The volume of information in the Internet is growing exponentially. The ability to find intelligible information among vast amounts of data is transforming the human vision of the universe and everything within it. The underlying question then becomes which methods or techniques can be applied to transform the raw data into something intelligible, active and personal? This question is explored in this document by investigating techniques that improve intelligence for systems in order to make them perceptive/active to the recent information shared by each individual. Consequently, the main objective of this thesis is to enhance the experience of the user (individual) by providing a broad perspective about an event, which could result in improved ideas and better decisions. Therefore, three different data sources (individual data, sensor data, web data) have been investigated. This thesis includes research into techniques that process, interpret and reduce these data. By aggregating these techniques into a platform it is possible to deliver personalised information to applications and services. The contribution of this thesis is twofold. First, it presents a novel process that has shifted its focus from IoT technology to the user (or smart citizen). Second, this research shows that huge volumes of data can be reduced if the underlying sensor signal has adequate spectral properties to be filtered and good results can be obtained when employing a filtered sensor signal in applications. By investigating these areas it is possible to contribute to this new interconnected society by offering socially aware applications and services. / Sem resumo

The "Internet of Things" (IoT) has been a topic of intensive research in industry, technological centers and academic community, being data communication one aspect of high relevance in this area. The exponential increase of devices with wireless capabilities as well as the number of users, alongside with the decreasing costs for implementation of broadband communications, created a suitable environment for IoT applications. An IoT device is typically composed by a wireless transceiver, a battery and/or energy harvesting unit, a power management unit, sensors and conditioning unit, a microprocessor and data storage unit. Energy supply is a limiting factor in many applications and the transceiver usually demands a significant amount of power. In this scenario the emerging wireless communication standard IEEE 802.11ah, in which this work focuses, was proposed as an option for low power sub-GHz radio communication. A typical architecture of modern radio receivers contains the analog radio-frequency (RF) front-end, which amplifies, demodulates and filters the input signal, and also analog-to-digital converters (ADC), that translate the analog signals to the digital domain. Additionally, the Successive-Approximation (SAR) ADC architecture has become popular recently due to its power efficiency, simplicity, and compatibility with scaled-down integrated CMOS technology. In this work, the RF receiver architecture and its specifications aiming low power consumption and IEEE 802.11ah standard complying are outlined, being the basis to the proposition of an 8-bit resolution and 10 MHz sampling rate ADC. A power efficient switching scheme for the charge redistribution SAR ADC architecture is explored in detail, along with the circuit-level design of the digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The transistor-level design of the two remaining ADC main blocks, sampling switch and comparator, are also explored. Electrical simulation of the physical layout, including parasitics, at a 130nm CMOS process resulted in a SINAD of 47:3 dB and 45:5 dB and at the receiver IF 3 MHz and at the Nyquist rate, respectively, consuming 21 W with a power supply of 1 V . The SAR ADC resulting Figure-of-Merit (FoM) corresponded to 11:1 fJ/conv-step at IF, and 13:7 fJ/conv-step at the Nyquist rate.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-22T12:14:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dorival Moreira Machado Junior.pdf: 9885723 bytes, checksum: ec4db9d9ab0bfb009be6157700e49790 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:14:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dorival Moreira Machado Junior.pdf: 9885723 bytes, checksum: ec4db9d9ab0bfb009be6157700e49790 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-18 / The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of objects capable of generating, collecting, and exchanging data between them. This interconnection of intelligent objects tends to provide improvements in the well-being of people so that the more “things” acquiring or generating data, the better may be the result propitiated by IoT. On the other side, privacy is best guarded in the face of the minimum supply of data or personal information. They are contrary paths that characterize a paradox. With this, studies are needed that point out possibilities that favor the growth of IoT and at the same time do not let privacy be totally succumbed to technological evolution. The user permeates both factors, being situated in the center. This paradox as well as the lack of documentation and standardization in terms of privacy protection in IoT becomes the research problem. The hypothesis suggests the need for a standard that allows such protection. The scope of standardization of the Internet is very extensive, it is necessary to determine the limits of performance of this thesis. For this, the mapping