Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

O presente trabalho propõe-se ao estudo da Justiça Restaurativa como novo modelo de administração dos conflitos em matéria penal, a partir do diálogo com a temática dos Direitos Humanos. Considerando os apontamentos da Teoria Crítica do Direito e da Criminologia crítica, situamos a Justiça Restaurativa junto ao Direito Penal mínimo, a partir da introdução de uma racionalidade ética à racionalidade jurídica. Como modelo comunitário, participativo e dialogal, a Justiça Restaurativa parece abrir novos caminhos no campo sinuoso da conflitualidade social e sustenta-se pela necessária tutela dos Direitos Humanos diante das prerrogativas do Estado Democrático de Direito. / This research aims to study Restorative Justice as a new administrative model for conflicts in criminal matters, coming from a dialogue with Human Rights. Considering the concepts brought by the Critical Theories of Law and Critic Criminology, we place the Restorative Justice model within the Minimum Criminal Law, with the introduction of an ethic rationality to the rationality of law. As a communitarian, participative and dialogical model, Restorative Justice seems to open new avenues in the sinuous field of social conflict and is sustained by the necessary protection of Human Rights as a prerogative of the Democratic Rule-of-Law State.

O presente trabalho propõe-se ao estudo da Justiça Restaurativa como novo modelo de administração dos conflitos em matéria penal, a partir do diálogo com a temática dos Direitos Humanos. Considerando os apontamentos da Teoria Crítica do Direito e da Criminologia crítica, situamos a Justiça Restaurativa junto ao Direito Penal mínimo, a partir da introdução de uma racionalidade ética à racionalidade jurídica. Como modelo comunitário, participativo e dialogal, a Justiça Restaurativa parece abrir novos caminhos no campo sinuoso da conflitualidade social e sustenta-se pela necessária tutela dos Direitos Humanos diante das prerrogativas do Estado Democrático de Direito. / This research aims to study Restorative Justice as a new administrative model for conflicts in criminal matters, coming from a dialogue with Human Rights. Considering the concepts brought by the Critical Theories of Law and Critic Criminology, we place the Restorative Justice model within the Minimum Criminal Law, with the introduction of an ethic rationality to the rationality of law. As a communitarian, participative and dialogical model, Restorative Justice seems to open new avenues in the sinuous field of social conflict and is sustained by the necessary protection of Human Rights as a prerogative of the Democratic Rule-of-Law State.

O presente trabalho propõe-se ao estudo da Justiça Restaurativa como novo modelo de administração dos conflitos em matéria penal, a partir do diálogo com a temática dos Direitos Humanos. Considerando os apontamentos da Teoria Crítica do Direito e da Criminologia crítica, situamos a Justiça Restaurativa junto ao Direito Penal mínimo, a partir da introdução de uma racionalidade ética à racionalidade jurídica. Como modelo comunitário, participativo e dialogal, a Justiça Restaurativa parece abrir novos caminhos no campo sinuoso da conflitualidade social e sustenta-se pela necessária tutela dos Direitos Humanos diante das prerrogativas do Estado Democrático de Direito. / This research aims to study Restorative Justice as a new administrative model for conflicts in criminal matters, coming from a dialogue with Human Rights. Considering the concepts brought by the Critical Theories of Law and Critic Criminology, we place the Restorative Justice model within the Minimum Criminal Law, with the introduction of an ethic rationality to the rationality of law. As a communitarian, participative and dialogical model, Restorative Justice seems to open new avenues in the sinuous field of social conflict and is sustained by the necessary protection of Human Rights as a prerogative of the Democratic Rule-of-Law State.

This dissertation examines the discursive, political, and legal context of the European Union’s (EU) Working Time Directive, beginning with the history of its adoption and ending with its unsuccessful revision attempt in 2009. It also analyzes the Directive’s influence on the working-time regime in Poland, and considers whether or not it advances gender equality. A feminist, socio-legal perspective that is attentive to multiple levels of governance is used to analyze the Directive, the Polish Labour Code provisions, and their interaction. The dissertation illustrates how standard working-time norms both assumed and institutionalized an unequal allocation of paid and unpaid work between men and women, which either constrained women’s employment opportunities or, in Poland’s case, penalized women with a double burden of paid and unpaid work. It shows how a contextual analysis of the EU and Polish working-time instruments allows us to evaluate whether the norms they set embody and reproduce, or challenge and move beyond, these gendered assumptions. The focus is on changes in the political, economic, and social milieu, developments in policy discourses and institutional architecture, and the role of actors influencing the evolution of these instruments. Emphasis is given to Poland’s post-1989 transition and EU accession processes, the expansion of the EU competences, and the influence of broader transnational trends. The study reveals that the current regulatory approaches to standard work-time promoted in the EU and Poland are unlikely to facilitate equal re-distribution of work time between men and women because equality and work-family reconciliation have been either absent as potential regulatory rationales or subordinated to the dominant pursuit of labour market flexibility and efficiency. In the EU, this subordination stemmed from institutional, legal, and political constraints existing at the time of the Directive’s adoption and subsequent review. In Poland, domestic and external pressures also privileged economic discourses and the adoption of EU norms enabled progressive flexibilization of the Polish working-time regime, while preserving opportunities for long work-hours. Although recent policy emphasis on equality and the promotion of work-family reconciliation for all workers is promising, curbing long hours and better incorporation of care work are required for socially sustainable and equal working-time regimes. / Graduate

