Each psychotherapist has a personal theoretical framework, that is, a set of assumptions on which his or her psychotherapy is based. It appears from the published writings and opinions of therapists that therapists generally concur that a major factor in the formation of an individual therapist's theoretical framework is the therapist's personality. This study was designed to address this issue by examining the relationship between the psychogenic needs and theoretical framework of the therapist. From an accessible population of 178, responses were obtained from 153 therapist participants (108 males and 45 females) from five Utah training programs and three experience levels. Each of the participants completed a measure of theoretical framework (developed by the author) which assessed general adherence to the principles and techniques of person-centered, behavioral, and rational-emotive therapy. Based on scales from Jackson's Personality Research Form the following psychogenic need variables were also derived: Need for Achievement, Need for Affiliation, Need for Dominance, Need for Exhibition, Need to Give Nurturance, and Need for Order. Other independent variables were based on the experience levels and training programs of the therapists. Multiple regression analyses yielded uniformly small (less than 13.5% variance accounted for), generally non-significant relationships. The only clear relationship between a psychogenic need and the theoretical framework variables was between Need for Affiliation and the person-centered therapy variables. The experience level of the therapist accounted for the greatest portion of variance in the behavior therapy variables. There was no clear relationship between the rational-emotive therapy variables and any of the independent variables. The low magnitude of these results may be partially explained by the relatively low reliability of the research variables. Further, if a relationship does exist between psychogenic needs and theoretical framework, it may not be a linear relationship which was the assumptive basis of the analyses used in the research. An interesting finding was that scores of concurrence with the three theoretical schools had positive intercorrelations of between .14 and .54. An implication of this finding is that theoretical framework may be multidimensional versus unidimensional as it has previously been conceptualized. In summary, this research does not support the relationship between the psychogenic needs and theoretical framework of the therapist. However, given the theoretical emphasis placed on the topic, and the difficulties with this research, further research in the area appears warranted before the issues can be more definitely resolved.

The concept of boundaries in group theory gained prominence in the 70s and 80s mainly as a construct to describe significant group events. A contributing factor was when general systems theory, in which boundaries are central, was applied to living systems. Boundaries continued to be used predominantly to refer to structural aspects of a group, such as time structuring, membership, role, subgroupings, and task, and, to a lesser extent, as an abstract construct to refer to group processes and dynamics. In group practice, the use of boundaries as a guide and instrument to gauge group dynamics has been limited. In general, boundaries are not used to assess group events in order to determine a course of action or intervention. The first part of the research explores the concept of boundaries in three theoretical frameworks. The second part of the research explores the application of boundaries as a construct central to the understanding of group dynamics in an experiential time-limited training group. It also examines ways in which this can lead to enhanced group practice. The focus was on boundaries as psychological dimensions in the group space. In the exploration of boundaries in existing theoretical frameworks, an important link between boundaries and trauma, which inevitably involves a breach and violation of boundaries, was highlighted. A novel qualitative content analysis method was designed to reveal boundary changes systematically and to show how boundaries were redefined over a period of time. A unique feature of this computer assisted (Atlas.ti) method is that boundary shifts are quantitatively tracked, allowing further qualitative exploration. This method was applied in a case study of a training group, so demonstrating the applicability of the method to the study of small groups. Results of the case study revealed the impact that events prior the group had on group boundary development, in particular emotional linking in the group. Shifts in psychological boundaries were clearly visible in the quantitative analysis of boundaries in focus, across boundaries, indicated by transactions across boundaries. South Africa, as is the case in other societies in transition, is characterised by continuous breaches and violations of boundaries. By viewing group interactions through a boundary lens, group leaders can understand the complexity of group dynamics better. With this understanding, facilitators and leaders of groups can deliberately influence psychological boundaries. In so doing they can create opportunities for individual transitions and societal transformation. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Psychology / Unrestricted

In August of 2013 the U.S. State Department launched the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives with the objective to foster and promote religious engagements in foreign diplomacy. The language used by the architects and proponents of the initiative suggests that even though religion can be a source of great conflict, religion is also a powerful force for good capable of mitigating conflict and fostering progress. The present optimistic belief of American foreign diplomats that religious engagement will foster beneficial partnerships capable of advancing U.S. foreign interests has led scholars to pose the question, "what will the U.S. engage when it engages religion?" This thesis argues that the language used in the promotion of faith-based initiatives exhibits a commitment to a humanistic theology of religious pluralism. Further, this thesis explains that a humanistic theology of religious pluralism limits religious engagement. In other words, the OFBCI will engage with religious groups only in so far as they fit their definition of religion.

