Fair Value Accounting is becoming increasingly more prominent, and auditing such measurements is at times difficult as a great deal of estimates and judgments are involved. This makes auditors jobs more challenging. Research has found that there is a need for understanding how auditing standards affect the audit process. Furthermore, some studies have shown that there is a gap between auditors and inspectors view of what constitutes sufficient and appropriate audit evidence regarding fair value measurements, the “FVM gap”. The aim of this study is to provide new insight on how auditing standards and inspectors affect the judgment of auditors in regards to fair value measurements. This study contributes to audit standard setters by illuminating how current auditing standards affect auditor judgment when auditing fair value measurements. It also contributes knowledge on how inspections affect judgment in the auditing process. Finally, it provides insight to practitioners on how box-checking and similar tools affect auditor judgment. We performed semi-structured interviews with respondents who have considerable experience of fair value measurements. The empirical data was thematically analysed and related to theories on judgment and decision-making as well as structure versus judgment research. A number of interesting findings were made; auditing standards seem to be well adjusted to auditors’ needs, documentation is one of the major issues when dealing with fair value measurements and the toughness of inspections between countries seem to differ. Some potential topics for future research were identified: whether or not a gap of interpretations exists between auditors and the lawyers of inspecting entities, and what effects such a gap could have; if the documentation of both audit clients and auditors needs to be improved upon. More potential areas for future research can be found in the Conclusion.

This publication-based dissertation, comprising four unique research papers published in peer-reviewed journals, contributes to innovation management theory and explores how organizations can maximize the value of innovations in the new digital normal. It draws insights from 31 cases, 86 semi-structured interviews, and 804 survey participants (excluding pilot studies), employing a diverse range of qualita-tive and quantitative methodologies. The dissertation investigates how organizations can create and cap-ture value from innovations, focusing on contingent and contextual dimensions, capabilities, and leader-ship styles. As a result, it makes four key theoretical contributions. First, it proposes that innovation performance is equifinal but contingent on the configurational approach for each organization (e.g., combinatorial recipe). Alignment between innovation approaches and performance strategies is essen-tial to gain a competitive advantage. Second, it underscores the vital role of middle managers as the crucial link between top management and employees. This middle-up-down management approach combines distinct leadership and communication capabilities to integrate innovations (e.g., innovative work behaviors, digital technologies) into daily working routines, thus facilitating innovation routiniza-tion (e.g., effective innovation implementation). Third, organizations that possess adequate higher-order business model and process efficiency dynamic capabilities evaluate various dimensions (e.g., value, individual, technological, organizational) in their internal and external contextual periphery to deter-mine their action potential. This enables them to assess, reconfigure, and integrate value creation oppor-tunities into their operational capabilities (e.g., business model, processes), leading to improved per-formance when digitally transforming. Fourth, this dissertation conceptualizes the multidimensional (e.g., individual, team, organizational) digital leadership phenomenon, grounding it in the domain of (strategic) leadership theories. Digital leaders constantly oscillate between leading themselves and oth-ers and leading their organizations to create innovative work environments that foster performance. The combined findings of the dissertation call for novel market approaches and adjusted forms of leadership for organizations to thrive in the new digital business landscape. Avenues for further research to enrich the current academic discourse are also presented. If organizations are to enhance their performance (e.g., increase the likelihood of capturing value from their innovations, or deriving a competitive ad-vantage), understanding the underlying mechanisms outlined in this dissertation should help organiza-tions in this endeavor.

