Vattenbrist, dvs. låga vattenflöden och låga grundvattennivåer, kan på många vis ge negativa effekter i samhället, exempelvis inom vattenförsörjning, samhällsekonomi och ekosystem. Enligt tidigare forskning kan man bidra till att undvika vattenbrist i många områden genom att hushålla med jordens vattenresurser. Således kan man hjälpa till att lösa problemet med vattenbrist, vilket i sin tur även får positiv effekt på både natur, energi och privatekonomi.Sveriges genomsnittliga vattenförbrukning för hushållen är ca 150 liter per person och dygn. Motsvarande för Danmark är det ca 104 liter per person och dygn. Det innebär att vattenförbrukningen i Danmark är ca 30% lägre än i Sverige och insinuerar att det, i Sverige, också finns potential att minska vattenförbrukningen. En realtidsmätare av vattenförbrukningen skulle kunna vara ett sätt att minska hushållens vattenförbrukning. Möjligheten undersöktes med hjälp av en enkätundersökning och med en fokusgrupp.Resultatet visade att det finns möjlighet att minska vattenförbrukningen, individuellt i hushållen, till 71 liter per person och dygn, vilket ungefär motsvarar hälften av dagens genomsnittliga vattenförbrukning per person och dygn i Sverige. De flesta av studiens deltagare uppvisade en gynnsam och positiv inställning till vattenbesparande och visade intresse för information om vattenkonsumtion och eventuella följdproblem av oansvarig vattenförbrukning. Därmed visade deltagarna en positiv inställning till realtidsmätare av vattenförbrukning. Slutsatsen drogs att installerade realtidsflödesmätare i varje hushåll kan bidra till vattenbesparing och därmed påverka naturen och samhället på ett positivt sätt. / Water shortage, meaning low water flows and low groundwater levels, can in many ways have negative effects in society, for example on the water supply, social economy and ecosystems. According to previous research, water shortages in many areas can be avoided by managing the water resources of the earth. Saving water resources solves the problem of water scarcity in many areas as well as, benefits the nature, energy and the private economy.Sweden's average water consumption in households is about 150 liters per day per person and the equivalent for Denmark is about 104 liters. This means that in Denmark, water consumption per capita is about 30% lower than in Sweden and indicates that we, in Sweden, also can lower water consumption.A real-time meter of water consumption could be a way to reduce the household water consumption. The possibility was investigated by means of a survey and a focus group.The results showed that it is possible to reduce water consumption, individually in households, to 71 liters per day, which means about half of today's average water consumption per person and day in Sweden.Most of the study participants showed a favourable and positive attitude towards water conservation and showed an interest in information on water consumption and possible problem areas related to irresponsible water consumption. Thus, the participants showed a positive perception of real-time water consumption meters.The conclusion is that installed real-time flow meters in each household can contribute to saving water and thus have a positive impact on nature and society.

The enterprise systems are built with a monolithic way of software architecture which may not be the very suitable and realistic solutions, due to the quantity and diversity of Internet of Things (IOT) devices connected to the internet. The large code is based as a single deployable unit; making it cumbersome and difficult to change, test, and deploy – typically in the monthly deployment cycles. Which could potentially be a large impact and high-risk for updates and deployment build up between releases.  The thesis aims to exploit Microservices Architecture in context of the Internet of Things. Because of scalability and rapid deployment, Microservices Architecture (MSA) naturally fits for M2M and IOT developments. Therefore, it has become increasingly popular and highly suited as a design choice in the context of developing IOT applications. We have proposed various ontologies for conceptual architecture designs. Our conceptual model encompasses all the essential elements and entities that constitute IOT; describing various characteristics of microservices and consideration to be used as a basis for developing a Reference Architecture model. The reference architecture is effectively exploiting Microservices Architectural Style for a diverse set of things composition like sensor devices, connectivity and transportation protocols for IP enabled IOT smart objects.  The thesis will contribute to the conceptual space of more successful reference architectures. The goal is to provide features and deployment information with instantiation guidelines to derive the software architecture instances in a given IOT application domain. Thus, it promises to become a valuable framework in the derivation of the Microservices IOT architectures.