Introdução: Quando os dilemas éticos surgem no âmbito de assistência à saúde, surge a necessidade de fazer uma reflexão no âmbito da Bioética Clínica, que pode ser entendida como sendo a identificação, análise e resolução de problemas ou dilemas morais que surgem no cuidado individual de pacientes. Embora as questões práticas sejam usualmente priorizadas na assistência ao paciente, é reconhecida a importância da teoria nos modelos de tomada de decisão. Quando a atenção se volta para a prática, descobrimos regras complexas de ação e percepção que raramente são discutidas. O Modelo da Bioética Complexa busca agregar estas visões, e sugere que a Bioética é uma reflexão complexa, compartilhada e interdisciplinar sobre a adequação das ações que envolvem a vida e o viver. Objetivos: O objetivo desta tese é analisar as consultorias de Bioética Clínica realizadas em um hospital geral universitário de grande porte, verificando os aspectos teóricos e práticos identificados e as suas interações. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal das 317 consultorias de Bioética Clínica realizadas no Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre de fevereiro de 2009 até abril de 2013, que tiveram registros nos prontuários de 300 pacientes internados. O levantamento dos prontuários foi fornecido pelo Serviço de Arquivo Médico e Informações em Saúde, que é o responsável pela guarda e manutenção destes registros. Os referenciais teóricos utilizados foram analisados a partir da abordagem complexa da Bioética, utilizando quatro grandes referenciais: Virtudes, Princípios, Direitos Humanos e Alteridade. Os temas das consultorias foram analisados de acordo com a classificação proposta pela National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature, da Georgetown Law Library, adaptada nesta tese. Resultados: Foi possível identificar que 94,7% dos solicitantes eram médicos e 5,3% eram enfermeiros. Os Serviços que mais solicitaram consultorias foram o de Medicina Interna (22,3%), Pediatria (15,7%) e Psiquiatria (9,3%). O referencial das Virtudes estava presente em 99,3% dos casos, o dos Princípios em 99,0%; o dos Direitos Humanos em 97,3% e o da Alteridade em 94,4%. Dos pacientes, 50,0% eram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 37,42 + 25,61 anos, e tempo médio de internação de 52,1+120,82 dias. Destes, 63,0% tiveram alta para o domicílio e 33,3% foram a óbito. Os três temas mais frequentes nas consultorias foram: Morte e Morrer, (81,7%), Relacionamento Profissional (66,0%), e Consentimento Informado (64,7%). A média anual de consultorias foi de 78,0 e a mensal de 6,52, e o tempo para responder às consultorias foi, em média, de 40,0+102,1 horas. Avaliando os aspectos translacionais em prontuário, foi possível identificar que em 73,3% houve transposição evidente das condutas sugeridas para a prática assistencial. Conclusão: As características dos profissionais que solicitaram consultorias, para quais pacientes ocorreram estas solicitações, e os respectivos seviços médicos associados, possibilitaram identificar os temas mais relevantes nas consultorias de Bioética Clínica, e quais os referenciais teóricos que estão envolvidos nestes problemas éticos. Esta análise permitiu verificar a interação existente entre teoria e prática e a transposição das reflexões da Bioética à assistência aos pacientes. / Background: When ethical dilemmas arise in the context of health care, arises the need to think in the Clinical Ethics field, which can be understood as the identification, analysis and resolution of problems and moral dilemmas that arise in the individual patients care. Although practical issues are usually prioritized in patient care, the importance of theory in models of decision making process is recognized. When attention turns to practice, we find complex rules of action and perception that are rarely discussed. The Complex Bioethics Model intended to add these visions, and suggests that bioethics is a complex, interdisciplinary and shared reflection on the actions adequacy involving life and living. Objective: The aim of this thesis is analyze the Clinical Ethics consultations performed in a large general university hospital, verifying theoretical and practical aspects identified and their interactions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 317 Clinical Bioethics consultations performed at Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre in February 2009 until April 2013, registered in 300 inpatients medical records. The Medical Records and Health Information Service, responsible for the custody and maintenance of these records, provided medical records survey. The theoretical frameworks were analyzed using the bioethics complex approach to, using four major benchmarks: Virtues, Principles, Human Rights and Alterity. The consultations themes were analyzed according to the classification proposed by the National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature, the Georgetown Law Library, adapted for this purpose. Results: We found that 94.8 % of applicants were physicians and 5.3 % were nurses. Services that most requested consultations were Internal Medicine (22.3%), Pediatrics (15.7%) and Psychiatry (9.3%). The Virtues benchmark was present in 99.3% cases, Principles in 99.0%, Human Rights in 97.3 % and Alterity in 94.4 %. About patients, 50.0 % were female, mean age was 37.42 + 25.61 years, and mean hospital stay 52.1 days +120.82. Of these, 63.0 % were discharged home and 33.3 % died. The three most frequent themes in consultations were: Death and Dying, (81.7%), Professional Relationship (66.0%), and Informed Consent (64.7%). Annual consultations average was 78.0 and monthly average 6.52, time to respond to consultations was on average 40.0 +102.1 hours. Evaluating patient records translational aspects, we found that 73.3% had evident transposition of conduct suggested for clinical practice. Conclusion: Professionals characteristics of those who have requested consultations, which patients had these requests and their associated medical services, allowed to identify the most relevant Clinical Bioethics consultations topics, and which theoretical frameworks are involved in these ethical problems. This analysis enables to verify the theory and practice interaction and the transposition of the Bioethics reflections to patients’ assistance.

Introdução: Quando os dilemas éticos surgem no âmbito de assistência à saúde, surge a necessidade de fazer uma reflexão no âmbito da Bioética Clínica, que pode ser entendida como sendo a identificação, análise e resolução de problemas ou dilemas morais que surgem no cuidado individual de pacientes. Embora as questões práticas sejam usualmente priorizadas na assistência ao paciente, é reconhecida a importância da teoria nos modelos de tomada de decisão. Quando a atenção se volta para a prática, descobrimos regras complexas de ação e percepção que raramente são discutidas. O Modelo da Bioética Complexa busca agregar estas visões, e sugere que a Bioética é uma reflexão complexa, compartilhada e interdisciplinar sobre a adequação das ações que envolvem a vida e o viver. Objetivos: O objetivo desta tese é analisar as consultorias de Bioética Clínica realizadas em um hospital geral universitário de grande porte, verificando os aspectos teóricos e práticos identificados e as suas interações. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal das 317 consultorias de Bioética Clínica realizadas no Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre de fevereiro de 2009 até abril de 2013, que tiveram registros nos prontuários de 300 pacientes internados. O levantamento dos prontuários foi fornecido pelo Serviço de Arquivo Médico e Informações em Saúde, que é o responsável pela guarda e manutenção destes registros. Os referenciais teóricos utilizados foram analisados a partir da abordagem complexa da Bioética, utilizando quatro grandes referenciais: Virtudes, Princípios, Direitos Humanos e Alteridade. Os temas das consultorias foram analisados de acordo com a classificação proposta pela National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature, da Georgetown Law Library, adaptada nesta tese. Resultados: Foi possível identificar que 94,7% dos solicitantes eram médicos e 5,3% eram enfermeiros. Os Serviços que mais solicitaram consultorias foram o de Medicina Interna (22,3%), Pediatria (15,7%) e Psiquiatria (9,3%). O referencial das Virtudes estava presente em 99,3% dos casos, o dos Princípios em 99,0%; o dos Direitos Humanos em 97,3% e o da Alteridade em 94,4%. Dos pacientes, 50,0% eram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 37,42 + 25,61 anos, e tempo médio de internação de 52,1+120,82 dias. Destes, 63,0% tiveram alta para o domicílio e 33,3% foram a óbito. Os três temas mais frequentes nas consultorias foram: Morte e Morrer, (81,7%), Relacionamento Profissional (66,0%), e Consentimento Informado (64,7%). A média anual de consultorias foi de 78,0 e a mensal de 6,52, e o tempo para responder às consultorias foi, em média, de 40,0+102,1 horas. Avaliando os aspectos translacionais em prontuário, foi possível identificar que em 73,3% houve transposição evidente das condutas sugeridas para a prática assistencial. Conclusão: As características dos profissionais que solicitaram consultorias, para quais pacientes ocorreram estas solicitações, e os respectivos seviços médicos associados, possibilitaram identificar os temas mais relevantes nas consultorias de Bioética Clínica, e quais os referenciais teóricos que estão envolvidos nestes