of the mechanism by which the rules and standards of the Internet are established, as well as defining a standard scenario of IoT applicable in any environment in which it is inserted. Once these parameters were established, it was possible to continue through a critical exploratory analysis of the context that is considered emerging mainly by the lack of documentation regarding the protection of privacy in IoT. As a result, a directing to privacy protection in IoT was systematized. This has as characteristics: to be applicable specifically to the IoT environment; Have as basic principles consider all user data as private as well as adopt a restrictive policy. It is also characterized by a step of human validation, in which it is required that the user allows the sharing of their data, as well as establish the trust to the device to link, that is, the destination of the data. In this way, the user is instigated to have science of their data in question beyond the destination of these. At the end, the conclusion is made by analyzing the security objectives of other models justifying the contrary or favorable opinion for application in IoT / O conceito de Internet of Things (IoT) refere-se a uma rede de objetos com capacidade para gerar, coletar e trocar dados entre si. Esta interconexão de objetos inteligentes tende a proporcionar melhorias no bem-estar das pessoas de modo que quanto mais “coisas” adquirindo ou gerando dados, melhor pode ser o resultado propiciado pela IoT. Por outro lado, tem-se que a privacidade é melhor resguardada diante do fornecimento mínimo de dados ou informações pessoais. São caminhos contrários que caracterizam um paradoxo. Com isto, são necessários estudos que apontem possibilidades que favoreçam o crescimento da IoT e ao mesmo tempo não deixe que a privacidade seja totalmente sucumbida à evolução tecnológica. O usuário permeia ambos os fatores, ficando situado ao centro. Este paradoxo bem como a falta de documentação e padronização em termos de proteção da privacidade na IoT torna-se o problema de pesquisa. A hipótese sugere a necessidade de um padrão que possibilite tal proteção. A abrangência de padronização da Internet é muito extensa, fazendo-se necessário determinar os limites de atuação desta tese. Para isto, fez-se o mapeamento do mecanismo pelo qual as regras e padrões da Internet são estabelecidos, bem como definindo um cenário padrão de IoT aplicável em qualquer ambiente em que for inserido. Uma vez estabelecidos estes parâmetros, pôde-se prosseguir através de uma análise exploratória crítica ao contexto que é considerado emergente principalmente pela falta de documentação no que diz respeito à proteção da privacidade na IoT. Como resultado foi sistematizado um direcionamento para proteção da privacidade na IoT por meio de um paradigma. Este tem como características: ser aplicável especificamente ao ambiente de IoT; ter como princípios considerar todos os dados de usuário como privados, bem como adotar uma política restritiva. Caracteriza-se também por uma etapa de validação humana, na qual é requerido que o usuário permita o compartilhamento de seus dados, bem como estabeleça a confiança no dispositivo vinculado, isto é, o destino dos dados. Deste modo, o usuário é instigado a ter ciência de seus dados em uso bem como o destino destes. Ao final, faz-se a conclusão analisando os objetivos de segurança de outros modelos justificando o parecer contrário ou favorável para aplicação na IoT

Le concept de ”Smart Cities” a émergé au cours des dernières années pour décrire comment les investissements dans le capital humain et social, et dans les technologies de la communication (TIC) infrastructures et services électroniques peuvent maintenir la croissance durable et la qualité de vie, par une gestion judicieuse des ressources naturelles et par un gouvernement participatif. Pour nous, Smart City est un environnement réel augmenté permettant l’informatique ubiquitaire, avec web 2.0, qui est collaborative, mobile et contextuelle, les acteurs humains, ainsi que des objets connectés faisant désormais partie intégrante de l’Internet. Dans le contexte de notre projet international France-Chine sur Smart City, nous avons utilisé une approche MOCOCO (Mobilité, Contextualisation, Collaboration) à mener des travaux de recherche avec de multiples applications dans des situations de travail professionnels et à domicile, des situations d’apprentissage mobile contextuelles, ainsi que des applications de Smart City sont prises en compte - le transport, la distribution des marchandises, et des activités sportives et culturelles. Cette thèse se concentre sur les services basés sur la localisation (LBS), et Internet des Objets (IdO), qui sont deux aspects importants de Smart City. Le choix de la Gestion Dynamique des Voies de Circulation comme une étude de cas dans cette thèse est également une bonne pratique d’intégration de nouvelles technologies pour rendre la ville plus intelligente et pour rendre notre vie plus confortable. Selon Schiller et Voisard (2004), les services basés sur la localisation peuvent ˆêtre définis comme des services qui intègrent l’emplacement ou la position d’un dispositif mobile avec d’autres informations afin de fournir une valeur ajoutée à un utilisateur. L’objectif est d’utiliser la mise en œuvre IdO pour améliorer LBS, fournissant l’intelligence ambiante et d’assurer la facilité d’utilisation pour usagers dans des situations dynamiques. L’aspect théorique de nos contributions est que nous examinons la possibilité et la