O objeto desta pesquisa é o desempenho térmico do sistema passivo parede Trombe para aquecimento e arrefecimento. O objetivo é avaliar o desempenho térmico dessa tecnologia específica, nesse caso, no clima da cidade de São Paulo. Os métodos utilizados foram a execução do projeto com diretrizes originadas da literatura científica, a construção de dois protótipos, o monitoramento térmico desses protótipos, o tratamento dos dados e a análise e interpretação destes. Os resultados mostram o desempenho encontrado para o clima da cidade de São Paulo e apontam para novas possibilidades de pesquisas. / The object of this research is the thermal performance of the Trombe wall passive system for heating and cooling. The objective is the evaluation of the environmental performance of this technology, in this case, in the climate of the city of São Paulo. The methods used were the execution of a project with guidelines originated from scientific literature, the construction of two prototypes and their thermal monitoring, data treatment and their analyses and interpretation. The results show the performance of the system for the climate of the city of São Paulo and point out to new research possibilities.

Materiais aplicados na construção civil são importantes para fornecer segurança e conforto às pessoas. Quanto mais adequadas as propriedades térmicas, menos energia é necessária para aquecer ou resfriar uma área construída. A NBR 15575:2013 - Desempenho de Edificações Habitacionais, padronizou desempenhos térmicos para construções. Os blocos estruturais cerâmicos atendem o padrão mínimo, porém acredita-se que seu desempenho possa ser melhorado utilizando materiais de características isolantes dentro de seus furos verticais. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar compósitos de matriz cimentícia com agregados leves para o aprimoramento térmico de blocos estruturais cerâmicos. Para o estudo, quatro corpos de prova foram produzidos preenchendo o vazado dos blocos com compósitos de matriz cimentícia utilizando 80% agregados leves (argila expandida, vermiculita, poliestireno expandido (EPS) e perlita expandida), 20% de cimento, além de uma amostra preenchida com graute estrutural que é comumente utilizado em edificações de alvenaria estrutural. Também foram produzidos corpos de prova com os compósitos, para a análise de massa específica, microscopia, resistência à compressão, absorção de água e desempenho térmico medido por termografia. Nos blocos, analisou-se massa final preenchido, absorção de água e desempenho térmico. No estudo termográfico, os blocos preenchidos foram comparados ao bloco cerâmico vazado padrão. Concluiu-se que o preenchimento dos vazados dos blocos com todos os compósitos leves e com o graute estrutural proporcionou um desempenho térmico melhor que o do bloco padrão, se destacando o EPS como melhor desempenho. O desempenho térmico dos prismas de compósitos confirmou o que foi observado nos corpos de prova de blocos. Assim foram feitos novos corpos de prova maximizando o teor de EPS para 85% e 90%. A análise térmica destas amostras apresentou melhor resultado para EPS 90%. O aumento do teor de EPS diminuiu a resistência à compressão e aumentou a absorção de água, porém, como o foco é o desempenho térmico e o bloco preenchido com o compósito EPS (90%) atende as características normativas, esta pode ser uma solução interessante. / Materials applied in civil construction are important to provide security and comfort to people. The more appropriate the thermal properties are, the less energy it is necessary to provide heat or cold to a constructed area. The NBR 15575:2013 standard, which deals with the Performance of Residential Constructions, has standardized thermal performances for buildings. Structural ceramic blocks meet the minimum standard, but it is believed that their performance can be improved by means of materials with isolating characteristics within their vertical holes. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate cementitious matrix composites with lightweight aggregates for thermal improvement of ceramic structural blocks. For the study, four specimens were produced by filling the hollow spaces of the blocks with cementitious matrix composites using 80% of lightweight aggregates (expanded clay, vermiculite, expanded polystyrene – EPS –, and expanded perlite), and 20% of cement. These were compared to a sample filled with structural grout, which is commonly used in structural masonry buildings. Specimens were also produced with the composites for specific mass analysis, microscopy, compression resistance, water absorption and thermal performance measured by thermography. In the blocks, the final, filled weight was analyzed, as well as water absorption and thermal performance. In the thermographic study, the filled blocks were compared to standard ceramic hollow blocks. It was concluded that filling the hollow spaces of the blocks with all the lightweight composites and structural grout provided a better thermal performance than that of standard blocks, highlighting EPS as having the best performance. Thermal performance of the composite prisms confirms what was observed in the block specimens. Thus, new specimens were made maximizing the EPS content to 85% and 90%. Thermal analysis of these samples presented better results for EPS 90%. The increase in the EPS content decreased compression resistance and increased water absorption. However, as the focus is thermal performance and as the block filled with EPS composite (90%) meets the requirements of the standard, this may be an interesting solution.