Den äldre populationen blir allt fler samtidigt som utbildade vårdgivare inom äldreomsorg blir allt färre. Detta innebär en utmaning. Det relativt nya området Internet of Things (IoT) har slagit igenom stort den senaste tiden och kan erbjuda lösningar som verkar kunna avlasta hemtjänstarbetare, göra anhöriga tryggare och ge äldre en bättre livssituation. Denna studies syfte var att identifiera behoven hos de tre grupperna äldre som bor hemma, anhöriga till äldre som bor hemma och hemtjänstarbetare, samt att undersöka vilka lösningar som lämpar sig bäst och hur en designlösning skulle kunna se ut. Detta genomfördes med hjälp av enkäter och intervjuer med de tre grupperna vilket resulterade i sju personor för att illustrera behoven, en genomgång av en rad olika lösningar, samt ett designförslag i form av scenarion. Några av de slutsatser som kunde dras från studiens resultat var att IoT skulle kunna användas för att hjälpa många individer, att inställningen till specifika lösningar är väsensskild mellan individer och att man inom alla tre grupper önskar att tekniken inte ska ersätta mänsklig kontakt och samvaro. / The number of elderly people is steadily increasing, while the number of educated caregivers in elderly care decreases. This poses a challenge for the future. The relatively new area of the Internet of Things (IoT) has had a great break-through and can offer solutions that could ease the burden for home care workers, make relatives feel more secure and give the elderly a better life situation. The purpose of this study was to identify the needs of the three groups of elderly living at home, relatives of elderly living at home and home care workers, as well as to investigate which solutions are suitable and how a design solution could look like. This was done using surveys and interviews with the three groups, which resulted in seven personas to illustrate their needs, a review of a variety of solutions and a design proposal in the form of scenarios. Some of the conclusions that could be drawn from the results of the study were that IoT could be used to help many individuals, that the attitude to specific solutions is essentially different between individuals, and that there was an agreement in all three groups that technology should not replace human contact and fellowship.

abstract: Emerging from years of research and development, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) has finally paved its way into our daily lives. From smart home to Industry 4.0, IoT has been fundamentally transforming numerous domains with its unique superpower of interconnecting world-wide devices. However, the capability of IoT is largely constrained by the limited resources it can employ in various application scenarios, including computing power, network resource, dedicated hardware, etc. The situation is further exacerbated by the stringent quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of many IoT applications, such as delay, bandwidth, security, reliability, and more. This mismatch in resources and demands has greatly hindered the deployment and utilization of IoT services in many resource-intense and QoS-sensitive scenarios like autonomous driving and virtual reality. I believe that the resource issue in IoT will persist in the near future due to technological, economic and environmental factors. In this dissertation, I seek to address this issue by means of smart resource allocation. I propose mathematical models to formally describe various resource constraints and application scenarios in IoT. Based on these, I design smart resource allocation algorithms and protocols to maximize the system performance in face of resource restrictions. Different aspects are tackled, including networking, security, and economics of the entire IoT ecosystem. For different problems, different algorithmic solutions are devised, including optimal algorithms, provable approximation algorithms, and distributed protocols. The solutions are validated with rigorous theoretical analysis and/or extensive simulation experiments. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Science 2019