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1245575 bytes, checksum: 2a54fbc8519cac8517b9952b46d9affd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / What happens when an experience that enables the understanding and operationalization of Law by rural populations, historically detached to work with and reflect on the legal phenomenon, is created within a hegemonic conservative course and impervious to the popular classes and groups? The objective of this study is to analyze and systematize a unique initiative: a Special Class of Law Studies to beneficiaries of Land Reform and Family Farming at the Federal University of Goiás (UFG- BRAZIL), founded in 2007 and currently under development at campus of Goiás city. This is the first initiative of Law Education at the shape of the National Education Program in Agrarian Reform (PRONERA) and was named by the students "Class Evandro Lins e Silva", an eminent Brazilian jurist. Through field research and critical-dialectical approach, we examined the reasons why a single Class, 60 students, sparked so many conflicts, understood as dialectically articulated themes that allow us to reflect on the bigger context that conditions and influences it. At first, we set out some details about the reality of the campus of Goias and the idealization of the proposal, following the administrative procedures until its approval and pointing out several conflicts that arose during this process. Soon after, we analyzed the so-called central pattern of Law Education established in Brazil, in order to characterize, from a little historical background, its basic points: dogmatism, decontextualization and unidisciplinarity. In the fourth chapter, we reflected on two conceptions of human rights - one traditional and other critical and dialectic - applying this discussion to the socio-historical context of the Brazilian Countryside, noting the statement of legal and constitutional rights to Territory and to Education as an insight into the so-called "Paradigm of Rural Education" as a Human Right. Finally, we returned to the experience with other informations from field research, by reviewing the arguments contained in court cases involving the class, systematized by the researcher. The opinions of the Class students were exposed, pointing difficulties for achievement of the proposal. On concluded that the Class "Evandro Lins e Silva" beyond legally appropriate represents a symbolic and material alternative landmark to the central model of Law Education, allowing a "pedagogical conflict" between these two models of "Education" Law Education and Rural Education. These results keep a great potential to reflect upon a redirectionment of Law Education in a more critical and emancipator way, given by the fact the discussions about the affirmative actions politics for the rural population in Law Education are recent in academic circles, at least in Brazil. The specificity of the Class indicates a possibility of expanding the debate beyond the traditional curricular 'solutions', enabling us to formulate hypotheses and questions only existent in practice of this initiative, which alone would justify its existence, with social and academic consequences of great importance. / O que acontece quando uma experiência que possibilita a compreensão e instrumentalização do Direito por parte das populações do Campo, historicamente apartadas de atuar com e refletir sobre o fenômeno jurídico, é criada dentro de um curso hegemonicamente conservador e impermeável às classes e grupos populares? O objetivo desta dissertação é justamente analisar e sistematizar uma iniciativa singular: a Turma Especial de Direito para beneficiários(as) da Reforma Agrária e da Agricultura Familiar na Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), criada em 2007 e atualmente em desenvolvimento no campus da cidade de Goiás (GO). Esta é a primeira iniciativa de Educação Jurídica nos moldes do Programa Nacional de Educação na Reforma Agrária (PRONERA) e foi intitulada pelos próprios estudantes de Turma Evandro Lins e Silva . Através de uma pesquisa de campo e de abordagem crítico-dialética, examinaram-se os motivos pelos quais uma única Turma, de 60 estudantes, desencadeou tantos conflitos, compreendidos enquanto temas articulados dialeticamente, que permitem refletir sobre o contexto mais amplo que o condiciona e influencia. No início, apresentaram-se alguns detalhes sobre a realidade do campus de Goiás e da idealização da proposta, seguindo-se os trâmites administrativos até sua aprovação e apontando diversos conflitos que surgiram durante este processo. Logo após, analisou-se o chamado modelo central de Educação Jurídica estabelecido no Brasil, buscando caracterizar, a partir de um pequeno apanhado histórico, seus pontos fundamentais: o dogmatismo, a descontextualização e a unidisciplinaridade. Já no quarto capítulo, refletiu-se sobre duas concepções de Direitos Humanos uma tradicional e outra crítico-dialética , aplicando essa discussão ao contexto sóciohistórico do Campo brasileiro, observando a afirmação jurídico-constitucional dos direitos à Terra/Território e à Educação como elementos para compreender o chamado Paradigma da Educação do Campo enquanto um Direito Humano. Por fim, retornouse à experiência com os demais dados da pesquisa de campo, analisando criticamente os argumentos judiciais presentes nos processos que envolvem a Turma, sistematizados pelo pesquisador. Foram expostas algumas opiniões de estudantes que compõem a Turma, indicando as dificuldades e desafios para a concretização da proposta. Concluise que a Turma Evandro Lins e Silva além de juridicamente adequada representa um marco simbólico e material de alternativa ao modelo central de Educação Jurídica, permitindo um conflito pedagógico entre estes dois modelos de Educação a Jurídica e a do Campo. Tais reflexões resultam em grandes potencialidades para refletir sobre uma reorientação da Educação Jurídica num sentido mais crítico e emancipatório, dada a novidade do debate sobre as políticas afirmativas para a população do campo na Educação Jurídica. A especificidade da Turma indica uma possibilidade de ampliação do debate para além das tradicionais soluções curriculares , permitindo formular hipóteses e perguntas somente existentes, na prática, nesta iniciativa, o que, por si só, já justificaria sua existência, com conseqüências sociais e acadêmicas de grande relevância.