faisabilité de l’utilisation de l’IdO pour augmenter LBS. L’architecture de l’IdO a une capacité d’intégrer divers objets, ce qui fournit à LBS une meilleure gestion des dispositifs de géolocalisation; l’intergiciel de l’IdO, capable de faire l’abstraction des objets et la composition de services, donne la possibilité de déployer des composants de service plus intelligents et personnalisés, ainsi peut améliorer l’intergiciel de LBS. L’aspect pratique de nos contributions est que nous avons choisi une problématique de gestion dynamique des voies comme une étude de cas, validant notre approche d’utiliser l’IdO pour augmenter LBS dans une application de Smart City. L’objectif du système de gestion dynamique des voies est d’assurer une meilleure utilisation de voie de circulation par l’allocation dynamique de voies à différents types de transport. Nous avons fourni l’architecture du système du point de vue de TIC, et un environnement de simulation pour valider la conception de la solution. Nous avons également développé une preuve de concept pour valider les aspects technologiques du système. L’environnement de simulation comprend un simulateur pour simuler la fonction du système et les comportements des véhicules, un éditeur de scénario, et un générateur de trafic en tant qu’outils d’initialisation. Différentes formes de visualisation de résultats de simulation sont également prises en compte. En outre, nous avons développé un outil d’évaluation basé sur la visualisation en 3D, qui permet l’interaction entre l’utilisateur et l’outil en temps réel, pour effectuer des tests d’utilisation comme l’étude des aspects IHM, puisque les facteurs humains devraient toujours être mis en premiers dans le contexte de Smart City. [...] / The concept of “Smart Cities” has emerged during the last few years to describe how investments in human and social capital and modern Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) infrastructure and e-services fuel sustainable growth and quality of life, enabled by a wise management of natural resources and through participative government. To us, Smart City is a real augmented environment allowing ubiquitous computing, with up-to-date web 2.0, which is collaborative, mobile and contextual, human actors as well as different things (connected objects) are now an integral part of internet. In the international France-China project on Smart City we used the MOCOCO approach (Mobility, Contextualization, Collaboration) to conduct research work with multiple applications in working, learning and social situations; professional and home working situations, professional and teenager contextual mobile learning situations as well as Smart City applications are taken into account – transportation, goods distribution and local sport and cultural activities. This dissertation focuses on Location Based Services, and Internet of Things, which are both important aspects of Smart City. The choice of dynamic management of road lanes as a case study in this thesis, is also a good practice of integrating new technologies to make the city smarter and to make our life more comfortable. According to Schiller and Voisard (2004), Location Based Services (LBS) can be defined as services that integrate a mobile device’s location or position with other information so as to provide added value to a user. During recent years, LBS has evolved from simple GIS applications and positioning of emergent phone callers to more complicated, proactive, application-oriented services adapted to different users. However, heterogeneity of devices, data management and analysis, and HCI aspects are always main challenges for LBS. Our goal is to make the LBS meet the requirements of Smart City, with use of Internet of Things (IoT), integrating a certain degree of ambient intelligence. The theoretical aspect of our contributions is that we examine at component level the possibility and feasibility of using IoT to better support LBS. The ability of IoT architecture of integrating various objects gives LBS a better management of location-aware devices; the sensors can also enrich the data source of LBS. The middleware of IoT, good at objects abstraction and service composition, provides possibilities to deploy more intelligent and customized service components, thus can enhance the middleware of LBS. The practical aspect of our contributions is that we choose a dynamic lane management problem as a use case study demonstrating our approach in regard to combining LBS with IoT for a Smart City application. The goal of the dynamic lane management system is to make a better use of road lanes by dynamic allocation of lanes to different types of transportation. We provide the system architecture, user interfaces and a simulation environment to validate the solution design. We also develop a proof of concept to validate the technological aspects of the lane management system. The simulation environment of the lane management system is another important part of our contributions, it includes a core simulator to simulate the function of the system and the behaviors of the vehicles, and an editor of scenario and a generator of traffic as initialization tools. Different visualization methods of simulation results are also taken into consideration. In addition, we develop an evaluation tool which allows for real time user interaction, based on the visualization of the results of the simulator to conduct user tests for HCI aspects, as human factors should always be considered in the context of Smart City. [...]