problemas éticos. Esta análise permitiu verificar a interação existente entre teoria e prática e a transposição das reflexões da Bioética à assistência aos pacientes. / Background: When ethical dilemmas arise in the context of health care, arises the need to think in the Clinical Ethics field, which can be understood as the identification, analysis and resolution of problems and moral dilemmas that arise in the individual patients care. Although practical issues are usually prioritized in patient care, the importance of theory in models of decision making process is recognized. When attention turns to practice, we find complex rules of action and perception that are rarely discussed. The Complex Bioethics Model intended to add these visions, and suggests that bioethics is a complex, interdisciplinary and shared reflection on the actions adequacy involving life and living. Objective: The aim of this thesis is analyze the Clinical Ethics consultations performed in a large general university hospital, verifying theoretical and practical aspects identified and their interactions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 317 Clinical Bioethics consultations performed at Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre in February 2009 until April 2013, registered in 300 inpatients medical records. The Medical Records and Health Information Service, responsible for the custody and maintenance of these records, provided medical records survey. The theoretical frameworks were analyzed using the bioethics complex approach to, using four major benchmarks: Virtues, Principles, Human Rights and Alterity. The consultations themes were analyzed according to the classification proposed by the National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature, the Georgetown Law Library, adapted for this purpose. Results: We found that 94.8 % of applicants were physicians and 5.3 % were nurses. Services that most requested consultations were Internal Medicine (22.3%), Pediatrics (15.7%) and Psychiatry (9.3%). The Virtues benchmark was present in 99.3% cases, Principles in 99.0%, Human Rights in 97.3 % and Alterity in 94.4 %. About patients, 50.0 % were female, mean age was 37.42 + 25.61 years, and mean hospital stay 52.1 days +120.82. Of these, 63.0 % were discharged home and 33.3 % died. The three most frequent themes in consultations were: Death and Dying, (81.7%), Professional Relationship (66.0%), and Informed Consent (64.7%). Annual consultations average was 78.0 and monthly average 6.52, time to respond to consultations was on average 40.0 +102.1 hours. Evaluating patient records translational aspects, we found that 73.3% had evident transposition of conduct suggested for clinical practice. Conclusion: Professionals characteristics of those who have requested consultations, which patients had these requests and their associated medical services, allowed to identify the most relevant Clinical Bioethics consultations topics, and which theoretical frameworks are involved in these ethical problems. This analysis enables to verify the theory and practice interaction and the transposition of the Bioethics reflections to patients’ assistance.

Introdução: Quando os dilemas éticos surgem no âmbito de assistência à saúde, surge a necessidade de fazer uma reflexão no âmbito da Bioética Clínica, que pode ser entendida como sendo a identificação, análise e resolução de problemas ou dilemas morais que surgem no cuidado individual de pacientes. Embora as questões práticas sejam usualmente priorizadas na assistência ao paciente, é reconhecida a importância da teoria nos modelos de tomada de decisão. Quando a atenção se volta para a prática, descobrimos regras complexas de ação e percepção que raramente são discutidas. O Modelo da Bioética Complexa busca agregar estas visões, e sugere que a Bioética é uma reflexão complexa, compartilhada e interdisciplinar sobre a adequação das ações que envolvem a vida e o viver. Objetivos: O objetivo desta tese é analisar as consultorias de Bioética Clínica realizadas em um hospital geral universitário de grande porte, verificando os aspectos teóricos e práticos identificados e as suas interações. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal das 317 consultorias de Bioética Clínica realizadas no Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre de fevereiro de 2009 até abril de 2013, que tiveram registros nos prontuários de 300 pacientes internados. O levantamento dos prontuários foi fornecido pelo Serviço de Arquivo Médico e Informações em Saúde, que é o responsável pela guarda e manutenção destes registros. Os referenciais teóricos utilizados foram analisados a partir da abordagem complexa da Bioética, utilizando quatro grandes referenciais: Virtudes, Princípios, Direitos Humanos e Alteridade. Os temas das consultorias foram analisados de acordo com a classificação proposta pela National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature, da Georgetown Law Library, adaptada nesta tese. Resultados: Foi possível identificar que 94,7% dos solicitantes eram médicos e 5,3% eram enfermeiros. Os Serviços que mais solicitaram consultorias foram o de Medicina Interna (22,3%), Pediatria (15,7%) e Psiquiatria (9,3%). O referencial das Virtudes estava presente em 99,3% dos casos, o dos Princípios em 99,0%; o dos Direitos Humanos em 97,3% e o da Alteridade em 94,4%. Dos pacientes, 50,0% eram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 37,42 + 25,61 anos, e tempo médio de internação de 52,1+120,82 dias. Destes, 63,0% tiveram alta para o domicílio e 33,3% foram a óbito. Os três temas mais frequentes nas consultorias foram: Morte e Morrer, (81,7%), Relacionamento Profissional (66,0%), e Consentimento Informado (64,7%). A média anual de consultorias foi de 78,0 e a mensal de 6,52, e o tempo para responder às consultorias foi, em média, de 40,0+102,1 horas. Avaliando os aspectos translacionais em prontuário, foi possível identificar que em 73,3% houve transposição evidente das condutas sugeridas para a prática assistencial. Conclusão: As características dos profissionais que solicitaram consultorias, para quais pacientes ocorreram estas solicitações, e os respectivos seviços médicos associados, possibilitaram identificar os temas mais relevantes nas consultorias de Bioética Clínica, e quais os referenciais teóricos que estão envolvidos nestes problemas éticos. Esta análise permitiu verificar a interação existente entre teoria e prática e a transposição das reflexões da Bioética à assistência aos pacientes. / Background: When ethical dilemmas arise in the context of health care, arises the need to think in the Clinical Ethics field, which can be understood as the identification, analysis and resolution of problems and moral dilemmas that arise in the individual patients care. Although practical issues are usually prioritized in patient care, the importance of theory in models of decision making process is recognized. When attention turns to practice, we find complex rules of action and perception that are rarely discussed. The Complex Bioethics Model intended to add these visions, and suggests that bioethics is a complex, interdisciplinary and shared reflection on the actions adequacy involving life and living. Objective: The aim of this thesis is analyze the Clinical Ethics consultations performed in a large general university hospital, verifying theoretical and practical aspects identified and their interactions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 317 Clinical Bioethics consultations performed at Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre in February 2009 until April 2013, registered in 300 inpatients medical records. The Medical Records and Health Information Service, responsible for the custody and maintenance of these records, provided medical records survey. The theoretical frameworks were analyzed using the bioethics complex approach to, using four major benchmarks: Virtues, Principles, Human Rights and Alterity. The consultations themes were analyzed according to the classification proposed by the National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature, the Georgetown Law Library, adapted for this purpose. Results: We found that 94.8 % of applicants were physicians and 5.3 % were nurses. Services that most requested consultations were Internal Medicine (22.3%), Pediatrics (15.7%) and Psychiatry (9.3%). The Virtues benchmark was present in 99.3% cases, Principles in 99.0%, Human Rights in 97.3 % and Alterity in 94.4 %. About patients, 50.0 % were female, mean age was 37.42 + 25.61 years, and mean hospital stay 52.1 days +120.82. Of these, 63.0 % were discharged home and 33.3 % died. The three most frequent themes in consultations were: Death and Dying, (81.7%), Professional Relationship (66.0%), and Informed Consent (64.7%). Annual consultations average was 78.0 and monthly average 6.52, time to respond to consultations was on average 40.0 +102.1 hours. Evaluating patient records translational aspects, we found that 73.3% had evident transposition of conduct suggested for clinical practice. Conclusion: Professionals characteristics of those who have requested consultations, which patients had these requests and their associated medical services, allowed to identify the most relevant Clinical Bioethics consultations topics, and which theoretical frameworks are involved in these ethical problems. This analysis enables to verify the theory and practice interaction and the transposition of the Bioethics reflections to patients’ assistance.

