Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GeorgeCS_DISSERT.pdf: 2052095 bytes, checksum: 94bcb92ee6c4f6a8299833c1b6b33205 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-12 / New materials made from industrial wastes have been studied as an alternative to traditional fabrication processes in building and civil engineering. These materials are produced considering some issues like: cost, efficiency and reduction of nvironmental damage. Specifically in cases of materials destined to dwellings in low latitude regions, like Brazilian Northeast, efficiency is related to mechanical and thermal resistance. Thus, when thermal insulation and energetic efficiency are aimed, it s important to increase thermal resistance without depletion of mechanical properties. This research was conducted on a construction element made of two plates of cement mortar, interspersed with a plate of recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS). This component, widely known as sandwich-panel, is commonly manufactured with commercial EPS whose substitution was proposed in this study. For this purpose it was applied a detailed methodology that defines parameters to a rational batching of the elements that constitute the nucleus. Samples of recycled EPS were made in two different values of apparent specific mass (ρ = 65 kg/m?; ρ = 130 kg/m?) and submitted to the Quick-Line 30TM that is a thermophysical properties analyzer. Based on the results of thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and thermal diffusivity obtained, it was possible to assure that recycled EPS has thermal insulation characteristics that qualify it to replace commercial EPS in building and civil engineering industry / Novos materiais desenvolvidos a partir de res?duos industriais v?m sendo estudados como alternativa aos modelos tradicionalmente empregados na constru??o civil. Para desenvolvimento desses materiais s?o considerados fatores como: custo, efici?ncia e redu??o de passivo ambiental. No caso espec?fico de materiais para aplica??o em habita??es situadas em baixas latitudes, como no Nordeste do Brasil, a efici?ncia diz respeito ?s resist?ncias mec?nica e t?rmica, onde o aumento da resist?ncia t?rmica, sem comprometimento da resist?ncia mec?nica, ? desej?vel quando se buscam a isola??o t?rmica e a efici?ncia energ?tica das edifica??es. No presente trabalho s?o apresentados os resultados do estudo de um elemento construtivo composto de placas de argamassa de cimento intercaladas por placa de EPS reciclado, constituindo um painel sandu?che para emprego na ind?stria da constru??o civil. Estuda-se detalhadamente a metodologia de execu??o desses pain?is, definindo-se par?metros para dosagem racional dos materiais que comp?em o n?cleo. Foram confeccionados corpos de prova com massas espec?ficas aparentes de 65 kg/m? e 130 kg/m?. As propriedades termof?sicas dos corpos de prova foram analisadas utilizando-se o equipamento Quick-Line 30TM, que forneceu dados de condutividade t?rmica, capacidade calor?fica e difusividade t?rmica. Com base nos resultados obtidos foi poss?vel constatar as boas caracter?sticas do EPS reciclado como material termoisolante, estando esse apto ? substitui??o do EPS comercial em pain?is de constru??o

Orientador: Lucila Chebel Labaki / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T10:20:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gutierrez_GraceCristinaRoel_M.pdf: 13332804 bytes, checksum: 2e59e6bab72a64cce872302835c70d3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa avalia o desempenho térmico do brise-soleil, em relação à radiação solar incidente em ambientes com aberturas protegidas. Os dispositivos testados foram selecionados considerando as tipologias e materiais utilizados em edificações da arquitetura moderna brasileira entre os anos 1930 e 1960. O desempenho térmico do brise-soleil é reconhecido em estudos de geometria de insolação e simulação com software, porém são raras as avaliações experimentais sob condições climáticas reais. A metodologia utilizada é baseada em pesquisas de desempenho térmico de elementos e componentes construtivos realizadas em protótipos. Através de um sistema de aquisição de dados são verificadas: variáveis ambientais (temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, radiação solar, pluviosidade, direção e velocidade dos ventos), e variáveis medidas nos protótipos (temperaturas do ar e superficiais). Os ensaios de campo foram realizados em protótipos localizados em Campinas, SP. Foram testados brise-soleil horizontal e vertical em madeira e concreto, e elemento vazado (concreto), fixos, expostos nas fachadas norte ou oeste, durante uma semana em cada orientação, nos períodos próximos aos equinócios e solstícios de verão e inverno. Nos ensaios realizados, os resultados mostraram a redução pontual de até 4,14ºC na temperatura interna, sendo o melhor desempenho térmico o da tipologia combinada. O brise-soleil vertical fixo perpendicular à