In Quality Management and Total Quality Management (TQM) customer focus and customer value creation is of importance and in organisations it is of high priority. Quality Management has had an internal focus when it comes to customer value creation but in the 21st century there is a need for an outward orientation and to go beyond the organisational borders. Also an increasing interest in social, societal and environmental issues can be seen, for instance by customers, organisations, quality awards and within the quality area. An area that considers these issues is the societal entrepreneurial sector.   The purpose of this thesis has been to contribute to the knowledge and understanding about customer value creation from a system view. Additionally the purpose has been to contribute to the development of Quality Management. In order to fulfil the purpose, case studies have been performed. Cases within the societal entrepreneurial area have been studied and seven studies have been performed. Data have been collected through interviews, direct observations, participating observations and documents. All data have been collected empirically except in one study where a literature case study was used. The data were analysed through tools such as process mapping, attribute value mapping and rich picture process maps combined with analytical methods for case study research. The research journey started out from TQM and an internal perspective on customer value creation. As the studies went on, the system borders became wider as other areas important to customer value creation were identified: the customer value creating system went from an internal perspective to include an external perspective.    The findings contribute to earlier research findings and give a comprehensive and simplified picture of a complex phenomenon and an opportunity to understand customer value creation from a system view. This thesis provides an overall map of the customer value creating system. Additionally it contributes to the development of Quality Management by expanding the view on customer value creation to include both an internal and an external oriented perspective. It also contributes by suggesting a fifth step in the quality management movement ´System Quality Management´ that considers social, societal and environmental factors through continuous improvement before, during and after value creation for customers. Further it contributes with a developed view on customers and the concept of customer value creation.   The overall map provided includes three areas. Growth and development of societal entrepreneurial initiatives. The result shows important components for the creation of societal value based on the growth and development of societal entrepreneurial initiatives. Included are the processes, input and output important for societal value creation from unidentified needs until societal value can be delivered, management process and support process fields.  Customer value creation in the customer sphere.  Customer value has been found to be created beyond the use or purchase of a product or service. Value has also been found to be created for those that are not in direct contact with an initiative or its product or service. Customer value has been found to spread into society like ripples in a complex system of value creation. And Value Ripple Logic has been developed to describe this phenomenon. Management role in customer value creation. The management’s role in value creation has been found to be of importance in the creation of customer value in an indirect way through interaction with the surroundings and the initiative.  Factors and behaviours have been found which are connected to the leaders and their essential management processes along with their input and output.   The findings presented in this thesis have considerable potential for development. Further studies need to be done within the area concerning how customer value is created and to achieve an even more comprehensive picture of the customer value creating system and the suggested fifth step. The results presented in this thesis are a contribution to the knowledge and understanding about customer value creation from a system view and the development of the Quality Management. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 6 accepterat för publicering och delarbete 7 inskickat.</p><p>At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 6 accepted for publication and  paper 7 submitted.</p>

Technology entrepreneurs and managers aim to navigate emerging technology ventures and innovations towards successful commercialisation and business development, often over long periods of time. However, this is challenging due to high uncertainties associated with planning and navigating relevant market and business drivers, technological resources and capabilities, and applications. Failure to understand and manage these uncertainties appropriately can lead to undesired consequences and poor outcomes in the realisation of value creation and capture. This research firstly built a knowledge base of technology ventures by conducting a literature review, enabling the development of a conceptual retrospective roadmapping framework as the basis for characterising the emergence of technology ventures. This leads to an analysis of 13 case studies, characterising phases, transitions, patterns, enablers and barriers associated with the emergence of technology ventures. A conceptual model, the so-called ‘emergence archetypes’, was then developed by conducting an in-depth analysis with a further 19 case studies. The concept provides practical insights regarding how emerging technology ventures can be exposed to different levels of technological and market uncertainties along the journey of technology commercialisation and business development. Finally, a strategy visualisation tool and process have been designed based on the research outputs, and a focus group was then conducted with industrial practitioners to review and evaluate the research outputs for practical use in industry. In total, 32 case studies and a focus group have been conducted in the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Japan, Australia and the United States. Overall, this research demonstrates that characterising technology venture emergence, by applying roadmapping principles, provides significant implications for both researchers and practitioners of strategy and innovation. Success or failure of emerging technology ventures, in terms of value creation and capture, is not only directly related to products or services, but more broadly to the innovation systems in which the technology ventures operate. By demonstrating the characterisation of technology venture emergence, the conceptualisation of emergence archetypes and the strategy visualisation tool and process development, this research shows that applying roadmapping is an appropriate method to characterise and improve emerging technology venturing practices, supporting value creation and capture.