Environmental consciousness leads the construction industry to greater concerns about local adaptation, less waste of resources and energy efficiency In Brazil, earth construction is a feasible approach to house building in many locations and can play a useful part in resolving the housing problems faced by that country, being already a popular approach to providing affordable housing for low income groups within the population, particularly in the Northeast Region of the country, although usually not built correctly. Although used since the colonial period, from 1500, knowledge around earth systems is not formally embedded within the Brazilian building standards and this is unhelpful in terms of promoting quality of performance of buildings thus constructed. For example, appropriate use of high thermal mass in conjunction with natural ventilation, which is frequently used in Brazil due to energy costs, can significantly influence the thermal comfort within residences, but appropriate guidance is lacking. This research considers the combined effects of earth construction and natural ventilation upon thermal comfort within social housing in Northeast Brazil. The main thesis hypothesis is that the use of thermal mass provided by earth construction combined with natural ventilation results in acceptable levels of thermal performance with respect to thermal comfort in both hot and humid and hot and dry climates. The aim is to evaluate the thermal performance of high thermal mass dwellings using adobe system combined with natural ventilation in the bioclimatic zones of Brazil's Northeast Region. The method explores thermal performance simulation using Design Builder, a graphical interface for Energy Plus program. The assessment uses parametric analysis and the adaptive thermal comfort index from de Dear and Brager (1998). The results suggest that earth construction provides a high number of comfort hours in all bioclimatic zones in Northeast Brazil and ventilation use enhances the comfort sensation.

Cette recherche est basée sur une étude numérique de performances thermiques d'un habitat bioclimatique. Dans cette étude, nous avons considérés deux habitats bioclimatiques, l'un concernant un habitat classique de toiture en tôles d'aluminium, de faux plafond en laine de bois et le second, un habitat intégrant du panneau de MCP qui sépare la toiture en tuiles transparentes de l'enceinte parallélépipédique. Les équations de transfert de chaleur dans l'habitat sont basées sur la méthode nodale et sont déduites d'un bilan thermique établi pour les différents composants de l'habitat. Les transferts de chaleur dans l'unité de stockage sont axées sur la méthode enthalpique et purement conductif. Elles sont résolues par une méthode implicite aux différences finies et les algorithmes de Gauss et de Thomas. Nous avons analysé l'influence de certains paramètres tels que : le flux solaire, l'épaisseur du mur, la température maximale et minimale, et le taux de renouvellement d'air sur les distributions de températures des composants de l'habitat et de l'unité de stockage, les efficacités thermiques de stockage et de déstockage de l'unité de stockage. Une modélisation des phénomènes de transfert de chaleur dans l'habitat et dans l'unité de stockage est présentée, complétée par une simulation du fonctionnement du système basée sur les notions de journée type à travers les données météorologiques de la région de Ouagadougou et terminé par une analyse technico-économique. / This research is based on a numerical study of thermal performances of a bioclimatic habitat. In this study, we considered two bioclimatic habitats, one concerning a conventional aluminum roofing habitat, wood-wool false ceilings, and the second, a habitat incorporating a MCP panel that separates the roof into tiles transparent parallelepipedic enclosure. The heat transfer equations in the habitat are based on the nodal method and are deduced from a heat balance established for the different components of the habitat. The heat transfers in the storage unit are focused on the enthalpy and purely conductive method. They are solved by an implicit finite difference method and the Gauss and Thomas algorithms. We analyzed the influence of certain parameters such as: solar flux, wall thickness, maximum and minimum temperature, and the rate of air exchange on the temperature distributions of the components of the habitat and water. Storage unit, the thermal efficiencies of storage and retrieval of the storage unit. A modeling of the heat transfer phenomena in the habitat and in the storage unit is presented, completed by a simulation of the functioning of the system based on the notions of typical day through the meteorological data of the region of Ouagadougou and ended by a technical and economic analysis.

