The energy service industry is a newly emerging industry in Taiwan, where related regulations and measures are still at an immature stage. The business operation models include being a motivator in regard to energy conservation, becoming an ESCO, or developing strategies covering both areas. The implementation will help present energy users to break through existing bottlenecks involving: funds, manpower, technology, and recycling term; change the environment where the Government is currently the main motivator; and attract private companies to participate in energy saving and carbon reduction. First, topics for in-depth interviews were established in order to obtain a better understanding of the operational environment of ESCOs in Taiwan, including any obstructions encountered during the development of the ESCO industry. Second, in-depth interviews were carried out with selected ESCOs via explorative research and quantitative methods. The interview data were analyzed and discussed. The following results were obtained regarding the domestic ESCO industry: 1. The status of current development and business opportunities is promising. 2. Factors affecting current development include the lack of regulations, subsidizing plans, third party authentication, energy-saving technologies, and financing solutions. 3. The financing difficulties include: insufficient collateral, sound financial reports, or banks¡¦ understanding of the ESCO industry. 4. The key success factors for the domestic ESCOs to enter the global ESCO market include: the accuracy of the energy-saving reports and income estimates, provision of integrated energy-saving technologies, and utilization of the small and medium business credit guarantee funds and loans. 5. Business models that best suit the development of domestic ESCOs include: sharing energy, performance guarantees, and equipment lease.

A rapid growth in the national electricity demand is placing an ever-increasing demand on the national electricity supply utility, Eskom. Projections show that the load demand in South Africa may exceed the installed capacity by as early as 2007. This is mainly due to the increase in demand in the residential sector as a result of the electrification of rural and previously disadvantaged communities. However, the industrial and commercial sectors also have a role in this increase. In an attempt to reduce the demand for electricity Eskom has adopted its Demand Side Management (DSM) initiative. This initiative is aimed at lowering the electricity demand in peak times through energy efficiency (EE) or load shift, out of peak demand times. Eskom is implementing the DSM strategy by financing Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) to reduce the demand load of major electricity end-users during peak times. Buildings consume a large percentage of the total energy supply in the world. Most of the energy consumed in buildings is used by the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, as well as lighting. However, a large potential for energy savings exists in buildings. Studies have shown that up to 70% of the electricity consumption of a building can be saved through retrofit studies. However, to capitalise on these opportunities, the ESCOs require tools and procedures that would enable them to accomplish energy savings studies quickly and efficiently. It should be a holistic approach to the typical ESCO building audit. A study of current available software programs showed the lack of holistic tools aimed specifically at retrofit audits, and therefore also the need for such a program. The building simulation program most suited to the retrofit study was chosen and it was used in a retrofit audit. By emulating a retrofit audit with this software, its performance in the field, both positive and negative, could be established. With the experience gained from the retrofit study, as well as input from ESCOs in the industry, a need for such a retrofit tool was established. The simulation program that was tested in the retrofit study is the tool Quickcontrol, as well as the newer version of the program, entitled QEC. The case study showed that even though these packages are well suited to ESCO work, they have certain drawbacks in view of the holistic project approach. The ESCOs require a simple, fast, and integrated procedure for energy audits. This procedure should be embodied in a software program. This study proposes a new integrated procedure for energy audits and the analyses of buildings, in the form of a software tool. This new tool is geared towards the ESCO building audit, in both South A6ica and internationally. It is designed to enable a diplomate engineer to accomplish a building energy and retrofit analysis in two weeks, leading the user through all the main project steps, from data acquisition to writing of the final project report. This is a significant improvement, since it normally takes 50 man-days for an experienced and trained engineering team to complete a full building audit. This tool was used in a case study to test its validity and accuracy. It was found that certain situations would arise in which the criteria that were set for the program would not be adequate. The results from the case study were favourable and satisfied the criteria that were set for the procedure. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

A rapid growth in the national electricity demand is placing an ever-increasing demand on the national electricity supply utility, Eskom. Projections show that the load demand in South Africa may exceed the installed capacity by as early as 2007. This is mainly due to the increase in demand in the residential sector as a result of the electrification of rural and previously disadvantaged communities. However, the industrial and commercial sectors also have a role in this increase. In an attempt to reduce the demand for electricity Eskom has adopted its Demand Side Management (DSM) initiative. This initiative is aimed at lowering the electricity demand in peak times through energy efficiency (EE) or load shift, out of peak demand times. Eskom is implementing the DSM strategy by financing Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) to reduce the demand load of major electricity end-users during peak times. Buildings consume a large percentage of the total energy supply in the world. Most of the energy consumed in buildings is used by the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, as well as lighting. However, a large potential for energy savings exists in buildings. Studies have shown that up to 70% of the electricity consumption