption of 3.39 ± 0.31 % m/m in this treatment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ha_dr_jabo.pdf: 771561 bytes, checksum: d9ad5d156146b8bc7f0b342088c9b0b5 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A utilização do subproduto da indústria de processamento de goiabas poderia substituir parcialmente a adubação mineral, tendo em vista o relativamente elevado teor de nutrientes contidos neste subproduto, diminuindo os impactos ambientais de seu acúmulo e reduzindo os custos de produção nas áreas frutícolas. Dada à escassez de informações na literatura e a importância do manejo adequado de subprodutos orgânicos na agricultura, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do subproduto em um Argissolo, determinando-se as alterações químicas provocadas no solo, no estado nutricional das goiabeiras e na produção de frutos. O delineamento empregado foi em blocos casualizados, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo as doses do subproduto (moído) iguais a: zero, 9, 18, 27 e 36 t ha-1 (peso seco) e mais dois tratamentos adicionais sendo a utilização do subproduto não moído (na dose de 18 t ha-1) e a recomendação de adubos minerais. Foram feitas aplicações em: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 e 2010. Com o incremento das doses houve aumento nas concentrações de N, P e Mn no solo, além de decréscimo no valor pH; houve, também, elevação dos teores foliares de N, Mg e Mn; incremento no índice SPAD, no teor de clorofila b nas folhas e na produção de frutos; houve, ainda, aumento no teor de N e decréscimo no teor de Ca nos frutos, além do aumento da exportação de N e K. As doses do subproduto não influenciaram os atributos de pós-colheita dos frutos. Os macronutrientes mais exportados foram: K>N>P>S>Mg>Ca e, micronutrientes foram: Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B. A aplicação do subproduto não moído (sementes não trituradas) pode ser uma opção, apresentando resultados satisfatórios. A adubação com o subproduto da indústria processadora de goiabas em pomar de goiabeiras mostrou-se potencialmente viável / The use of byproduct processing industry guavas could partially replace chemical fertilizers, in view of the relatively high content of nutrients in the residue, reducing the environmental impacts of their accumulation and reducing production costs in the areas of fruit. Considering the scarcity of information in literature and the importance of proper management of organic residue in agriculture aimed to evaluate the effects of the byproduct in an Hapludults, determining the chemical changes induced in the soil, nutritional status and yield of guava fruit. The experimental design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four replications, the doses of the byproduct equal to zero, 9, 18, 27 and 36 t ha-1 (dry weight) plus two additional treatments, one using of byproduct not crushed (equal 18 t ha-1) and other the recommendation of mineral fertilizers. The applications were made in: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. The increase of doses increased concentrations of N, P and Mn in the soil, decrease the pH, there was also increase foliar content of N, Mg and Mn, an increase the SPAD index, chlorophyll content b in leaves and fruit yield, also increase N content and decrease Ca content in fruits, in addition to increased export of N and K. The doses of the residue did not affect the attributes of post-harvest fruit. Macronutrients were exported more K>N>P>S>Mg>Ca, and micronutrients were: Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B. The application of residue not crushed may be an option, showing satisfactory results. The fertilization with residue of guava processing industry in the guava orchard proved to be potentially viable

Composting is a sustainable method to deal with huge amount of daily organic waste due to its robustness and easy operation. However, food waste (FW) as the main material in composting has disadvantages such as the heterogenous properties, high foreign matters contamination, high moisture content, low C/N ratio, poor structure, low porosity and high acidity during the initial phase of composting. These shortcomings not only influence degradation efficiency but also cease the composting process. Therefore, a bulking agent is required to increase the porosity and adjust the moisture content as well as C/N ratio of the composting mixture (Wong et al., 2010). For previous research, sawdust (SD) and tree barks were commonly used as the bulking agent in composting system but the demand for sawdust and tree barks significantly increased the cost of the composting process, and this has stimulated the demand of alternative substitutes. Therefore, the ideal situation is to find the bulking agent which is not only suitable for composting but is also a waste. Traditional Chinese medicine is widely used nowadays and huge amount of residues are accumulated