Comprendre le contexte ambiant d'une maison est essentiel pour pouvoir proposer à ses occupants des services adaptés à leurs situations de vie, et qui répondent donc à leurs besoins. Un exemple de tel service est un assistant de communication, qui pourrait par exemple informer les personnes hors de la maison à propos de la disponibilité des habitants de celle-ci pour communiquer. Pour implémenter un tel service, il est en effet nécessaire que la maison prenne en compte les situations de ses occupants, pour ensuite en déduire leurs disponibilités.Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons dans un premier temps à définir ce qu'est le contexte dans une maison. Nous défendons que l'activité des occupants est l'une des dimensions principales du contexte d'une maison, nécessaire à la mise en œuvre de systèmes sensibles au contexte. C'est pourquoi nous étudions dans un second temps le problème de la reconnaissance automatique d'activités humaines, à partir des données de capteurs ambiants installés dans la maison. Nous proposons une nouvelle approche d'apprentissage automatique supervisé basée sur les lieux de la maison, qui améliore à la fois les performances de reconnaissance correcte d'activités ainsi que les temps de calcul nécessaires, par rapport aux approches de l'état de l'art.Par ailleurs, ces services sensibles au contexte auront probablement besoin de pouvoir anticiper les situations futures de la maison. En particulier, ils doivent pouvoir anticiper les activités futures réalisées par les occupants. C'est pourquoi nous proposons un nouveau modèle de prédiction supervisée d'activités, basé sur des modèles de l'état de l'art. Nous introduisons un certain nombre d'extensions à ce modèle afin d'améliorer les performances de prédiction, en se basant sur des spécificités des environnements de maisons instrumentées.Enfin, nous nous intéressons à l'estimation de la disponibilité des occupants à communiquer, afin d'illustrer la faisabilité de notre exemple de service d'assistance à la communication. Nous suggérons que la disponibilité peut être inférée à partir des dimensions primaires du contexte, comme le lieu et l'activité (que l'on peut reconnaitre et prédire à l'aide de nos contributions précédentes), mais en prenant également en compte le correspondant initiant la communication, ainsi que la modalité utilisée. Nous discutons de l'impact de l'étape de reconnaissance d'activités sur l'estimation de la disponibilité.Nous évaluons expérimentalement ces contributions sur différents jeux de données de l'état de l'art, ainsi que sur un nouveau jeu de données d'activités et de disponibilités dans la maison que nous avons spécifiquement construit durant cette thèse : Orange4Home. À travers nos contributions à ces trois problèmes, nous démontrons l'implémentabilité d'un service d'assistance à la communication, pouvant conseiller des correspondants extérieurs sur les futures disponibilités des occupants de la maison. De manière plus générale, nous montrons comment des dimensions secondaires du contexte, comme la disponibilité, peuvent être inférées d'autres dimensions du contexte, comme l'activité. Il est donc essentiel pour qu'une maison devienne sensible au contexte, que celle-ci dispose de systèmes de reconnaissance et de prédiction d'activités les plus fiables possibles. / Understanding the context of a home is essential in order to provide services to occupants that fit their situations and thus fulfil their needs. One example of service that such a context-aware smart home could provide is that of a communication assistant, which can for example advise correspondents outside the home on the availability for communication of occupants. In order to implement such a service, it is indeed required that the home understands the situations of occupants, in order to derive their availability.In this thesis, we first propose a definition of context in homes. We argue that one of the primary context dimensions necessary for a system to be context-aware is the activity of occupants. As such, we then study the problem of recognizing activities, from ambient smart home sensors. We propose a new supervised place-based approach which both improves activity recognition accuracy as well as computing times compared to standard approaches.Smart home services, such as our communication assistance example, may often need to anticipate future situations. In particular, they need to anticipate future activities of occupants. Therefore, we design a new supervised activity prediction model, based on previous state-of-the-art work. We propose a number of extensions to improve prediction accuracy based on the specificities of smart home environments.Finally, we study the problem of inferring the availability of occupants for communication, in order to illustrate the feasibility of our communication assistant example. We argue that availability can be inferred from primary context dimensions such as place and activity (which can be recognized or predicted using our previous contributions), and by taking into consideration the correspondent initiating the communication as well as the modality of communication used. We discuss the impact of the activity recognition step on availability inference.We evaluate those contributions on various state-of-the-art datasets, as well as on a new dataset of activities and availabilities in homes which we constructed specifically for the purposes of this thesis: Orange4Home. Through our contributions to these 3 problems, we demonstrate the way in which an example context-aware communication assistance service can be implemented, which can advise on future availability for communication of occupants. More generally, we show how secondary context dimensions such as availability can be inferred from other context dimensions, in particular from activity. Highly accurate activity recognition and prediction are thus mandatory for a smart home to achieve context awareness.