of a building can be saved through retrofit studies. However, to capitalise on these opportunities, the ESCOs require tools and procedures that would enable them to accomplish energy savings studies quickly and efficiently. It should be a holistic approach to the typical ESCO building audit. A study of current available software programs showed the lack of holistic tools aimed specifically at retrofit audits, and therefore also the need for such a program. The building simulation program most suited to the retrofit study was chosen and it was used in a retrofit audit. By emulating a retrofit audit with this software, its performance in the field, both positive and negative, could be established. With the experience gained from the retrofit study, as well as input from ESCOs in the industry, a need for such a retrofit tool was established. The simulation program that was tested in the retrofit study is the tool Quickcontrol, as well as the newer version of the program, entitled QEC. The case study showed that even though these packages are well suited to ESCO work, they have certain drawbacks in view of the holistic project approach. The ESCOs require a simple, fast, and integrated procedure for energy audits. This procedure should be embodied in a software program. This study proposes a new integrated procedure for energy audits and the analyses of buildings, in the form of a software tool. This new tool is geared towards the ESCO building audit, in both South A6ica and internationally. It is designed to enable a diplomate engineer to accomplish a building energy and retrofit analysis in two weeks, leading the user through all the main project steps, from data acquisition to writing of the final project report. This is a significant improvement, since it normally takes 50 man-days for an experienced and trained engineering team to complete a full building audit. This tool was used in a case study to test its validity and accuracy. It was found that certain situations would arise in which the criteria that were set for the program would not be adequate. The results from the case study were favourable and satisfied the criteria that were set for the procedure. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Energy Performance Contracting is an energy saving method, when the supplier guarantees a certain minimal level of energy savings to the customer, as well as non-rising energy costs. The method was developed at the turn of 70's and 80's in the USA and has spread to dozens of countries around the world till today, although the rate of the EPC market development differs from country to country. The method is useful mostly for heating, electricity and gas cost savings by the end-users. In the Czech Republic, the method has been used since 1993. Until now, several dozens, or even hundreds of projects have been realized, mostly for public sector customers. This paper analyzes the current state of the EPC method usage around the world as well as in the Czech Republic, the key part comprises of the EPC principles description, based on data from real EPC contracts. The work is concluded by a SWOT analysis of the method and by a discussion of the following question: "Can EPC projects blockade the overall saving potential in some cases?" The key information source for most of the work were answers to questions sent to eight Czech ESCO companies representatives, as well as the outputs from guided interviews with four of them, which were taking place between January and May 2009.

Annual building renovation rates in Europe currently stand at 0.4 to 1.2%. In order for Europe to meetits energy efficiency targets a “renovation wave” will have to be triggered that will, at least double, the current rates (“A European Green Deal | European Commission” 2019). It is clear, in the “Clean Energy Package for All Europeans”, that the European Commission regards Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) as a key tool to boost the aforementioned “renovation wave”. This is a renovation model in which the client shares the performance and financial risk of the energy efficiency renovation with the Energy Service (ESCO), responsible for designing, implementing, and operating the project during its lifetime. This is a model that has not seen the expected uptake in Europe its potential suggested, due to a set of, already well identified, regulatory, market, financial and social barriers. This project proposes an innovative EPC model – the Integrated Benefits Model – that aims at tackling some of the current barriers and envisions what the future of energy consumption in buildings can be. This model was tested in a real case study and was shown to reduce the project’s payback time by 16% when compared to a traditional energy efficiency renovation. This increases the attractiveness of energy retrofits among building owners. To address some of the remaining barriers, a set of recommendations to stakeholders was drafted, in order to facilitate a wider adoption of EPCs (and in particular the Integrated Benefits Model) across the whole value chain. / Byggnadsrenoveringsgraden ligger för närvarande på 0,4 till 1,2%. För att Europa ska kunna uppnå sina energieffektivitetsmål måste en ”renoveringsvåg” utlösas som åtminstone kommer att fördubbla den uvarande siffrorona (“A European Green Deal | European Commission” 2019). Det är tydligt i satsningen "Ren energi för alla européer" att Europeiska kommissionen ser Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) som ett nyckelverktyg för att utlösa den ovannämnda "renoveringsvågen". Detta är en renoveringsmodell där kunden delar prestanda och finansiell risk för energieffektivitetsrenoveringen med ett s.k. Energy Service Company (ESCO), som ansvarar för att utforma, implementera och driva projektet under dess livstid. Detta är dock en modell som inte har utvecklats som väntat i Europa trots sin potential. Skälet till detta är på grund av en uppsättning väl identifierade reglerande, marknadsmässiga, finansiella och sociala hinder. Detta projekt föreslår en innovativ EPC-modell - Integrated Benefits Model - som syftar till att ta itu med några av de nuvarande hindren. Denna modell testades i en riktig fallstudie och visade sig minska projektets återbetalningstid med 16% jämfört med en traditionell energieffektivitetsrenovering. Detta ökar attraktiviteten för energieffektiviseringsåtgärder bland byggnadsägare. För att ta itu med några av de återstående hindren har en uppsättning rekommendationer utarbetades till intressenter för att möjliggöra EPC:er (och särskilt den integrerade förmånsmodellen) över hela värdekedjan.