and treated in landfilling (Wang and Li, 2013). According to previous research, only 5% of the active ingredients can be extracted from the medicinal plants which means there are still a large fraction of active ingredients remain in the herbal residues (Wu et al., 2013). In addition to the bulking property of Chinese medicinal herbal residues (CMHRs), it is assumed mature CMHRs compost have the ability to hinder regular metabolic pathway of phytopathogens after land application (Bernal-Vicente et al., 2008). The first experiment of this study investigated the formula between food waste, sawdust and CMHRs in order to achieve efficient composting. The experimental results demonstrated positively the use of CHMRs is a suitable candidate to co-compost with food waste. In terms of biodegradation decomposition efficiency and compost maturity, the treatment 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis) showed the best performance among all treatments with 67% organic matter degradation and 157% seed germination index. Only well-matured composting product can suppress plant diseases in soil since it has some microorganisms which can inhibit phytopathogens. The treatment 5:5:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis) also reached maturity but with a longer composting period; however, it was the treatment which could accommodate the highest quantity of food waste. The log copy number of the bacterial population was 7-8 initially, which decreased and stabilized along the composting. Results revealed that the CHMRs can be used as a bulking agent with food waste, and a dry weight ratio of 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs) would be optimum to achieve higher organic decomposition and faster maturity. However, the initial lower microbial population in the treatment, though without any adverse effect on the overall microbial decomposition, will warrant further work to indicate the total population is not a practical means to illuminate the effective microbial decomposition. Besides, the advantage in using CHMRs will need further experiment to indicate its potential pathogen suppression capability. Humification during co-composting of food waste, sawdust and CMHRs was investigated to reveal its correlation with compost maturity. The huge decrease in the treatment 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis) of aliphatic organics in humic acids (HA) demonstrated the degradation of the readily available organics, while an increase in aromatic functional groups indicated the maturity of compost. Disappearance of hemicellulose and weak intensity of lignin in the CMHRs treatments indicated that the lignin provided the nucleus for HA formation; and the CMHRs accelerated the compost maturity. Humic acid to fulvic acid (HA/FA) ratio of 1:1:1 treatment was the highest at the end of composting and showed a clear correlation with compost maturity as also evidenced through the presence of higher aromatic functional groups in the HA fraction. Pyr-TMAH-GC-MS results indicated that dominant groups were aliphatic and alicyclic esters and ethers at the early composting stages in all treatments. Long chain fatty acids were broken down into smaller molecular compounds earlier in treatment 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis), resulting from the faster decomposition rate. The complicated ring-structure components appeared dominantly at the later phase of composting. The peak intensities in treatment 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis) indicated that the composts became mature earlier than the other two treatments. In brief, the treatment with dry weight ratio 1:1:1 had greatest humification degree with more cyclic structures and stable final products at the end of composting. Water and acetone extract of composts with food waste and CMHRs were tested with their antipathogenic effect on two kinds of commonly found phytopathogens, Alternaria solani (A. solani) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum). Seventeen bacterial species and 22 fungal species were isolated and identified as prevalently existed microbes during composting process. The results of MIC50 indicated that the treatment with dry weight ratio 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis) required least concentration of composts extraction to kill half quantity of the phytopathogens, 16% for A. solani and 22% for F. oxysporum extracted by acetone. The phytopathogen suppression capacity of composts was partially due to antagonistic abilities from some of the isolated microorganisms as well as the inhibition of active compounds. As shown in the comparison, the interfere/compete between antagonistic microorganisms and target pathogens were more powerful than individually influenced by chemical compounds. However, the influencing factors should not be considered independently since antagonistic interactions between