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-23T14:44:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Beal Pacheco_.pdf: 1625052 bytes, checksum: f8aba4b963587ce97156993ac679d2d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-23T14:44:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Beal Pacheco_.pdf: 1625052 bytes, checksum: f8aba4b963587ce97156993ac679d2d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / Nenhuma / A Internet das Coisas (IoT) é uma evolução dentro do paradigma de computação ubíqua, que consiste na presença pervasiva de objetos e “coisas” inteligentes ao nosso redor. A IoT inspira um novo modelo de negócios, o qual força as organizações de vários setores a ajustar suas estratégias, a fim de obter sucesso no mercado digital que se expandirá cada vez mais. Muitas empresas enfrentam dificuldades de entender a complexidade sem precedentes de desenvolver modelos de negócio adequados à evolução das tecnologias digitais. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar como pode ser definido um modelo de negócio para produtos e serviços baseados em IoT, identificando os elementos mais relevantes e os facilitadores e as barreiras existentes neste contexto tecnológico. Para a presente pesquisa adotou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, de nível exploratório, tendo como método de pesquisa a metodologia baseada em design - a Design Research (DR). A DR foi utilizada para instanciação de um modelo de negócio, seguindo o Business Model Canvas, para um produto baseado em IoT. Para obtenção de dados empíricos, o estudo foi realizado em uma empresa de desenvolvimento de produtos eletrônicos, mais especificamente, na linha de automação residencial. As atividades realizadas com a empresa, as quais compreenderam sessões de trabalho e entrevistas semiestruturadas, tiveram como propósito compreender o problema a ser tratado na pesquisa, levantar a motivação da empresa em abordá-lo, realizar o desenho do modelo de negócio e, posteriormente, executar a validação do mesmo, assim como avaliar o método de pesquisa utilizado. Os principais resultados indicam que um modelo de negócio para produtos e serviços baseados em IoT podem ser gerados a partir do Business Model Canvas, porém possuem elementos específicos que precisam ser considerados, especialmente relacionados com aspectos tecnológicos advindos de IoT e a oferta de serviços integrados ao produto. Além disso, foram identificados oito facilitadores e sete barreiras para a geração de modelos de negócio para IoT, que contribuem tanto para enriquecer a literatura sobre o tema, como referência para os gestores no momento da concepção de novos modelos de negócios para produtos e serviços baseado em IoT. / The Internet of Things (IoT) is an evolution from ubiquitous computing, which concept is the pervasive presence around us of a variety of smart objects and things. The IoT inspires innovative business models, which forces organizations across industries to adjust their strategies in order to succeed in digital market environments. Many companies have difficulties to capture the unprecedented complexity and to develop adequate business models to address digital innovation. In this way, this study aims to analyze how a business model to Internet of Things (IoT) products and services can be generated, identifying key components, opportunities and challenges that could be faced in such technological context. A qualitative approach, in an exploratory level, was chosen to be followed as well as a design science method, named as Design Research (DR). The DR was applied to instantiate a business model to an IoT product, having Business Model Canvas as guidance. In order to get empirical data and evidence, this study was conducted in an electronic solutions company, focused on home automation. Several activities were executed along with managers of this company, which included work sessions and semi-structured interviews. The purpose of these activities were understanding the problem to be addressed during the research and the motivation behind this initiative, designing a business model, and validating it and the research method applied afterwards. This research main outcomes suggest that a business model to IoT products and services could be generated from the Business Model Canvas, although there are specific elements that need to be considered, especially those related to technological matters and an integrated product and services offering. Besides that, there have been found eight opportunities and seven challenges concerning business model generation to IoT, which contributes as an enhancement to this topic literature and as reference to managers when conceiving new business models to IoT products and services.