Abstract This study examines emerging service markets1 and creates a model to capture both the service provider’s activities within market development and the interplay between different market actors. This work aims to identify the key elements behind sustainable market development, specifically examining 1) market activities, 2) the role of innovation and 3) the necessary evolutionary factors, where a market consists of multiple buyers and sellers and comparable market offerings. The empirical part of the study is conducted in the form of a qualitative case study, which is used to analyse the dynamic nature of emerging market development. The study uses a multi-method approach to data collection to capture the market’s evolution and relationships between market actors. The study follows emerging energy saving market development taking the perspective of an Energy Service Company in Dubai. As the main outcome of the study, it is argued that the service provider needs to direct its activities to build those relationships necessary to gain market acceptance and a coherent market offering before it can truly exploit market opportunities. As a characteristic of an emerging market, different interpretations of an innovation increase market dynamics, which slows market acceptance. Therefore, the service provider’s innovation process needs to serve market needs first; later, when the market has evolved, the innovation process is divided into co-innovation and structured innovation. From the evolutionary point of view, many service markets need to be fostered by market actors, as well as needing government-built regulatory and market support mechanisms. This need is especially valid for services that have other societal goals beyond pure financial interests. For a new service provider, an understanding of emerging markets is essential to appropriately set expectations and to accurately plan for the timing and effort needed for market entry. 1 An emerging market in this study represents the market development phase that occurs when a market has been created. Markets are emerging everywhere regardless of country or other geographical area and should not be confused with developing country-related emerging markets. / Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja tutkii uusien markkinoiden kehittymistä erityisesti palveluliiketoiminnan ympärille, ja luo mallin, jolla voidaan tarkastella tällaisia markkinoita ja niiden kehittymistä. Mallissa huomioidaan palvelun tarjoajan aktiviteetit markkinoilla sekä vuorovaikutus muiden toimijoiden kanssa. Tutkimuksessa tunnistetaan keskeiset kehitysvaiheessa olevien markkinoiden elementit: 1) markkina-aktiviteetit, 2) innovaatio ja 3) kehittymisen edistämiseen liittyvät tekijät. Mallin mukaan nämä ovat edellytyksenä sille, että markkinoille muodostuu riittävä määrä sekä myyjiä että ostajia, jotta palvelutarjonnasta muodostuisi vertailukelpoista. Tämän tutkimuksen empiirinen osa on suoritettu laadullisena tapaustutkimuksena, jossa analysoidaan markkinoiden kehittymisen dynamiikkaa. Jotta markkinan kehittymistä ja markkinatoimijoiden välistä vuorovaikutusta voidaan tarkastella samanaikaisesti, on tutkimuksessa kerätty sekä haastattelu- että havainnointiaineistoa. Tutkimuksessa on seurattu kehityksen alkuvaiheessa olevan energiansäästömarkkinan kehittymistä ns. ESCO-palvelun tarjoajan näkökulmasta Dubaissa. Tutkimus osoittaa, että markkinoiden kehittymiseksi palvelun tarjoajan täytyy ensin keskittyä luomaan suhteet muihin markkinatoimijoihin, jotta yhdessä voidaan saavuttaa markkinoiden luottamus ja luoda yhteneväinen tarjonta, ennen kuin kilpaillaan markkinaosuuksista. Eri toimijoiden erilaiset tulkinnat markkinainnovaatiosta lisäävät dynamiikkaa ja vaikeuttaa markkinan yleistä hyväksymistä, jotka yhdessä siten hidastuttavat markkinan kehittymistä. Näistä syistä palveluntarjoajan tulisi kohdistaa innovaatioprosessinsa palvelemaan markkinan kehitystarpeita ensin ja vasta myöhemmin se voi keskittyä hyödyntämään mahdollisuuksia yhteiseen ja sisäiseen innovaatioon. Monet palvelumarkkinat vaativat kehittyäkseen toimijoita joiden tehtävä on pelkästään keskittyä edistämään markkinan kehitystä luomalla yhteisiä sääntely- ja tukimekanismeja. Nämä toimija ovat usein valtiollisia, erityisesti silloin kun markkinalla on myös yhteiskunnallisia tavoitteita, taloudellisten tavoitteiden rinnalla. Kehittyvät markkinat ja niiden mahdollisuuksien hyödyntäminen uudelle palveluntarjoajalle on haasteellinen konteksti ja menestyminen edellyttää sekä odotusten että panostusten asettamista realistisesti, jotta kehittyvillä markkinoilla voidaan ylipäätään toimia.

Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) is an important tool to disseminate energy efficiency measures. This study focuses on the main barriers and success factors for EPC market in order to build capacity in this subject. A pilot study of questionnaire took part among the local authorities of four countries within the European Union; Croatia, Denmark, Czech Republic and Slovakia. The results of this pilot study were combined with the results of a literature research to identify common disadvantages and key points of the market. Afterwards, the most important actions to be taken on national and international level in European Union were discussed. According to this study, the supportive legal framework for the energy efficiency measures, access to financial resources, reliable energy consumption data and trust in Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) were remarked as the essential factors for increasing the capacity of the EPC. / Intelligent Energy Europe, ManagEnergy

由於石化能源的蘊藏量有限，各國政府目前以能源的安全供給與環保的使用做為主要的能源政策，經過各國公部門與私部門多年來的努力，許多替代能源的技術雖然開始商品化，但實際上對於傳統石化能源依賴度的減少，仍舊有限。反觀節能技術雖然表面上不如屬於”開源”概念的再生能源響亮，但技術的成熟度與產業化對於減少石化能源依賴的貢獻度並不亞於開源的效果，尤其許多發展中的國家短期內勢必無法負擔新的再生能源技術所要付出的昂貴能源費用，能源管理服務業所能提供的節能效果，可以同時解決能源效率低落所造成的浪費以及環境的衝擊。 而能源管理服務業重點在於節能，歐洲與日本市場無論是民眾或是政府在開發替代能源與節約能源的議題上之成果有目共睹，但反觀耗能最高的美國、發展中的中國，節能議題相對來講更形重要，這與台灣的狀況相當類似，因此本研究期望經由法制政策面、產業面以及智慧財產佈局狀況，探討美國與中國之能源管理服務業之現況，並與台灣本身能源管理服務業之發展做比較，提出能源管理服務業未來發展上的建議。 1. 能源管理服務業不宜將有限資源過分集中於發展太陽能與風力發電技術 2. 以美國市場為鏡，以中國大陸能源管理市場為目標 3. 積極從事中國大陸能源管理服務業相關技術之專利佈局 4. ”中央能源管理服務系統”概念的導入-節能減排的技術與服務的創新 5. 發展能源管理服務業住宅之應用 6. 創新的融資模式 7. 人員的培訓與教育 / Due to the limited deposits of fusil energy, the safety and environment protection of energy use ate the most two crucial issues among the countries. After decades of development, alternative energy commercialization successfully started in developed countries. Nevertheless, it’s still not material enough comparing to the energy consumption now days. However, the effect of the energy efficiency technologies is far more practical for developing countries that do not have enough budget for alternative renewable energy research and development. With effective energy management, the Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) can reduce significantly the waste of energy and the influence to the environment while mitigate the impact of the economical growth of emerging countries. ESCOs profit from the energy conservation of their clients by enhance the energy efficiency in various categories including utilities, government, industrial and commercial sectors. According to present study, European countries and Japan in Asia have already developed outstanding environmental friendly policies both in public and private sectors. On the other hand, highly energy consumption country like United States and rapidly growing China just started to deal with this global warming problem and hopefully can still maintain the economy growth at the same time. Undoubtedly, we face the same issue here in Taiwan. As a result, this study is trying to gather and analyze information about ESCO industry in United States, China and Taiwan from three aspects, governmental policies, industry environment and intellectual property strategies to conclude as well as raise opinion and suggestion about the future development of ESCOs. This study concludes in following opinion and suggestion, 1. ESCOs shouldn’t emphasize all their resources to conduct Solar and Wind power technologies instead of energy efficiency technologies. 2. Learn the track of ESCOs in United States and focus on the market in China. 3. Aggressively develop intellectual property strategies about ESCO related subjects in China. 4. Introduce the concept of “Centralized Energy Management System” and encourage innovation of law carbon discharge and high efficiency technologies. 5. Develop ESCO model in residential application. 6. Develop creative fund raising tools for ESCOs. 7. Invest in education and training program related to ESCO industry.