À la question de savoir ce qu’est la valeur des biens, le courant doctrinal majoritaire affirme que la valeur des biens est leur prix et que c’est en raison de cette valeur que les biens sont désirables et appropriables. Pourtant, juridiquement, le prix et la valeur des biens ne s’appliquent pas aux mêmes branches du droit et visent deux rapports d’équivalence différents. Même leurs expressions divergent puisque, contrairement au prix qui ne connaît qu’une expression monétaire, la valeur des biens connaît, en plus, une expression symbolique. Quant à l’affirmation selon laquelle la valeur des biens rend ces derniers désirables et justifie leur appropriation, il s’agit là d’un renversement du raisonnement. En effet, l’étude du droit français révèle qu’il conçoit la valeur des biens comme une mesure relative aux biens. En conséquence, c’est la catégorie juridique des biens qui est au cœur de leur désirabilité. Une étude comparative de celle-ci avec les autres qualifications juridiques relatives aux choses, démontre ainsi que les biens sont appréhendés comme une réserve non naturelle de choses entièrement appropriées, dont le propriétaire est connu et qui sont bénéfiques aux hommes en ce qu’elles leur fournissent un complément de service. Les biens contribuent ainsi à la subsistance des individus, c’est-à-dire qu’ils leur apportent une aide à leur existence matérielle. L’homme se caractérisant par son individualité et sa sociabilité, ils contribuent à chacun de ces besoins. Cependant, tous n’y contribuent pas dans la même proportion. La valeur des biens mesure ainsi cette contribution à la subsistance individuelle ou sociale des êtres humains. Ces deux types de subsistance connaissant des antagonismes, ils justifient des régimes juridiques et des expressions de la valeur différents. Ainsi, les biens contribuant à la subsistance individuelle connaissent un régime dynamique et une expression monétaire. Ce sont les biens les plus répandus et au cœur du droit commun. Il s’agit des biens à valeur économique. Les biens contribuant à la subsistance sociale connaissent, quant à eux, des régimes conservateurs et une expression symbolique et constituent des exceptions au droit commun. Il s’agit des biens à valeur morale. / To the question about what is the value of goods, the main body of doctrine maintains that the value of goods is their price and that is why the goods are desirables and appropriables. However, legally, price and value of goods do not apply to the same branches of law and aim at two different kind of equivalence. Their expressions also diverge. Contrary to the price, which knows only one monetary expression, the value of goods knows, besides, a symbolic expression. As for the assertion according to which the value of the goods become desirables and proves their appropriation, this is a reversal of the reasoning. Indeed, the study of French law reveals that the value of goods is a measure relative to goods. Consequently, the goods, as a legal category, are desirable as such. A comparative study of this one with other legal categories related to the things, shows that goods are knew as a non-natural reserve of completely appropriated things, to which the owner is known and which are advantageous to him to have a complement of service. So, the goods contribute to the subsistence of the individuals, because they help them for their material existence. Considering that the humanity is characterized by individuality and sociability, the goods could be analysed as a contribution to every kind of these needs. However, every goods do not contribute to it in the same proportion. The value of goods measures this contribution in the individual or in the social subsistence of the human beings. These two types of subsistence is characterised by an antagonism. It justifies different legal regimes and expressions of the value. So, the goods which contribute to the individual subsistence have a dynamic regime and a monetary expression. These are the most spread category of goods and the legal reference. They are the goods with an economic value. The goods which contribute to the social subsistence have two conservatives regimes, a symbolic expression and are exceptions to the legal reference. They are the goods with a moral value.

The diploma thesis deals with the determination of the value of the company from the construction branch. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part aims at the methods of the determination of the value of the company. The theoretical knowledge is applied in the second part, namely in subsections about strategic, financial analysis and the evaluation by the yield method of discounted cash flow. Programs Stratex and Evalent are used to determine the value. The conclusion of the thesis includes the determination of the value of the company applied to 1st January 2014.

Am Anfang und am Ende des Schuljahres 2000/2001 wurden die Werteprioritäten der Schüler/innen und Lehrer/innen an acht verschiedenen Schulen gemessen. Mit dieser Studie wurde das theoretische Modell einer universellen Struktur menschlicher Werteprioritäten (Schwartz, 1992) erneut bestätigt. Zu beiden Messzeitpunkten ergaben sich gleiche Geschlechtseffekte wie auch ähnlich hohe positive Zusammenhänge zwischen Religiosität und Schulbindung. Die Schüler/innen der nicht-religiösen Schulen gaben Hedonism als höchsten, und Tradition als niedrigsten Wert an. In den religiösen Schulen waren Benevolence und Self-Direction die meist geschätzten Werte, während Power die niedrigste Priorität besaß. Die Veränderung der Werte Conformity, Hedonism und Universalism ließ sich sowohl durch die Religiosität der Schüler/innen wie auch durch deren Schulzugehörigkeit vorhersagen. Die Veränderung von Power, Tradition, Benevolence und Achievement hingegen wurde primär durch Religiosität vorhergesagt. In drei der vier Schulen korrelierte die Ähnlichkeit der Schüler und Lehrer positiv mit der Schulbindung der Schüler/innen. Die Schüler-Lehrer Ähnlichkeit korrelierte über alle Schulen positiv mit Schulleistung. / The value priorities of students and teachers were measured at eight different schools at the beginning and the end of the school year 2000/2001. This study once again confirmed the theoretical model of a universal structure of human values (Schwartz, 1992). At both measurement times, similar gender differences, as well as positive correlations between religiosity and school commitment were found. The students from the non-religious schools determined Hedonism as their highest, and Tradition as their lowest value priority. In the religious schools, Benevolence and Self-Direction were the highest values, whereas Power was found to be the lowest value priority. The change of the values Conformity, Hedonism, and Universalism was predicted both through the students′ religiosity and their type of school. The change of the values Power, Tradition, Benevolence, and Achievement, however, was mainly predicted through their religiosity. In three out of four schools the student-teacher similarity correlated positively with the school commitment of the students. Across all schools student-teacher similarity correlated positively with academic achievement.