La vulgarisation de l'informatique omniprésente à travers l'internet des objets (IdO) représente un défi pour la préservation de la vie privée et la confidentialité des individus.Les menaces contre la confidentialité sont directement liées à la capacité de détection de capteur dans l'IdO en suivant les individus dans presque toutes les situations de leur vie.Alliée à cela, les techniques d'exploration de données ont évolué et ont été utilisées pour extraire une multitude d’informations personnelles à partir de données du flux des données des capteurs.Ce modèle de confiance repose sur la fiabilité du consommateur de données pour extraire uniquement des informations accordées.Cependant, ce modèle permet l’exposition d’informations personnelles à des adversaires de la vie privée.Afin de fournir un mécanisme pour préserver la confidentialité dans l'IdO, nous proposons un modèle de capteur virtuel qui renforce une politique de confidentialité dans le flux des données des capteurs.Ce mécanisme intermédiaire se met en place entre les capteurs physiques et les consommateurs de données.En conséquence, nous sommes en mesure d'optimiser l'utilisation des techniques de preservation de confidentialité, telles qu'anonymisation, en les appliquant de manière sélective selon les intentions d'inférence des capteurs virtuelles, tout en empêchant les capteurs virtuels malveillants d'exécuter ou d'obtenir un accès direct aux données brutes des capteurs physiques.En outre, nous proposons une ontologie pour classer les informations personnelles basées sur la science du comportement (Behavior Computing), ce qui facilite la définition de la politique de confidentialité et à la classification de l'information en fonction des contextes comportementaux. / The spread of pervasive computing through the Internet of Things (IoT) represents a challenge for privacy preservation.Privacy threats are directly related to the capacity of the IoT sensing to track individuals in almost every situation of their lives.Allied to that, data mining techniques have evolved and has been used to extract a myriad of personal information from sensor data stream.This trust model relies on the trustworthiness of the data consumer who should infer only intended information.However, this model exposes personal information to privacy adversary.In order to provide a privacy preservation for the IoT, we propose a privacy-aware virtual sensor model that enforces privacy policy in the IoT sensing as a service.This mechanism intermediates physical sensors and data consumers.As a consequence, we are able to optimize the use of privacy preserving techniques by applying them selectively according to virtual sensor inference intentions, while preventing malicious virtual sensors to execute or get direct access to raw sensor data.In addition, we propose an ontology to classify personal information based on the Behavior Computing, facilitating privacy policy definition and information classification based on the behavioral contexts.

Abstract Multimedia Internet of Things (MIoT) refers to IP-enabled Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) which are used to retrieve, not only scalar data, but also video and audio streams, and still images from the physical environment. Despite the prominent growth in demand of MIoT, several technical challenges still arise when dealing with practical deployments of WMSN. Most technical challenges in MIoT-and IoT in general-are, one way or another, related to the constrained nature of devices. This thesis provides novel contributions towards optimizing the most precious resource of wireless multimedia sensor nodeꟷthe energy. First, the dissertation proposes sleepyCAM power management model, which uses hierarchy in sensor-node architecture to minimize the idle power consumption of a camera node. Second, a prototype is developed to realize the energy saving potential of sleepyCAM in an event driven live video streaming application. Third, a heterogeneous multi-tier WMSN is developed to improve idle power consumption of camera nodes in large scale deployment. It applies hierarchy in sensor-network design, where low-power sensor nodes wake up more energy-consuming multimedia sensor nodes only when needed. A simple power consumption model is also formulated and applied to estimate the battery-life of MIoT devices. Finally, this thesis offers solutions to enhance manageability and service orchestration of WMSN software using container based virtualization, and study their energy implications. The measurement results show that both hierarchy in sensor-node and multi-tier network architecture significantly reduce the idle power consumption of WMSNs. Moreover, the empirical results also indicate that containers add fixed overhead during the boot-up and shutdown phase of the cameras, but nevertheless, have negligible impact during the video streaming session. / Tiivistelmä Multimediakyvykkäällä esineiden internetillä (Multimedia IoT, MIoT) viitataan IP-pohjaisiin langattomiin sensoriverkkoihin, jotka kykenevät perinteisen skalaarisen