microbes in composts and phytopathogens are highly dependent on the abiotic properties of the composts and the alternative environment. In a word, the antipathogenic effects from composts were synergism of both antagonism and chemical factors. Suppressive capacity on phytopathogens is one of the major function of mature composts and the antipathogenic effect was stimulated when CMHRs was used as the bulking agent in composting process. The abiotic inhibitory rates of treatment 1:1:1 (FW: SD: CHMRs, dry wt. basis) indicated that more powerful bioactive components were remained at the end of composting than in the treatment 5:5:1 and control which had no CMHRs but plastic beads as the bulking agent. Hence sensitive and comprehensive analytical technique of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) was utilized to acquire a better understanding of the complicated structures of final composting products. Seven dominant among 22 active compounds with antibacterial/antifungal properties were obtained in the treatments with CMHRs while 17 kinds of compounds with higher contents were shared in all treatments, which should be derived from food waste. The bioactive components from CMHRs composting were mainly from the groups of alkaloids, flavonoids and coumarins. Mature composts were used as biofertilizer to protect plants (Brassica chinensis and Lycopersicon esculentum) from phytopathogenic infection. This study showed the crop yields were increased with the addition of mature CMHRs composts to acid soil, and 5% CMHRs compost was the optimum application rate, while at the higher application rate of 10% (dry weight basis, w/w) plant growth was inhibited which might be due to the higher salt contents and the phytotoxicity of alkaloids, flavonoids and coumarins in the CMHRs. According to the biomass results, Brassica chinensis was more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of phytopathogen inoculation, while nutrient supply was to a less extent due to the short growth period as compared to Lycopersicon esculentum. The present study showed clearly that mature compost provided Lycopersicon esculentum and Brassica chinensis sufficient nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Additionally, the advantage of using mature CMHRs compost as a soil conditioner was also observed for blocking phytopathogenic infection from plant roots. The mechanism was mainly derived from the bioactive components in mature CMHRs compost which inhibited phytopathogenic activities in soil. Many identified compounds were alkaloids, flavonoids and coumarins which have powerful antifungal and antibacterial abilities and most of them maintained during growth period though their amounts reduced greatly due to their photolytic and pyrolytic properties. Therefore, mature CMHRs compost can be the substitute to reduce the usage of fungicides and its associated environmental hazards. The present study demonstrates clearly the beneficial effects of using CMHRs as a bulking agent to co-compost with food waste with the additional phytopathogens suppression property. Therefore, it is concluded that Chinese medicinal herbal residues can be a good choice of bulking agent in food waste composting system. Organic matter degradation and humification process were accelerated by CMHRs addition and mature CMHRs compost had antipathogenic effect and protect plants from infection

Composting is considered as an effective and sustainable food waste treatment technology from the perspectives of volume reduction, stabilization and releasing the pressure on landfills. Community composter is a decentralized composting facility in fed-batch operational mode which is usually being installed in the backyard of institutes, hospitals, housing estate etc. to handle the food wastes generated daily. Albeit numerous operational issues including high initial acidity and oil content, poor decomposition and odor generation are commonly encountered in these facilities, which make it difficult to be accepted by the public. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to develop a composting mix formulation that can provide a solution to all these issues in a fed-batch food waste composting process. The first phase of this study aims at finding out an optimized formulation in a batch-scale food waste composting process through the use of alkaline amendments and microbial inoculum. For the first two experiments, artificial food wastes were prepared by mixing 1.3kg bread, 1kg boiled rice, 1kg cabbage, 0.5kg fully boiled pork and mixed with sawdust to obtain a C/N of 30 and adjusted moisture of the mixtures to 55%. The effect of different concentrations of zeolite compared to lime was studied in the first experiment. Zeolite was amended with food wastes and sawdust mixtures at 2% (ZI-2), 5% (ZI-5), 10% (ZI-10) to compare with lime in 2.25% (L-2.25) w/w (dry weight basis) and composted for 56 days. Results demonstrated