This research investigates what rural villagers perceive as important and develops recommendations for improved electrification project implementation centring on user-perceived values (UPVs). UPVs capture more than the basic definition of value in the sense that they include benefits, concerns, feelings and underlying drivers that vary in importance and act as the main motivators in the lives of project beneficiaries as perceived at a given time. Low access to energy continues in rural sub-Saharan Africa despite significant investment by the development community. One fundamental reason is that energy infrastructure adoption remains low, as evidenced by the lack of project sustainability. To counter this, the challenge for energy project developers is to achieve sustainable long-term interventions through the creation of value for beneficiaries, rather than the traditional approach of focusing on short-term project outputs. The question of what is valuable to people in rural communities has historically not played into the design and diffusion of energy infrastructure development projects. This research drew on design and marketing approaches from the commercial sector to investigate the UPVs of rural Ugandans. To better understand the UPVs of rural villagers a new method, consisting of a UPV game and UPV framework, was developed. This method is suitable for capturing, understanding and mapping what rural populations perceive as important. Case study analyses were carried out in seven villages across rural Uganda. The case studies included the UPV game supplemented by non-energy-specific and energy-specific interviews with villagers. Additionally, interviews with experts were conducted to verify the UPV framework and to identify the gap between experts’ opinion and villagers’ perception of what is important. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of the UPV game in deducing the values of rural villagers. The findings demonstrate a disconnect in the ability to accurately capture and design projects which resonate with and respond to the UPVs of recipients of rural electrification projects. A comparison between the villagers’ statements and experts’ opinion regarding what is most valuable to rural communities reveals striking differences that point to a fundamental misunderstanding of rural community UPVs which are likely to be contributing to widespread electrification project failure.

SETTLEMENT SHARE AND DETERMINATION OF ITS AMOUNT ABSTRACT The subject of my thesis is to analyse the legal regulation governing the settlement share and determination of its amount. The aim is to provide comprehensive picture of the issue of the settlement share both in terms of the commercial law, as well as in terms of the tax and accounting law. With regard to the recent and significant changes in private law, and thus in the area of settlement share, there is devoted ample space in the thesis to comparison of the current and former legal framework including application of the available judicature. The change of the particular law brought a lot of new questions and disputed interpretations, which are subsequently identified and analysed. My thesis consists of introduction, seven chapters and conclusion. Chapters one to four represent a general part in relation to the settlement share. The first chapter gives the definition of a settlement share from both the legal and economical perspective. It includes also consideration about possible treatment with the settlement share. The second chapter deals with the termination of the participation of a partner, which leads to the constitution of the settlement share. Chapter three analyses the various options for determining the value of the settlement share...

This case study examines the factors that shaped the identity and landscape of a small island-urban-village between the north and south forks of the Middle River and north of an urban area in Broward County, Florida. The purpose of the study is to understand how Wilton Manors was transformed from a “whites only” enclave to the contemporary upscale, diverse, and third gayest city in the U.S. by positing that a dichotomy for urban places exists between their exchange value as seen by Logan and Molotch and the use value produced through everyday activity according to Lefebvre. Qualitative methods were used to gather evidence for reaching conclusions about the relationship among the worldview of residents, the tension between exchange value and use value in the restructuration of the city, and the transformation of Wilton Manors at the end of the 1990s. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 contemporary participants. In addition, thirteen taped CDs of selected members of founding families, previously taped in the 1970s, were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. My findings indicate that Wilton Manors’ residents share a common worldview which incorporates social inclusion as a use value, and individual agency in the community. This shared worldview can be traced to selected city pioneers whose civic mindedness helped shape city identity and laid the foundation for future restructuration. Currently, residents’ quality of life reflected in the city’s use value is more significant than exchange value as a primary force in the decisions that are made about the city’s development. With innovative ideas, buildings emulating the new urban mixed-use design, and a reputation as the third gayest city in the United States, Wilton Manors reflects a worldview where residents protect use value as primary over market value in the decisions they make that shape their city but not without contestation.