sensoridatan lisäksi tallentamaan ympäristöstään myös video- ja ääni- ja kuvadataa. Vaikka multimediakyvykkään esineiden internetin tarve kasvaa jatkuvasti useilla alueilla, teknologian kannattavan hyödyntämisen tiellä on vielä useita haasteita. Suurin osa näistä haasteista liittyy tavalla tai toisella esineiden internetin laitteiden rajoitettuun laitteisto- ja energiakapasiteettiin. Tämä väitöskirja esittelee uusia tapoja multimediakyvykkään esineiden internetin energiatehokkuuden parantamiseen, sillä esineiden internetin laitteiden käytettävissä oleva energiakapasiteetti on tyypillisesti erittäin rajallinen. Työn ensimmäisessä vaiheessa kehitettiin hierarkkinen sensorilaitearkkitehtuuri, sleepyCAM, joka tähtää kameralaitteen valmiustilan energiankulutuksen minimointiin herättämällä laitteen enemmän energiaa kuluttavat multimediasensoritoiminnot vain tarvittaessa. Työn seuraavassa vaiheessa sleepyCAM-mallista kehitettiin prototyyppi, jolla tutkittiin mallin energiansäästöpotentiaalia todellisen maailman videovalvontasovelluksessa. Kolmannessa vaiheessa kehitettiin hierarkkinen sensoriverkkoarkkitehtuuri, jossa matalamman energiatason sensorilaitteet herättävät enemmän energiaa kuluttavia multimediasensorilaitteita vain tarvittaessa, mikä parantaa valmiustilan energiatehokkuutta laajemmissa multimediasensoriverkoissa. Työssä kehitettiin myös yksinkertainen energiankulutusmalli multimediakyvykkäiden esineiden internetin laitteiden akunkeston arviointiin. Lopuksi väitöskirjassa tutkittiin multimediasensoriverkon palveluiden hallittavuuden parantamista konttipohjaisella orkestroidulla virtualisoinnilla sekä tutkittiin ratkaisun vaikutuksia energiankulutukseen. Prototyypeillä tehdyt todellisen maailman mittaukset osoittavat, että sekä sleepyCAM että hierarkkinen verkkoarkkitehtuuri vähentävät huomattavasti multimediasensorijärjestelmän kokonaisenergiankulutusta. Tulokset osoittavat myös, että virtualisoinnin käyttö lisää energiankulutusta videosensorilaitteen käynnistyksen ja sammutuksen yhteydessä, mutta videonsiirron aikana konttipohjaisen virtualisoinnin vaikutus energiankulutukseen on olematon.

Nos últimos anos, a Internet expandiu-se de forma exponencial e tornou-se um sistema de comunicação entre milhões de pessoas. Em paralelo, houve um crescente avanço tecnológico na computação e comunicação. Nessa perspectiva, conceitos associados à Internet do Futuro e, em particular, à Internet das Coisas (IoT), têm sido pesquisados e amplamente aplicados em diferentes domínios, tais como transporte e saúde. No entanto, por ser um assunto recente, foi verificado em um mapeamento sistemático que existem lacunas de pesquisa em relação às abordagens de desenvolvimento de aplicações IoT. Por outro lado, foram identificadas semelhanças entre os conceitos de IoT e de Sistemas-de-Sistemas (SoS), que é uma composição de diversos sistemas constituintes (SCs), os quais possuem independência gerencial e operacional. Quando os SCs são integrados para compor um SoS, ocorrem comportamentos emergentes não disponíveis em quaisquer dos SCs individualmente. Em ambientes como cidades inteligentes, diversos sistemas heterogêneos podem se integrar rumo a um SoS, gerando benefícios aos cidadãos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho de mestrado foi estabelecer uma abordagem para auxiliar o desenvolvimento de aplicações IoT com base nos conceitos de SoS, realizando a integração entre os diferentes tipos de SCs presentes em um ambiente inteligente por meio da utilização do paradigma orientado a serviços. Foi também apresentada uma prova de conceito em que a abordagem foi utilizada para desenvolver um SoS na área de controle de epidemia causada por mosquitos. / Recently, the Internet has exponentially expanded and became a communication system among millions of people. In parallel, there has been an increasing technological advance in computing and communication. Concepts related to the Internet of the Future and, particularly, the Internet of Things (IoT), have been widely investigated and employed in different domains, such as transportation and health. However, there are research gaps with regard to the development approaches of IoT applications, according to a systematic mapping. On the other hand, it has been identified similarities between the concepts of IoT and Systems-of-Systems (SoS), which is a composition of several constituent systems (CSs) with managerial and operational independence. A characteristic of SoS is to allow a behavior that is not available in SCs individually. In the smart cities domain, for instance, heterogeneous systems can be integrated into a SoS, generating benefits for citizens. In this perspective, the objective of this Masters work is to establish an approach for the development of IoT applications based on the concepts of SoS, realizing the integration between the different types of CSs present in an intelligent environment through the use of the service-oriented paradigm. A proof of concept was carried out, where the approach was employed to develop a SoS for epidemic control.