that 10% of zeolite was optimal amendment rate compared to lower dosage of zeolite (2% & 5%) with stronger pH buffering capacity and greater decomposition efficiency. Addition of 2.25% of lime buffered the pH efficiently but increased the ammonia loss significantly which eventually reduced total nitrogen (TN) content of final product and posed odor emission problem. Amendment of 10% zeolite provided a higher adsorption affinity on ammonia resulting in 2.05% of TN value of final product which was higher than 1.72% of lime treatment. Furthermore, significantly higher seed germination 150% was achieved of ZI-10 compost compared to 135% of L-2.25 due to low ammonium content of product. The first experiment showed that application of less than 10% zeolite was not sufficient to buffer the acidity; as a result, organic matter decomposition was inhibited. However, the cost and reduction in treatment percentage of food waste in 10% application rate of zeolite is an issue of concern. To tackle this dilemma, food waste was amended with struvite salts at 1:2 molar ratio of MgO and K2HPO4 (Mg:P) with or without zeolite amended at either 5% or 10% amendment (Mg:P, Z5 + Mg:P & Z10 + Mg:P) and a control treatment with food waste only was also included. Results showed that treatment of Z10 + Mg:P was synergistically achieved of pH and EC buffering, and N conservation but not for the case of 5 % zeolite. Treatment of Z10 + Mg:P further reduced the N loss to 18% compared to 25% and 27% of Mg:P and Z5 + Mg:P respectively. However, there was insignificant difference in the final nitrogen content and decomposition rate among all treatments with struvite salts amendment. Comparing to the treatment of Z-10 of the first experiment to Z10 + Mg:P of the second experiment, Z-10 showed superior performance since better decomposition efficiency, shorter time to require to pass the GI (28 Days) and lower cost because of salts exclusion. To develop a multipurpose formulation for the fed-batch operational food waste composter, high lipids problem in food waste cannot be neglected because it is a critical factor to hinder the decomposition efficiency. Inoculation of oil degradative microorganisms was reported as an effective approach to facilitate the lipids. Therefore, the third experiment was to investigate the overall composting performance supplemented with 10% zeolite and microbial consortium. 10% zeolite with bacterial consortium significantly reduced the lipid contents from 7% to 1% compared to control treatments. Furthermore, treatments amended with 10% zeolite was proved to reduce ammonia emission and total volatile fatty acids level in the composting mass, therefore the total odor emission level can be reduced. Zeolite at 10% was found to be a suitable optimum additive for both synthetic and real-food wastes. Therefore, treatment of 10% zeolite with bacterial consortium is selected as an optimized formulation for further study of its application in a fed-batch composter. Following the food waste zeolite composting formulation obtained in Phase I, the aim of Phase II was to develop an ideal composting mix formulation for on-site commercial composters. Although the results have been demonstrated 10% zeolite with bacterial consortium facilitated the composting efficiency in batch composter, those amendments may be over-estimated if applied in a fed batch composter by using real food wastes. With this constraint, the applicability of these additives in commercial fed-batch composter needs to be assessed using locally generated food wastes. Treatments included food waste and sawdust mixtures at 4:1 mixing ratio (wet weight basis) were mixed with 2.25% of lime (L2.25), 10% of zeolite (Z10) and 10% zeolite with bacterial inoculum (Z10+O) and a control of food waste with sawdust mixture only was also included. 35 kg compost mixture was fed into each composter respectively daily for a period of 42 days. Only Z10+O was the most suitable composting mix for fed-batch food waste composting process with continuous sustained high temperature (55-60oC), optimal moisture (55%-60%), alkaline pH and low EC during the experimental period. Bacterial inoculum significantly improved the lipids decomposition from 22.16% (C) to 3.10% (Z10+O) after the composting period. In contrast, lime and zeolite alone treatments could not maintain the optimal pH that led to reduce degradation and longer stabilization period. Only compost taken from Z10+O treatment could be classified as mature compost. The aim of the third study phase was to examine an optimal application rate of food waste compost produced from decentralized food waste composter for plant. A plant growth experiment was conducted in this phase to evaluate the change in soil properties and plant growth of Brassica chinensis and Lycopersicon esculentum. The experiment was conducted in a loamy soil amended with 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% food