With the rise of intergenerational programming (e.g., intergenerational co-housing) across Canada and a demographic shift whereby the number of people 65 years and over is expected to almost double from 13.2% to 24.5% by 2036, mechanisms supporting intergenerational relations are crucial. Intergenerational landscapes (IL) is a term I use to describe all that is across, between, and within generational cohorts. The conceptual understandings of intergenerational landscapes and how they could be beneficial (or detrimental) in later life require revisiting in gerontological research. This dissertation uses a multi-method qualitative design to examine conceptual frameworks, experienced relations, and contemporary dynamics of IL. I am investigating IL at diverse locations of experience emphasizing the voices of both older and younger people. This includes, a conceptual review of intergenerational knowledge (Paper One), the intersections of intergenerational dynamics in a co-housing setting (Paper Two), and an autoethnographic account of managing an intergenerational co-housing project (Paper Three). This dissertation focuses on conceptual models, how paradigms of IL are reproduced in practice, and how contemporary dynamics are experienced in a Canadian context. This thesis aims to initiate a meaningful dialogue on how current theorizing requires revisiting, given the contemporary landscape. This thesis supports the advancement of academic knowledge, programming, and public policy in aging research. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The aim of this thesis is to understand how contemporary conditions, such as population aging, may influence intergenerational relations. In this dissertation, I examine conceptual understandings, social influences, and people’s experiences of intergenerational co-housing. In the first section of this dissertation, I suggest a new language to discuss the 'intergenerational’ and highlight the importance of critical gerontological perspectives. I then examine how participants of an intergenerational co-housing program experience their living arrangement against a backdrop of contemporary change through a critical realist lens. I then turn to an autoethnographic account of managing an intergenerational co-housing project that sheds light on features of contemporary society that impact intergenerational realities. Finally, this research suggests ways to better discuss and debate intergenerational ideas and how they are related to aging, the field of gerontology, and older people.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-16T13:11:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edvonete Souza de Alencar.pdf: 1644964 bytes, checksum: a34f0a8fd40fe1cdbff542f352d371c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T13:11:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edvonete Souza de Alencar.pdf: 1644964 bytes, checksum: a34f0a8fd40fe1cdbff542f352d371c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research aims to investigate the theoretical frameworks that support Brazilian research published between 1997-2015, regarding the training of teachers in the early elementary years on the Multiplicative Conceptual Field. In order to achieve it, research review procedures called qualitative metasynthesis was used. The search of the investigation was carried out on the website of Capes Bank of Theses using the expressions "Teacher Training" and "Multiplicative Conceptual Field" in addition to the use of a filter for investigations that would discourse on "Continuing Education" and "Early ElementaryYears". A group of research in which we seek the most used theoretical frameworks was selected; Shulman and Vergnaud were found. A new selection was carried out, focusing on the research which had presented both authors as references. With this smaller group of research, a qualitative metasynthesis was held regarding the use of these theoretical references for the investigations. The qualitative metasynthesis was performed presenting categories which were taken from these reports, in which similarities were observed as well as differences and complementarities of the most discussed theoretical frameworks. In general, the use of the qualitative metasynthesis of the studies concerning Shulman through the investigations made it possible to identify that these investigations used the three categories of knowledge as those presented by Shulman (specific, pedagogical and curricular). It is worth mentioning that there were not any differences observed in relation to what is mentioned by the author. However, it was pointed out some aspects which were addressed by some research that complement Shulman studies regarding the specific and pedagogical knowledge used to encourage reflection on teacher training. The qualitative metasynthesis of the use of Vergnaud's theory by research has shown similarities in terms of approaches on the explanation of the Theory of Conceptual Fields. It was observed that most of the investigations focus on explaining what characterizes the Theory of Vergnaud. It was found that three of the selected research deepen their explanations of the Multiplicative Conceptual Field and that such investigations do not show different aspects of what is proposed by Vergnaud. In addition to that, it was stated that one of the research complements Vergnaud studies when explaining relational and numerical calculations in the Multiplicative Conceptual Field. This thesis led us to infer the need to conduct more studies on this topic and to reflect on the use of theoretical frameworks applied by the investigations / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar os referenciais teóricos que sustentam pesquisas brasileiras, publicadas entre 1997 e 2015, a respeito da formação contínua de professores dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental sobre o Campo Conceitual Multiplicativo. Para a sua realização, utilizamos uma das modalidades de revisão de pesquisas denominada metassíntese qualitativa. A busca das investigações foi realizada no site do Banco de Teses da Capes por meio das expressões “Formação de Professores” e “Campo Conceitual Multiplicativo” e com a aplicação do filtro para investigações que discorressem sobre a “Formação Contínua” e “Anos Iniciais”. Selecionamos assim um grupo de pesquisas no qual buscamos os referenciais teóricos mais utilizados: Shulman e Vergnaud. Fizemos novamente uma seleção, centrando a investigação nas pesquisas que tiveram os estudos desenvolvidos pelos dois autores. Com esse grupo menor de pesquisas, realizamos a metassíntese qualitativa do uso desses referencias teóricos pelas investigações. A metassíntese qualitativa foi realizada apresentando categorias retiradas dos fichamentos dessas pesquisas, nos quais foram observadas semelhanças, diferenças e complementariedades dos referenciais teóricos mais abordados. De modo geral, a metassíntese qualitativa do uso dos estudos de Shulman pelas investigações permitiu identificar que estas utilizaram as três categorias do conhecimento de modo semelhante ao que é apresentado por Shulman (específico, pedagógico e curricular). Cabe ressaltar que não percebemos diferenças em relação ao que é mencionado pelo autor. No entanto, notamos aspectos abordados por algumas pesquisas que complementam os estudos de Shulman quanto ao conhecimento específico e pedagógico utilizado para incentivar a reflexão nas formações de professores. A metassíntese qualitativa do uso da teoria de Vergnaud pelas pesquisas nos mostrou semelhança quanto às abordagens sobre a explicação da Teoria dos Campos Conceituais. Pudemos perceber que a maioria das investigações se preocuparam em explicar o que caracteriza a Teoria de Vergnaud. Verificamos que três das pesquisas selecionadas aprofundam suas explanações sobre o Campo Conceitual Multiplicativo ainda que essas investigações não apresentam aspectos diferentes do que é proposto por Vergnaud. Constatamos também que uma das pesquisas complementa os estudos de Vergnaud ao explicar os cálculos relacional e numérico no Campo Conceitual Multiplicativo. Esta Tese nos levou a inferir a necessidade de se realizar mais estudos sobre essa temática e a refletir sobre o uso dos referenciais teóricos utilizados pelas investigações

<p>The driving force of conducting the two studies presented in this thesis is to examine ways that conceptual understanding and problem solving could be part of mathematics teaching, and through that, part of students' mathematical knowledge. The specific aims of the thesis are: 1) to characterize the classroom discourse of two, apparently similar, problem solving courses in teacher education and 2) to discuss the possibilities of developing two analytical approaches - the communicational approach to cognition and the dialogical approach - used for studying mathematical discourse. The two aims are elaborated on by means of data collected through audiotaped recordings and field notes from observations of problem-solving activities in engineering and teacher education. In relation to the first aim, the analysis of the classroom discourse within the two courses makes it clear that both courses displayed different kinds of discourse that could be broadly categorized in terms of: subject-oriented, didactically oriented, and problem solving oriented discourses. However, the comparisons between the two courses reveal a marked difference in the distribution of these categories of discourse. It is suggested that the introduction of explicit conceptual frameworks in teaching is of crucial importance for the topical focus of the classroom discourse, and for prospective teachers' opportunity to engage in mathematical productive discourse. The analyses of the two approaches for studying mathematical discourse reveal that the two frameworks can be further developed and the study also indicates ways in which such development can be achieved using a theory of contextualization and theories of mathematical learning. Finally, the thesis discusses theoretical and practical implications of the results, foregrounding issues of importance for the research on mathematical discourse, and for teachers and teacher educators involved in designing instructions for mathematical problem solving.</p>

The driving force of conducting the two studies presented in this thesis is to examine ways that conceptual understanding and problem solving could be part of mathematics teaching, and through that, part of students' mathematical knowledge. The specific aims of the thesis are: 1) to characterize the classroom discourse of two, apparently similar, problem solving courses in teacher education and 2) to discuss the possibilities of developing two analytical approaches - the communicational approach to cognition and the dialogical approach - used for studying mathematical discourse. The two aims are elaborated on by means of data collected through audiotaped recordings and field notes from observations of problem-solving activities in engineering and teacher education. In relation to the first aim, the analysis of the classroom discourse within the two courses makes it clear that both courses displayed different kinds of discourse that could be broadly categorized in terms of: subject-oriented, didactically oriented, and problem solving oriented discourses. However, the comparisons between the two courses reveal a marked difference in the distribution of these categories of discourse. It is suggested that the introduction of explicit conceptual frameworks in teaching is of crucial importance for the topical focus of the classroom discourse, and for prospective teachers' opportunity to engage in mathematical productive discourse. The analyses of the two approaches for studying mathematical discourse reveal that the two frameworks can be further developed and the study also indicates ways in which such development can be achieved using a theory of contextualization and theories of mathematical learning. Finally, the thesis discusses theoretical and practical implications of the results, foregrounding issues of importance for the research on mathematical discourse, and for teachers and teacher educators involved in designing instructions for mathematical problem solving.