A próxima geração da Internet aponta para um cenário onde trilhões de pessoas e objetos estarão interconectados e acessíveis a qualquer momento e em qualquer lugar. Um dos pilares desta nova geração é o paradigma conhecido como Internet das Coisas, que tem atraído pesquisas em diferentes domínios, entre eles, saúde, indústria, logística, cidades inteligentes, casas inteligentes e agronegócio. No contexto do agronegócio, a Internet das Coisas tem avançado em aplicações de rastreabilidade das cadeias de suprimentos com produtos de alto valor agregado, por exemplo, a cadeia do vinho. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de aplicações para rastreabilidade dessa cadeia não está suportado por uma arquitetura baseada em Internet das Coisas. Além disso, os sistemas de rastreabilidade das cadeias de suprimentos atuais não contemplam amplamente o paradigma da Internet das Coisas em sua premissa de interconexão entre os agentes da cadeia. Dessa forma, esta tese propõe uma arquitetura em camadas baseada no paradigma de Internet das Coisas para rastreabilidade da cadeia de suprimentos do vinho. Para isso foi realizado o levantamento de requisitos, a identificação dos interessados no sistema (stakeholders) suas preocupações, identificação dos atributos de qualidade e a relevância de cada um deles. De posse de uma arquitetura candidata foi implementado um sistema em um caso real para refinamento dos componentes da arquitetura. A avaliação da arquitetura proposta em diferentes parâmetros mostra sua adequação tanto ao paradigma de Internet das Coisas quanto às necessidades dos stakeholders da cadeia de suprimentos do vinho. Dessa forma é possível afirmar que os sistemas implementados a partir da arquitetura proposta tendem a ser escaláveis, seguros, adaptativos, disponíveis e que suportam a interconexão entre os agentes da cadeia de suprimentos, desde a produção do vinho até o seu descarte. / The next-generation Internet points to a scenario where trillions of objects and people are interconnected and accessible anytime and anywhere. One of the pillars of this new generation is the paradigm known as Internet of Things. This paradigm has attracted research in different domains, including, health, industry, logistics, smart cities, smart homes and agribusiness. In the context of agribusiness, the Internet of Things has advanced in applications of traceability of supply chains with products of high added value, for example, the wine chain. However, the development of applications for traceability in the wine supply chain is not supported by an architecture Internet of Things-based. In addition, current supply chain traceability systems do not broadly address the Internet of Things paradigm in its premise of interconnection among chain agents. Thus, this thesis proposes a layered architecture based on the Internet of Things paradigm for traceability of the wine supply chain. To do this, requirements were surveyed, the identification of the stakeholders in the system their concerns, identification of quality attributes and the relevance of each one of them. A candidate system was implemented in a real case for the refinement of architectural components. The evaluation of the architecture proposed in different parameters shows its adequacy both to the Internet paradigm of Things and to the needs of the stakeholders of the wine supply chain. In this way it is possible to affirm that the systems implemented from the proposed architecture are scalable, secure, adaptive, available and that support the interconnection between the agents of the supply chain, from its wine production to its disposal.