Indivisaires, concubins, membres d'une même famille, copropriétaires siégeant à une même assemblée, sociétés d'un même groupe, adhérents à un même parti politique, salariés d'une même unité économique et sociale, couple d'époux ou de partenaires, personnels de direction d'une même clinique... aucun lien ne semble rapprocher ces situations. Pourtant, toutes ont pu être qualifiées de "communautés d'intérêts". Hasard du langage ou, à l'inverse, signe de l'émergence d'une véritable notion ? Quels enseignements peuvent être tirés de l'emploi récurrent de l'expression "communauté d'intérêts" en droit positif ? Approfondissement minutieusement l'état de notre droit, cet essai s'applique à démontrer l'existence de la nation de communauté d'intérêts, ses spécificités et tout l'intérêt de sa consécration. Appréhendant la communauté d'intérêts comme un ensemble de personnes unies par des liens particuliers, l'étude menée ici s'avère audacieuse. Elle met à la disposition du juge et du législateur des outils de protection adaptés aux particularités de cette entité juridique et requise par celle-ci. D'une utilité pratique indéniable, l'étude répond également à une nécessité théorique. Elle propose de combler un vide juridique, celui qui existe au sein des groupements de personnes, et situe ainsi les diverses communautés d'intérêts entre les ensembles dépourvus de toute cohésion et ceux qui sont dotés de la personnalité morale ou qui en sont privés pour des raisons formelles. / Interest owners, cohabitees, members of a same family, co-owners at a same general assembly, subsidiairies of a same company, members of a same political party, employees of a same economic and social entity, spouses or life partners, management staff of a same clinic... these appear as unrelated and dissimilar simulations. Yet, all qualify as "communities of interests". Is this a mere vocabulary coincidence or the indication that a genuine concept is emerging ? What lessons can we learn from the recurring use of the term "communities of interest" in positive law ? Thoroughly researching the state of our law, this essay demonstrates the concept of "community of interest", its specificities and why it should be legally anchored. Apprehending the community of interest as a group of people united by special ties, the study undertaken here appears bold. It provides the judge and the legislator with protection tools adapted to the particularities of this legal entity and required by it. The study answers a theoretical necessity, and demonstrates its undeniable practical use. It proposes to fill a legal vacuum that exists within groups of people, and thus places the different communities of interest between the entities without any cohesion at all and those with legal personality or who are deprived of legal personality for formal reasons.

The relationship between international regimes regulating intellectual property, traditional knowledge and biodiversity has received much attention in recent times. Of the many complex and controversial issues in contemporary international legal discourse on this matter, the protection of traditional knowledge (TK) stands out as a significant challenge. Choices abound in the search for modalities to regulate rights to use and control TK systems and their underlying biodiversity. In recent times, the protection of geographical indications (GIs) has emerged as an option for protecting TK. Despite the considerable enthusiasm over it, there is appreciable research dearth on how far and in what context GIs can be used as a protection model. Indeed, not only is the concept of GIs itself widely misunderstood. As well, analyses as to their applicability for protecting TK often reflect underlying cultural differences in the nature, scope and the jurisprudence regarding GIs across jurisdictions. This thesis examines the relationship between GIs and TK, focusing on the responsiveness of GIs to the needs and desires of indigenous peoples and local communities (ILCs). The thesis posits that the search for a model to protect TK should involve identifying different modalities, including those based on intellectual property, to fit to the nature and uses of TK in particular contexts. The analysis conceptualizes GIs as a form of IP that are structurally and functionally suitable to protect aspects of TK in traditional knowledge-based agricultural products (TKBAPs). Substantively, the thesis draws attention to the conceptual underpinnings of GIs as encompassing cultural and economic objectives in the protection of TK. As such, it is argued that stronger protection of GIs should be achieved by integrating the negotiations and discussion concerning GIs and TK at the international level. Further, the case is made for the determination of immediate challenges and long-term opportunities in choosing a legal means for protecting GIs at the national level. In this connection, the thesis suggests that the potential of GIs to meet national and local imperatives to protect TK be assessed, inter alia, based on their instrumentality for economic, biodiversity, cultural and food security objectives in protecting TKBAPs.