Dialogue, which developed by David Bohm, is a foundation of learning organization. But dialogue often considered as hard to understand. This research use more structural and simpler way to introduce this abstruse and abstract theory. Help people who want to learn dialogue easier to get a correct understanding. This research use theoretical review method to arrange three specialized books about dialogue which wrote by David Bohm, Linda Ellinor and Glenna Gerard, William Isaacs. Allocate in to five categories: summary about dialogue, problem cause by thought process which confront people and cross, how to learn dialogue, proceeding dialogue, dialogue in organization. In the last chapter, compares three books and present other findings during research.

本文係從與考績相關理論之探討著眼，研究我國公務人員考績制度的問題，希能透過理論的啟迪，歸納出理想型考績制度的模式、中心思想、指導原則及考績制度應達成之目標與功能，俾作為改進現行考績制度之指南。在現行考績制度之檢討上，本文除對現制作一說明外，為瞭解現制形成的原因，故摘要比較與舊制的關係，以歸納出現制的特色，並剖析其得失與施行的限制，作為改進的依據。復以全國最高人事主管機關--銓敘部曾於八十四年召開全國人事主管會報時，提出擬議修訂考績法的內容，其中固有頗多創見及銳意改革的意圖，惟其主要興革意見並未獲與會各級人事人員支持，仔細研議結果，亦發現若干難以契合之處，爰一併納入討論範圍，希能找出因應的對策。在考績制度的範圍上，為全面瞭解公務人員考核事宜，故本文除將公務人員考績制度納入研討範圍外，亦將若干與公務人員考核有關之人事制度列入討論範圍。最後，根據筆者多年實務經驗及相關理論之研究結果，研提落實考績制度之方向與作法，並於結論中研提具體實施步驟及相關人事制度應遵守之原則，希對公務人員考績制度之健全發展有所裨益。

Neuropsychological toxicology investigates the impact of chemical exposure on the structure and functioning of the nervous system and by implication the neuropsychological performance of affected individuals. As in mainstream neuropsychology, brain damage is assessed by measuring changes in the cognitive, psychomotor and emotional domains using diagnostic neuropsychological tests. The field of neuropsychological toxicology has undergone significant growth in the last 20 years, amongst growing concerns over people’s potential everyday exposure to approximately 70 000 chemicals. Growing awareness of the possible dangers associated with neurotoxic exposure has lead to the increased regulation of exposure levels especially in industrial settings. This in turn has lead to a gradual shift in neuropsychological toxicology from the assessment of severe neurotoxic damage to the evaluation of subclinical signs, which may develop into disabling damage over many years of exposure. The assessment of these subclinical signs has proven to be tricky as they cannot always be measured through diagnostic tests and may be mimicked or hidden by numerous confounding variables. The need for the effective assessment of these subclinical signs has created a need for more sensitive tests and improved research methodology. This paper uses evidence from cellular pathology and anatomical pathology (dynamic brain localisation theory) as a guide for the selection of neuropsychological tests. The purpose of the paper is to review the neuropsychological outcomes of toxic exposure, with an emphasis on test sensitivity (screening) and specificity (diagnostic) to carbon disulphide (solvent), manganese (metal) and organophosphate (pesticide) exposure. Findings from this review point to the possible advantages of the continued use of standardised neuropsychological batteries that enable the assessment of global functions in addition to tests that measure deficits associated with the toxicodynamics of the neurotoxin under investigation. Methodological recommendations include the use of simultaneous cross-sectional and longitudinal designs to control for numerous confounding variables and correlation designs to determine dose-response relationships. Future studies need to address the sensitivity and specificity criteria of various neuropsychological measures utilising the principle of neurotoxicodynamics. / Dissertation (MA (Research Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Psychology / MA / unrestricted