waste compost amendment rate compared to the control soil with chemical fertilizer amendment only. Results indicated that 5% was the optimal application rate of food waste compost for both crops among all treatments which can be evidenced by the highest biomass production and nutrients value of the plant tissues. Plant available nutrients such as NH4+, NO3-, PO43- were proportionally increased with increase in compost application rate. However, 2.5% of the food waste compost did not provide sufficient nutrients for plant growth and 10% showed negative effects due to increased salts content. Plants amended with chemical fertilizer had relatively low biomass production compared to compost amended treatments due to soil compaction and fast leaching of nutrients. It can be concluded that application of 10% zeolite with microbial consortium is an ideal composting mix formulation for on-site commercial composters and 5% is an optimal application rate of food waste compost of Brassica chinensis and Lycopersicon esculentum

A combustão do carvão para a produção de energia elétrica tem como consequência a geração de cinzas, que é um dos maiores resíduos gerados no Brasil, em termos de volume (4.109 dm³/ano). Visando a minimização do impacto ambiental causado pelo mau descarte das cinzas, este trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar zeólitas obtidas a partir de cinza de carvão e aplicar na agricultura como fertilizante potássico. Para isso a cinza utilizada foi obtida no combustor piloto de leito fluidizado operando com carvão da Mina do Leão/RS e empregada para sintetizar material zeolítico a partir do tratamento hidrotérmico alcalino. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais utilizando razão solução/cinzas constante em 6 L mg-1, variando a concentração de hidróxido de potássio (KOH) entre 3 e 5 M, a temperatura entre 100 e 150 ºC e o tempo de reação entre 24 e 72 h. O material sintetizado e a cinza foram caracterizados quanto a sua composição química, mineralógica, morfologia, área superficial específica e capacidade de troca catiônica. Através da caracterização foi observada a formação de duas fases zeolíticas, a chabazita-K e a merlinoíta. A partir da caracterização do material, foi escolhido um dos produtos zeolíticos obtidos para aplicação em solo, como fertilizante de potássio para o cultivo de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). A condição experimental escolhida foi de 5 M a concentração da solução de KOH, temperatura de 150 ºC e tempo de reação de 24 h. Nesta condição obteve-se apenas uma fase zeolítica identificada, a zeólita merlinoíta, com uma área superficial de 23,37 m² g e uma capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) de 2,62 meq g 1. Para fins de comparação foi utilizado o fertilizante comercial, cloreto de potássio (KCl), que contém em torno de 60 % de K2O. Foram realizados 35 ensaios experimentais em casa de vegetação da EMBRAPA, utilizando 7 tratamentos (3 doses diferentes de KCl e zeólita 50, 100 e 150 % da dose máxima recomendada e o solo não tratado (testemunha)) em 5 blocos aleatórios. Os experimentos na casa de vegetação foram concluídos com 59 dias de cultivo de trigo e submetidos às análises como determinação da produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes das plantas e análise química do solo e tecido foliar. Verificou-se que a zeólita merlinoíta obtida a partir da cinza de carvão pode ser utilizada como fertilizante, pois teve um desempenho similar ao KCl no crescimento do trigo, não inibindo seu crescimento. Utilizando o tratamento com zeólita 100 % a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea foi de 1,07 ± 0,09 g e raízes 1,6 ± 0,23 g e na análise do tecido foliar teve uma absorção de 3,39 ± 0,31. / Coal combustion for electricity production results in the generation of ash, which is one of the main waste generated in Brazil in terms of volume. Intending the minimization of the environmental impact caused by poor disposal of ashes, this study aimed to synthesize and characterize zeolites obtained from coal ash and apply in agriculture as potassium fertilizer. For this purpose, coal fly ash was obtained from a fluidized bed pilot combustor operating with coal from Mina do Leão/RS and used to synthesize zeolitic material through the alkaline hydrothermal treatment. Experimental tests were performed using the ratio volume of solution/mass of coal fly ash constant at 6 mL mg -1, varying the concentration of potassium hydroxide (KOH) between 3 and 5 M, temperature between 100 and 150 °C and reaction time between 24 and 72 h. The synthesized and coal fly ash material was characterized by their chemical composition, mineralogy, morphology, specific surface area and cation exchange capacity. With the characterization, it was observed the formation of two phases zeolite K-chabazite and merlinoite. By the characterization of the material, it was chosen