fachada apresentou os piores resultados na fachada oeste, contrariando indicações usuais da literatura arquitetônica / Abstract: In this work the thermal performance of shading devices regarding solar radiation in indoor spaces with protected openings is analyzed. The typology and materials of shading devices were selected considering the elements used in Brazilian modern architecture buildings between the 1930 and 1960 decades. Most studies about shading devices are based on geometric drawings and software simulation analyzing the efficiency of provided protection during specific periods, however there are few experimental works performed under real climate conditions. In this investigation, three different devices were evaluated in the most problematic conditions of exposure, by acquiring measurable data of external parameters (air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, rain, wind speed and direction) and internal parameters (air temperature and surface temperatures) to verify their efficiency. These experiments were conducted at School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design of State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The investigated devices were horizontal and vertical sun-breakers of concrete and wood, and concrete eggcrate sunbreaker, fixed, on north and west exposures, for a week in each façade, in equinox and summer and winter solstices periods. In these tests, the eggcrate typology showed the best thermal performance, with a punctual reduction of up to 4,14ºC on internal air temperature. The vertical fixed devices registered the worst results on west façade, in contrast with current Brazilian architectural literature recommendation / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Os contêineres metálicos foram desenvolvidos para a utilização no setor de logística e transporte, mas por sua escala adaptável à das edificações e pela mobilidade e praticidade de instalação, tiveram sua utilização apropriada também pelo setor da construção civil. Essas instalações possuem diversas qualidades ambientalmente amigáveis, mas seu aspecto térmico é extremamente insuficiente: sem isolamento térmico, demandam alta carga térmica de refrigeração e aquecimento, no verão e inverno, respectivamente e, consequentemente, um alto consumo energético. Tal característica foi crucial para que se determinassem como objetivos da presente pesquisa investigar o comportamento térmico dessas construções metálicas, avaliar seus parâmetros de desempenho, conforto e estresse térmicos, por meio de uma ampla coleta de dados experimentais. O experimento com duração de um ano - contou com três tipologias de contêiner em escala real, sendo o primeiro em aço Tipo X sem isolamento térmico, o segundo com um isolamento térmico para o fenômeno da condução e o terceiro com isolamento térmico para o fenômeno da radiação. Os diferentes tipos de tratamentos térmicos proporcionaram melhorias à envoltória dos contêineres, chegando a uma diferença nas temperaturas internas de até 9 °C. Constatou-se a extrema necessidade de adequação do tipo de isolamento térmico dos contêineres ao uso a que tais instalações se destinam escritório ou alojamento, no caso dos canteiros de obras para que as características da envoltória minimizem de fato a demanda ou mesmo atinjam a eliminação da necessidade de condicionamento artificial. / Metal containers were developed to logistics and transportation sector, but as a result of their suitable scale to human occupation, and their mobility and installation convenience, their use was adopted by the construction sector. These installations have many environmentally friendly characteristics, but their thermal performance is extremely unsuitable for habitation: without thermal insulation, the containers have high cooling and heating thermal load, in summer and winter, respectively, and consequently, to achieve thermal comfort, a substantial amount of energy is consumed. This feature was important to determine that the researchs objectives were to investigate metallic constructions thermal performance, calculate their thermal performance parameters, thermal comfort and thermal stress through a wide collection of experimental data. The experiment with duration of one year was conducted in three real scale containers: all of them made of steel (called steel Type X): the first one had no thermal insulation, the second one had insulation for thermal conduction, and the third had a thermal barrier for radiation. This different types of thermal treatment provided improvement to the containers envelopes, achieving a difference in internal temperatures about 9 °C. The findings reveal that thermal insulation needs to correctly respond to the containers intended use office or accommodation, in the case of construction sites so that the envelopes characteristics can have an impact on minimizing energy demand or even eliminate the containers need for artificial heating and cooling.