O objeto desta pesquisa é o desempenho térmico do sistema passivo parede Trombe para aquecimento e arrefecimento. O objetivo é avaliar o desempenho térmico dessa tecnologia específica, nesse caso, no clima da cidade de São Paulo. Os métodos utilizados foram a execução do projeto com diretrizes originadas da literatura científica, a construção de dois protótipos, o monitoramento térmico desses protótipos, o tratamento dos dados e a análise e interpretação destes. Os resultados mostram o desempenho encontrado para o clima da cidade de São Paulo e apontam para novas possibilidades de pesquisas. / The object of this research is the thermal performance of the Trombe wall passive system for heating and cooling. The objective is the evaluation of the environmental performance of this technology, in this case, in the climate of the city of São Paulo. The methods used were the execution of a project with guidelines originated from scientific literature, the construction of two prototypes and their thermal monitoring, data treatment and their analyses and interpretation. The results show the performance of the system for the climate of the city of São Paulo and point out to new research possibilities.

The aim of this study was to investigate the thermal performance of residential units in the Middle East Technical University (METU) Campus, Ankara. The study was conducted on the unoccupied residential units to eliminate the occupant interventions. There were only three unoccupied residential units in the study period, hence sample was considered as randomly selected. Case study units were triplex row houses and all physical characteristics were identical apart from their orientations. The thermal performance of these three residential units was assessed by compiling data on temperature and relative humidity from a number of their rooms on certain days in January and February. The study was conducted in winter months, because heating loads are more significant than cooling loads for energy consumption in Ankara / the measurement period was determined according to the coldest days of the year. In this context, the temperature and humidity charts were evaluated and one of the units was simulated using the software tool Ecotect v.5.20. The simulation temperature charts demonstrate similar behavior and trends as the measured temperature / although, it was approximately 4 0C lower than the measured temperature. The possible reason for such a difference may be the precision of the material properties. Six different calibrations were tested by changing the thermal properties of the envelope materials to obtain comparable results with the measured temperature readings. Based on the calibrated model, it was found that an increase in the U-value of the envelope materials did not have a significant effect on the simulated temperature charts.

A rapid growth in the national electricity demand is placing an ever-increasing demand on the national electricity supply utility, Eskom. Projections show that the load demand in South Africa may exceed the installed capacity by as early as 2007. This is mainly due to the increase in demand in the residential sector as a result of the electrification of rural and previously disadvantaged communities. However, the industrial and commercial sectors also have a role in this increase. In an attempt to reduce the demand for electricity Eskom has adopted its Demand Side Management (DSM) initiative. This initiative is aimed at lowering the electricity demand in peak times through energy efficiency (EE) or load shift, out of peak demand times. Eskom is implementing the DSM strategy by financing Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) to reduce the demand load of major electricity end-users during peak times. Buildings consume a large percentage of the total energy supply in the world. Most of the energy consumed in buildings is used by the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, as well as lighting. However, a large potential for energy savings exists in buildings. Studies have shown that up to 70% of the electricity consumption of a building can be saved through retrofit studies. However, to capitalise on these opportunities, the ESCOs require tools and procedures that would enable them to accomplish energy savings studies quickly and efficiently. It should be a holistic approach to the typical ESCO building audit. A study of current available software programs showed the lack of holistic tools aimed specifically at retrofit audits, and therefore also the need for such a program. The building simulation program most suited to the retrofit study was chosen and it was used in a retrofit audit. By emulating a retrofit audit with this software, its performance in the field, both positive and negative, could be established. With the experience gained from the retrofit study, as well as input from ESCOs in the industry, a need for such a retrofit tool was established. The simulation program that was tested in the retrofit study is the tool Quickcontrol, as well as the newer version of the program, entitled QEC. The case study showed that even though these packages are well suited to ESCO work, they have certain drawbacks in view of the holistic project approach. The ESCOs require a simple, fast, and integrated procedure for energy audits. This procedure should be embodied in a software program. This study proposes a new integrated procedure for energy audits and the analyses of buildings, in the form of a software tool. This new tool is geared towards the ESCO building audit, in both South A6ica and internationally. It is designed to enable a diplomate engineer to accomplish a building energy and retrofit analysis in two weeks, leading the user through all the main project steps, from data acquisition to writing of the final project report. This is a significant improvement, since it normally takes 50 man-days for an experienced and trained engineering team to complete a full building audit. This tool was used in a case study to test its validity and accuracy. It was found that certain situations would arise in which the criteria that were set for the program would not be adequate. The results from the case study were favourable and satisfied the criteria that were set for the procedure. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