one of the zeolitic products obtained for application to soil as a potassium fertilizer for the cultivation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The chosen experimental condition was 5 M KOH solution, temperature of 150 °C and 24 h time of reaction. At this condition, only one zeolitic phase was identified, zeolite merlinoite, with a surface area of 23.37 m² g a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 2.62 meq g-1. For purposes of comparison, the tests in the soil were performed using also a commercial fertilizer, potassium chloride (KCl), containing about 60 % of K2O. A total of 35 experimental trials were carried out in a greenhouse at EMBRAPA, using 7 treatments in 5 random blocks: 50, 100 and 150 % of the maximum recommended dose for KCl and for zeolite and untreated soil (witness). The experiments in the greenhouse were concluded with 59 days of wheat cultivation. The plants were submitted to analysis for dry matter in aerial parts and roots determination. Likewise, soil and foliar tissue were submitted to chemical analysis. It was found that the zeolite Merlinoite obtained from the coal fly ash can be used as a fertilizer because it had a similar performance to KCl in the wheat growth. The treatment with 100% zeolite presented a dry matter production of 1.07 ± 0.09 g for aerial parts and 1.6 ± 0.23 g for roots. Also, the leaf tissue analysis showed a potassium absorption of 3.39 ± 0.31 % m/m in this treatment.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a produção do adubo obtido a partir do resíduo da raspa do couro bovino, curtido ao cromo (III), bem como avaliar a viabilidade de ganhos ambientais e energéticos que ao adubo se atribui. A metodologia usada foi estabelecida a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as alternativas para o gerenciamento de resíduo sólido da indústria de beneficiamento do couro e no estudo do efeito do cromo no meio ambiente, fundamentada na teoria das restrições no aspecto ambiental e energético. Para a implementação da parte experimental e produção do adubo da raspa do couro bovino hidrolisado foi montado um protótipo composto de três componentes: caldeira, autoclave e secador, considerando-se os parâmetros termodinâmicos: temperatura de 403 a 433 K e a pressão de 700 a 800 kPa. No decorrer desse processo automaticamente controlado, calcularam-se as incertezas das medidas efetuadas nos parâmetros do adubo e do solo, da pressão e a produção de vapor gerado pela caldeira, bem como nas medições dos equipamentos, autoclave e secador com suas respectivas densidades, obtendo-se a relação de massa e volume. As amostras foram analisadas para verificar os teores máximos e mínimos dos macro e micronutrientes, assim como seus elementos de maior relevância. Foram avaliadas as características fisico-químicas e agronômicas do produto, o balanço de massa e a energia da produção do adubo. A experiência aplicada com o adubo na cultura do milho foi realizada em casa de vegetação, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se a partir da utilização de dois tipos de adubo de apara de couro (resíduo italiano e resíduo brasileiro) e sulfato de amônio como fonte de nitrogênio em três doses. Foram utilizados dois tipos de solo: Latossolo Férrico e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo. A produção desse adubo será implantada industrialmente para a redução do impacto ambiental provocado pelas indústrias de beneficiamento do couro e também para a agricultura, uma vez que esse adubo é um produto rico em nitrogênio. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the production of fertilizer obtained from cow leather shavings cured with Chrome (III), as well as the viability for this fertilizer to contribute for environmental and energetic gains. The methodology was based on a review of bibliographic material of the alternatives for management of solid waste from the leather industry and on a study of the effect of chrome on the environment based on the theory of restrictions, with concern for environmental and energy factors. The experimental portion of the study involved the assemblage of a prototype composed of three pieces of equipment: a boiler, an autoclave and a dryer, for the production of fertilizer from hydrolyzed cow leather shavings. In relation to the thermodynamic process, the temperature was maintained at 403 and 430 K and pressure at 700 and 800 kPa. During this automatically controlled process, the uncertainties in the measurements conducted in the parameters of fertilizer and soil were calculated of pressure and production of steam generated by the boiler and the readings of the autoclave and dryer equipment were calculated in addition to their respective densities, to obtain the ratio of mass and volume. The samples were analyzed to determine the maximum and minimum amounts of the macro and micro nutrients and their most important elements. The physical-chemical and agronomic characteristics of the product were evaluated as well as the balance of mass and energy of the fertilizer production. The experiment conducted with fertilizer from cow leather applied to a corn crop, was conducted in a vegetable greenhouse, with completely arbitrary delineation and four repetitions. The treatment involved the use of two types of fertilizer made from leather shavings (Italian residue and Brazilian residue) and ammonia sulfate as a nitrogen source in three doses. Two types of soil were used: Ferric Latosol and Red-Yellow Latosol. The fertilizer can be produced industrially to reduce the environmental impact caused by leather manufacturing companies and to agriculture because it is rich in nitrogen.