As coberturas verdes fazem parte da arquitetura vernacular há séculos como solução para regulação térmica das edificações, retardando a transferência de calor para o ambiente interno e, no inverno, retardando as perdas de calor dos ambientes internos para o exterior da edificação (International Green Roof Association - IGRA). Em se adotando cobertura verde em edificações supõe-se haver economia no consumo de energia para se obter condições de conforto térmico nos ambientes. Baseado nessa suposição foi realizada uma pesquisa experimental onde, por meio de um estudo comparativo entre dois tipos de cobertura: a verde e a de telhas cerâmicas comprovou-se o potencial de economia de energia. A análise do comportamento térmico das coberturas verdes foi realizada por meio de coleta de dados de variáveis ambientais, durante um período de 10 meses, de um protótipo instrumentado, construído no Departamento de Engenharia de Construção Civil da Escola Politécnica da USP, São Paulo. Os dados levantados foram comparados com os dados de um segundo protótipo de mesmas dimensões e igualmente instrumentado, com cobertura cerâmica, sob as mesmas condições ambientais. A comparação dos resultados e análises em dias e episódios representativos de cada estação comprovaram a eficiência das coberturas verdes para retardar o ganho térmico da edificação. Espera-se que os resultados sejam incentivadores à larga aplicação dos telhados egetados, o que trará diversas vantagens para população. / Green roofing is been a part of the vernacular architecture for centuries as solution for constructions thermal regulation. It is known that they delay the heat transfer from the outside to the inside of the building, and during winter, they delay the heating loss from the inside to the outside of the building (International Green Roof Association - IGRA). By adopting green roofs in buildings, one assumes that there is economy in energy consumption to obtain conditions of thermal comfort in inner environments. Based on this assumption, an experimental research was accomplished where, through a comparative study between two types of roofing systems: green and ceramics, it was determined this energy saving potential of green roofs. The analysis of the green roofing thermal behavior was realized through data collection of environmental variables, during the period of ten months, from an instrumented prototype constructed at the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo. The collected data was compared to those of a second prototype with the same dimensions and equally instrumented, with ceramics roofing, under the same environmental conditions. The data comparison and analysis of specific days in each season, proved the green roof efficiency on retarding the building thermal gain. One expects that the results will encourage the application of green roofs, which will bring several advantages to the population.

This research aims to evaluate the thermal performance of housing built with the technology of reinforced concrete walls executed on site, for use in Brazilian Bioclimatic Zone 2. The study was conducted through in situ measurements of air temperature inside the four main types of single family housing of social interest of Zilda Arns allotment, in the town of Santa Maria-RS. Measurements were made in winter and summer, with the housing closed and also with the housing closed with sealing in places susceptible to air infiltration. The evaluations were made from the relationship between changes in internal temperatures and outdoor temperatures, and considering the influences of solar orientation and air infiltration, and internal thermal comfort through a comparative analysis of temperatures with ASHRAE (2004) limits. It was observed that the solar orientation has influence during winter and summer, however the air infiltration has little influence on thermal performance of housings. It was also observed that the building system provides good thermal performance for the summer period, but is not suitable to Bioclimatic Zone 2 during winter. As for thermal comfort, the housings presented cold discomfort for the whole period of winter and presented comfort in most of the analyzed summer period. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho térmico e o conforto térmico de habitações construídas com a tecnologia de paredes de concreto armado executadas no local, para uso na Zona Bioclimática 2 brasileira. O estudo foi realizado através de medições in loco da temperatura do ar no interior de quatro unidades com orientações solares predominantes de habitações unifamiliares de interesse social do loteamento Zilda Arns, na cidade de Santa Maria-RS. Foram feitas medições no inverno e no verão, com a casa fechada e também com a casa fechada com vedação nos locais passíveis de infiltração de ar. As avaliações foram .efetuadas a partir da relação entre as variações das temperaturas internas e das temperaturas externas, considerando ainda as influências da orientação solar e da infiltração de ar, e as condições de conforto térmico internas através de uma análise comparativa de temperaturas com valores limites da ASHRAE (2004). Foi observado que a orientação solar exerce influência nos períodos de inverno e verão, porém verificou-se que a infiltração de ar pouco influencia sobre o desempenho térmico das unidades. Observou-se ainda que o sistema construtivo apresenta bom desempenho térmico para o período de verão, porém não é adequado à Zona Bioclimática 2 no período de inverno. Quanto ao conforto térmico, as habitações apresentaram desconforto por frio em todo o período analisado de inverno e conforto na maior parte do período de verão.