A rapid growth in the national electricity demand is placing an ever-increasing demand on the national electricity supply utility, Eskom. Projections show that the load demand in South Africa may exceed the installed capacity by as early as 2007. This is mainly due to the increase in demand in the residential sector as a result of the electrification of rural and previously disadvantaged communities. However, the industrial and commercial sectors also have a role in this increase. In an attempt to reduce the demand for electricity Eskom has adopted its Demand Side Management (DSM) initiative. This initiative is aimed at lowering the electricity demand in peak times through energy efficiency (EE) or load shift, out of peak demand times. Eskom is implementing the DSM strategy by financing Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) to reduce the demand load of major electricity end-users during peak times. Buildings consume a large percentage of the total energy supply in the world. Most of the energy consumed in buildings is used by the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, as well as lighting. However, a large potential for energy savings exists in buildings. Studies have shown that up to 70% of the electricity consumption of a building can be saved through retrofit studies. However, to capitalise on these opportunities, the ESCOs require tools and procedures that would enable them to accomplish energy savings studies quickly and efficiently. It should be a holistic approach to the typical ESCO building audit. A study of current available software programs showed the lack of holistic tools aimed specifically at retrofit audits, and therefore also the need for such a program. The building simulation program most suited to the retrofit study was chosen and it was used in a retrofit audit. By emulating a retrofit audit with this software, its performance in the field, both positive and negative, could be established. With the experience gained from the retrofit study, as well as input from ESCOs in the industry, a need for such a retrofit tool was established. The simulation program that was tested in the retrofit study is the tool Quickcontrol, as well as the newer version of the program, entitled QEC. The case study showed that even though these packages are well suited to ESCO work, they have certain drawbacks in view of the holistic project approach. The ESCOs require a simple, fast, and integrated procedure for energy audits. This procedure should be embodied in a software program. This study proposes a new integrated procedure for energy audits and the analyses of buildings, in the form of a software tool. This new tool is geared towards the ESCO building audit, in both South A6ica and internationally. It is designed to enable a diplomate engineer to accomplish a building energy and retrofit analysis in two weeks, leading the user through all the main project steps, from data acquisition to writing of the final project report. This is a significant improvement, since it normally takes 50 man-days for an experienced and trained engineering team to complete a full building audit. This tool was used in a case study to test its validity and accuracy. It was found that certain situations would arise in which the criteria that were set for the program would not be adequate. The results from the case study were favourable and satisfied the criteria that were set for the procedure. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

A pesquisa analisa o desempenho térmico de duas edificações escolares distintas, o Centro de Educação Profissional do Vale do Caí e a Escola de Ensino Fundamental Frei Pacífico, localizados em municipalidades também distintas e compostos por tipologia arquitetônica e orientação solar similares. Método: Os dois casos estudados tiveram o seu desempenho analisado pelo método de medição in loco, com coleta horária das variáveis de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, fazendo uso de data loggers. A amostra foi composta por uma sala de aula, em cada ambiente de ensino. Objetivos: Foram objetivos desta pesquisa: caracterizar os estudos de caso; calcular as propriedades térmicas dos fechamentos; apontar distinções no procedimento de coleta de dados; analisar o desempenho térmico das salas estudadas, considerando o período de medições e o período de ocupação; e comparar dados climáticos das municipalidades com os dados climáticos de Porto Alegre. As análises foram estruturadas por estações do ano, com análise de temperatura (incluindo atraso e amortecimento térmico) e umidade relativa do ar. Auxiliaram nas análises de dados, a metodologia de análise de graus-hora e a carta bioclimática proposta por Givoni. Foram realizadas análises considerando o período de medições e o período de ocupação das escolas. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram um desempenho mais satisfatório para o Centro de Educação Profissional do Vale do Caí, o que pode ser atribuído à inércia térmica e às propriedades térmicas dos fechamentos deste edifício, mesmo tendo apresentado oscilações maiores de temperatura e umidade relativa. A análise dos dados climáticos das municipalidades permitiu identificar algumas similaridades com os do município de Porto Alegre, embora a proximidade deste com massas d’água tenham demonstrado interferência considerável na amplitude térmica e na umidade relativa do ar. / The research examines the thermal performance of two different school buildings, Vale do Caí Professional Education Center and Frei Pacífico Elementary School, located in different municipalities and also composed of similar architectural style and solar orientation. Method: The two cases studied had their performance evaluated by the in situ measurement method, with hourly collected hourly rate of the variables of temperature and relative humidity, using data loggers. The sample consisted of one classroom in each teaching environment. Objectives: The objectives of this research: were to characterize the case studies; to calculate the thermal properties of the elements; to point out distinctions in the procedure of collecting data; to analyze the thermal performance of the classrooms studied, considering the measurement period and the period of occupation; and comparing climatic data of municipalities to the climate data from Porto Alegre. The analysis was structured by seasons, with analysis of temperature (including thermal delay and thermal damping) and relative humidity, to help the data analysis methodology degree-hours and bioclimatic chart proposed by Givoni. There were analyses considering the measurement period and the period of school occupation. Results: The results showed a more satisfactory performance for Vale do Caí Professional Education Center, which can be attributed to thermal inertia and thermal properties of the closures of the building, though it had the highest swings in temperature and relative humidity. The analysis of climate data of the municipalities identified some similarities with that of the city of Porto Alegre, although the proximity of masses of water to the later, demonstrated considerable interference in the temperature and relative humidity ranges.