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a produção do adubo obtido a partir do resíduo da raspa do couro bovino, curtido ao cromo (III), bem como avaliar a viabilidade de ganhos ambientais e energéticos que ao adubo se atribui. A metodologia usada foi estabelecida a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as alternativas para o gerenciamento de resíduo sólido da indústria de beneficiamento do couro e no estudo do efeito do cromo no meio ambiente, fundamentada na teoria das restrições no aspecto ambiental e energético. Para a implementação da parte experimental e produção do adubo da raspa do couro bovino hidrolisado foi montado um protótipo composto de três componentes: caldeira, autoclave e secador, considerando-se os parâmetros termodinâmicos: temperatura de 403 a 433 K e a pressão de 700 a 800 kPa. No decorrer desse processo automaticamente controlado, calcularam-se as incertezas das medidas efetuadas nos parâmetros do adubo e do solo, da pressão e a produção de vapor gerado pela caldeira, bem como nas medições dos equipamentos, autoclave e secador com suas respectivas densidades, obtendo-se a relação de massa e volume. As amostras foram analisadas para verificar os teores máximos e mínimos dos macro e micronutrientes, assim como seus elementos de maior relevância. Foram avaliadas as características fisico-químicas e agronômicas do produto, o balanço de massa e a energia da produção do adubo. A experiência aplicada com o adubo na cultura do milho foi realizada em casa de vegetação, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se a partir da utilização de dois tipos de adubo de apara de couro (resíduo italiano e resíduo brasileiro) e sulfato de amônio como fonte de nitrogênio em três doses. Foram utilizados dois tipos de solo: Latossolo Férrico e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo. A produção desse adubo será implantada industrialmente para a redução do impacto ambiental provocado pelas indústrias de beneficiamento do couro e também para a agricultura, uma vez que esse adubo é um produto rico em nitrogênio. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the production of fertilizer obtained from cow leather shavings cured with Chrome (III), as well as the viability for this fertilizer to contribute for environmental and energetic gains. The methodology was based on a review of bibliographic material of the alternatives for management of solid waste from the leather industry and on a study of the effect of chrome on the environment based on the theory of restrictions, with concern for environmental and energy factors. The experimental portion of the study involved the assemblage of a prototype composed of three pieces of equipment: a boiler, an autoclave and a dryer, for the production of fertilizer from hydrolyzed cow leather shavings. In relation to the thermodynamic process, the temperature was maintained at 403 and 430 K and pressure at 700 and 800 kPa. During this automatically controlled process, the uncertainties in the measurements conducted in the parameters of fertilizer and soil were calculated of pressure and production of steam generated by the boiler and the readings of the autoclave and dryer equipment were calculated in addition to their respective densities, to obtain the ratio of mass and volume. The samples were analyzed to determine the maximum and minimum amounts of the macro and micro nutrients and their most important elements. The physical-chemical and agronomic characteristics of the product were evaluated as well as the balance of mass and energy of the fertilizer production. The experiment conducted with fertilizer from cow leather applied to a corn crop, was conducted in a vegetable greenhouse, with completely arbitrary delineation and four repetitions. The treatment involved the use of two types of fertilizer made from leather shavings (Italian residue and Brazilian residue) and ammonia sulfate as a nitrogen source in three doses. Two types of soil were used: Ferric Latosol and Red-Yellow Latosol. The fertilizer can be produced industrially to reduce the environmental impact caused by leather manufacturing companies and to agriculture because it is rich in nitrogen.