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Gait analysis plays a major role in treatment of osteoarthritis, knee or hip replacements, and musculoskeletal diseases. It is extensively used for injury rehabilitation and physical therapy for issues like Hemiplegia and Diplegia. It also provides us with the information to detect various improper gaits such as Parkinson's disease, Hemiplegic and diplegic gaits. Though there are many wearable and non-wearable methods to detect the improper gate performance, they are usually not user friendly and have restrictions. Most existing devices and systems can detect the gait but are very limited with regards of diagnosing them. The proposed method uses two A201 Force sensing resistors, accelerometer, and gyroscope to detect the gait and send diagnosed information of the possibility of the specified improper gaits via Bluetooth wireless communication system to the user's hand-held device or the desktop. The data received from the sensors was analyzed by the custom made micro-controller and is sent to the desktop or mobile device via Bluetooth module. The peak pressure values during a gait cycle were recorded and were used to indicate if the walk cycle of a person is normal or it has any abnormality. Future work: A magnetometer can be added to get more accurate results. More improper gaits can be detected by using two PCBs, one under each foot. Data can be sent to cloud and saved for future comparisons.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In today’s world, the applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems are leaping by extending their scope from military applications on to commercial and medical sectors as well. Owing to this commercialization, the need to append external hardware with UAV systems becomes inevitable. This external hardware could aid in enabling wireless data transfer between the UAV system and remote Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) using low powered architecture like Thread, BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy). The data is being transmitted from the flight controller to the ground control station using a MAVlink (Micro Air Vehicle Link) protocol. But this radio transmission method is not secure, which may lead to data leakage problems. The ideal aim of this research is to address the issues of integrating different hardware with the flight controller of the UAV system using a light-weight protocol called UAVCAN (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Controller Area Network). This would result in reduced wiring and would harness the problem of integrating multiple systems to UAV. At the same time, data security is addressed by deploying an encryption chip into the UAV system to encrypt the data transfer using ECC (Elliptic curve cryptography) and transmitting it to cloud platforms instead of radio transmission.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第20028号 / 情博第623号 / 新制||情||108(附属図書館) / 33124 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 石田 亨, 教授 多々納 裕一, 教授 山本 章博 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

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During recent years, attacks on Internet of Things (IoT) devices have grown significantly. Cyber criminals have been using compromised IoT machines to attack others, which include critical internet infrastructure systems. Latest attacks increase the urgency for the information security research community to develop new strategies and tools to safeguard vulnerable devices at any level. Millions of intelligent things are now part of home-based networks that are usually disregarded by solutions platforms, but not by malicious entities.<br>Therefore, the following document presents a comprehensive framework that aims to secure home-based networks, but also corporate and service provider ones. The proposed solution utilizes first-hand information from different actors from different levels to create a decentralized privacy-aware Cyber Threat Information (CTI) sharing network, capable of automate network responses by relying on the secure properties of the blockchain powered by the Ethereum algorithms.

Internet of Things (IoT) platforms enable users to connect heterogeneous resource-constrained wireless devices and deploy semantics-rich home automation applications in smart homes. With the proliferation and fragmentation of IoT products, it even becomes a status quo that many smart IoT devices in a smart home are bounded or delegated to multiple IoT platforms, demonstrating the following characteristics. First, an IoT device may interact with more than one IoT platform. Second, a device can be accessed via multiple communication channels (e.g., Zigbee and Bluetooth). Third, automation applications or rules in a smart home may scatter on different platforms, mainly because each platform has its own strengths and restrictions on the supported IoT devices (e.g., many Google Nest devices are not compatible to work with the Amazon platform) and programming features. Despite the convenience brought by the modern platform-backed systems, a variety of attacks targeting the devices, applications and their interactions arise, which can put the smart home devices to insecure, unsafe, or unexpected states, or can breach users' private information in the daily life. In this dissertation, several semantics-aware security and privacy issues are discussed, analyzed and handled. In one way, we systematically categorized a family of cross-app interference threats and designed a Satisfiability modulo theories (SMT)-based solution to detect them. In another work, we revealed a family of delay-based automation interference attacks that cause cross-rule interference problems in multi-platform multi-path systems. We also studied privacy protection of IoT systems and proposed a semantics-aware customizable data flow control system to protect IoT data from being exploited by third parties and attackers. We also established a command sanitizer solution for detecting cross-app interference problems in multi-platform systems and enforce security and safety policies against various IoT threats. All the works were evaluated in real-world smart home testbeds. / Computer and Information Science