Materiais aplicados na construção civil são importantes para fornecer segurança e conforto às pessoas. Quanto mais adequadas as propriedades térmicas, menos energia é necessária para aquecer ou resfriar uma área construída. A NBR 15575:2013 - Desempenho de Edificações Habitacionais, padronizou desempenhos térmicos para construções. Os blocos estruturais cerâmicos atendem o padrão mínimo, porém acredita-se que seu desempenho possa ser melhorado utilizando materiais de características isolantes dentro de seus furos verticais. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar compósitos de matriz cimentícia com agregados leves para o aprimoramento térmico de blocos estruturais cerâmicos. Para o estudo, quatro corpos de prova foram produzidos preenchendo o vazado dos blocos com compósitos de matriz cimentícia utilizando 80% agregados leves (argila expandida, vermiculita, poliestireno expandido (EPS) e perlita expandida), 20% de cimento, além de uma amostra preenchida com graute estrutural que é comumente utilizado em edificações de alvenaria estrutural. Também foram produzidos corpos de prova com os compósitos, para a análise de massa específica, microscopia, resistência à compressão, absorção de água e desempenho térmico medido por termografia. Nos blocos, analisou-se massa final preenchido, absorção de água e desempenho térmico. No estudo termográfico, os blocos preenchidos foram comparados ao bloco cerâmico vazado padrão. Concluiu-se que o preenchimento dos vazados dos blocos com todos os compósitos leves e com o graute estrutural proporcionou um desempenho térmico melhor que o do bloco padrão, se destacando o EPS como melhor desempenho. O desempenho térmico dos prismas de compósitos confirmou o que foi observado nos corpos de prova de blocos. Assim foram feitos novos corpos de prova maximizando o teor de EPS para 85% e 90%. A análise térmica destas amostras apresentou melhor resultado para EPS 90%. O aumento do teor de EPS diminuiu a resistência à compressão e aumentou a absorção de água, porém, como o foco é o desempenho térmico e o bloco preenchido com o compósito EPS (90%) atende as características normativas, esta pode ser uma solução interessante. / Materials applied in civil construction are important to provide security and comfort to people. The more appropriate the thermal properties are, the less energy it is necessary to provide heat or cold to a constructed area. The NBR 15575:2013 standard, which deals with the Performance of Residential Constructions, has standardized thermal performances for buildings. Structural ceramic blocks meet the minimum standard, but it is believed that their performance can be improved by means of materials with isolating characteristics within their vertical holes. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate cementitious matrix composites with lightweight aggregates for thermal improvement of ceramic structural blocks. For the study, four specimens were produced by filling the hollow spaces of the blocks with cementitious matrix composites using 80% of lightweight aggregates (expanded clay, vermiculite, expanded polystyrene – EPS –, and expanded perlite), and 20% of cement. These were compared to a sample filled with structural grout, which is commonly used in structural masonry buildings. Specimens were also produced with the composites for specific mass analysis, microscopy, compression resistance, water absorption and thermal performance measured by thermography. In the blocks, the final, filled weight was analyzed, as well as water absorption and thermal performance. In the thermographic study, the filled blocks were compared to standard ceramic hollow blocks. It was concluded that filling the hollow spaces of the blocks with all the lightweight composites and structural grout provided a better thermal performance than that of standard blocks, highlighting EPS as having the best performance. Thermal performance of the composite prisms confirms what was observed in the block specimens. Thus, new specimens were made maximizing the EPS content to 85% and 90%. Thermal analysis of these samples presented better results for EPS 90%. The increase in the EPS content decreased compression resistance and increased water absorption. However, as the focus is thermal performance and as the block filled with EPS composite (90%) meets the requirements of the standard, this may be an interesting solution.