As the earth’s climate changes due to anthropogenic emissions, it has increasingly become an imperative within the ecological community to understand existing species adaptations to climate change. Much focus has been paid to how a species might react to climate change, but the role of locally adapted traits and responsible environmental mechanisms have received less attention. Quantifying how sublethal (e.g. growth rates) and lethal (e.g. thermal tolerance) trait performance vary between populations can thus improve our understanding of how populations, and the entire species, will react to climate change. Here, I quantified the spatial patterns of performance of several traits in populations of the predatory marine snail Urosalpinx cinerea from across two thermal gradients on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America. In chapter 2, I quantified local adaptation and plasticity of thermal tolerance, warming tolerance, and developmental traits of Urosalpinx. I found that while low latitude populations have evolved higher thermal tolerance than their low latitude counterparts, they also demonstrate negative plasticity in response to higher acclimation temperatures. This is likely a result of low latitude population adaptation to cooler developmental conditions. Further, low latitude populations live in environments much closer to their thermal maxima than high latitude counterparts, resulting in higher climate sensitivity in low latitudes. In chapter 3, I quantified growth and consumption rates of Urosalpinx via a common garden experiment. I found evidence for a novel pattern of trait adaptation, wherein high latitude populations tended to have higher trait performance at higher thermal optima than low latitude counterparts. This can be attributed to the maximizing of growth rate during short growing seasons at high latitudes. Together, these results demonstrate that local adaptation in endemic across two traits in Urosalpinx. I demonstrate that these traits tend to be adapted to aspects of the environment directly related to aspects of Urosalpinx phenology, and not to environmental means as is commonly assumed. These insights suggest that models of organismal performance under climate change must consider not only the potential for local adaptation in populations, but also the aspects of the environment to which these populations are evolved.

This thesis deals with reconstruction of the heating system of the house after insulation and window replacement. First, the work deals with the description of the building, where are solved the structural elements and building construction and the original heating system is described. Another part deals with the selection of appropriate thermal insulation of external walls and roofs. The work deals with the detailed calculation of the nominal heat performance including domestic water heating. Subsequently, it is focused on solutions of suitable reconstruction of the heating system, which deals with the heat source, hot water circulation, radiators, temperature gradient, heating system security and temperature regulation of water in the domestic water storage heater. In the annexes are inserted construction drawings and the drawings of heating system. Drawings of heating systems are processed for the original condition. For the condition after insulation drawings are already processed with the proposed renovation of the heating system.

Global energy demand is increasing every year dramatically, which results global warming due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. So, to be environmentally friendly and sustainable, Sweden’s energy policy targets to reach 100 % renewable energy share in 2040. Already, Sweden achieved 50 % renewable energy share in 2012 which was targeted to achieve by 2020. Integration of solar heating system in residential sector, for space heating (SH) and domestic hot water (DHW), was one of the reasons for this achievement. Considerably, several numbers of solar heating systems were installed in houses until 2011. Thus, solar heating system could be a step towards to reach 2040s target. In 2011, detached Swedish house was installed with solar combi-system (SCS) which was designed to use 53% of solar energy. The main aim of this thesis is to analyze the thermal performance of SCS and correlation with its simulated system performance which is done in five steps.First step is the collection of measured data from the system for specific period one year from April 2019 to March 2020 and determined other unknown energy values in that data. In the second step, unknown data are calculated using scientific equations with information from users and reliable assumptions. Consequently, the analysis of measured data shows huge uncertainties. It follows to the third step as sensitivity analysis to enhance the assumption values. Thus, analyzed results are tabulated with reliable parameters and solar fraction (SF) of the measured data is calculated. In the fourth step, SH of the house is considered as reference to build a system model in Polysun simulation software, and the modelled results are verified with analyzed results. In the final step, system model is simulated by changing one-year weather profile to 10 years average weather profile. Thus, analyzed results and simulated results are compared to evaluate the performance. The real system has the SF of 52 % after sensitivity analysis whereas the simulated system showed the SF with percentage difference around 15 %.

Global energy demand is increasing every year dramatically, which results global warming due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. So, to be environmentally friendly and sustainable, Sweden’s energy policy targets to reach 100 % renewable energy share in 2040. Already, Sweden achieved 50 % renewable energy share in 2012 which was targeted to achieve by 2020. Integration of solar heating system in residential sector, for space heating (SH) and domestic hot water (DHW), was one of the reasons for this achievement. Considerably, several numbers of solar heating systems were installed in houses until 2011. Thus, solar heating system could be a step towards to reach 2040s target. In 2011, detached Swedish house was installed with solar combi-system (SCS) which was designed to use 53% of solar energy. The main aim of this thesis is to analyze the thermal performance of SCS and correlation with its simulated system performance which is done in five steps.First step is the collection of measured data from the system for specific period one year from April 2019 to March 2020 and determined other unknown energy values in that data. In the second step, unknown data are calculated using scientific equations with information from users and reliable assumptions. Consequently, the analysis of measured data shows huge uncertainties. It follows to the third step as sensitivity analysis to enhance the assumption values. Thus, analyzed results are tabulated with reliable parameters and solar fraction (SF) of the measured data is calculated. In the fourth step, SH of the house is considered as reference to build a system model in Polysun simulation software, and the modelled results are verified with analyzed results. In the final step, system model is simulated by changing one-year weather profile to 10 years average weather profile. Thus, analyzed results and simulated results are compared to evaluate the performance. The real system has the SF of 52 % after sensitivity analysis whereas the simulated system showed the SF with percentage difference around 15 %.

Since many buildings in Canada were built prior to the advent of national and provincial energy codes and standards, quantifying building envelope thermal performance in existing buildings is an important step in identifying retrofit opportunities. Due to the lack of building codes or standards for existing buildings in Canada, development of a rapid and robust quantitative approach to evaluate and rank buildings for vertical envelope retrofits is required. Hence, this dissertation sought to develop quantitative approaches to evaluate existing building envelope thermal performance in Canada and beyond. Following current professional practices, in Chapter 1, a comprehensive study was conducted on 49 campus buildings at the University of Victoria (UVic) to evaluate potential energy savings from vertical envelope retrofits, and to further validate those savings through more detailed energy models and parametric analyses for a subset of buildings. To this end, the thermal performance of a building envelope was quantified based on its heat loss coefficient (UA), obtained from multiplying its surface area (A) by its thermal transmittance (U-value). Heat loss calculations were used as a metric to inform envelope rehabilitation prioritization, while considering other data such as age and physical condition in parallel. Archetype energy models for selected buildings were used to evaluate the impacts of envelope retrofits on energy and GHG savings. The outcomes of this study allowed the University to weigh the benefits of improved energy performance from envelope retrofits against associated capital cost expenditures. Also, the implemented methodology and studied parameters unveiled a new horizon in evaluating the thermal performance of existing building envelopes in Canada, where a building code for existing buildings has not yet been established. Considering the economic findings of the envelope retrofits studied, it was concluded that in the absence of an existing building energy code, the University would likely require additional incentives, such as higher utility costs, higher carbon taxes, or qualifying for utility incentive programs to justify improving existing building envelope performance on the basis of energy only. The strength of the proposed methodology in Chapter 1 was in its balance of effort and ultimate decision-making utility, where reasonable thermal bridging approximations based on simulation models for existing buildings can yield data accurate enough to inform a ranking exercise on a large breadth of subject buildings. However, since numerical models do not consider degradation of building materials, real moisture content, and errors associated with manufacturing and installation, actual building envelope thermal performance differs from 3D simulation models. To study this limitation, in-situ thermal assessments of building envelopes were performed to quantify their actual thermal performances. To this end, Chapters 2 to 4 of this dissertation attempted to determine the viability of an external infrared thermography (IRT) survey technique for quantification of heat losses through the opaque building envelope, and also explores its potential application in identifying and comparing sources of air leakage. The experiments were performed on wood-framed wall assemblies commonly used in Canada due to growing interest among designers, builders, and governments to encourage the use of wood as a building material. In these studies, (Chapter 2 to Chapter 4), thermal transmittances (U-values) of wall assemblies were estimated with external IRT and compared with 3D computer simulations. Furthermore, the impact of the accuracy of U-values estimated with IRT on the deviation of energy simulation outputs with metered data was examined. Finally, a novel relative quantitative infrared index (IRI) was proposed as a means to facilitate rapid evaluation and subsequent ranking of building envelope thermal performance. From the experiments in Chapters 2 & 3, it was found that the U-values obtained with IRT were comparable with simulated values suggesting IRT can be a reliable tool for estimating the thermal performance of wood-framed wall assemblies. Results also demonstrated that thermal imaging artefacts including nonlinear characteristics of infrared (IR) camera focal array, a.k.a. non-uniformity corrections (NUC) and vignetting could have a substantial influence on the accuracy of results, in particular energy model outputs. This limitation was resolved by introducing a practical approach where thermal images were taken from different incident angle. Overall, IRI was found to be a reliable metric for relative quantitative comparison of building envelope thermal performance regardless of boundary conditions. Moreover, outcomes of the IRT air leakage study in Chapter 4 indicated that combined qualitative and quantitative IRT approaches could potentially be implemented by practitioners to identify sources of air leakage and thermal bridges in buildings and compare their relative severity. Since blower door testing is gradually being introduced as a building code requirement to measure building envelope airtightness in an increasing number of Canadian jurisdictions, performing IRT simultaneously is potentially valuable exercise in this context. Ultimately, the methodologies outlined in Chapters 2 to 4 can help decision-makers to characterize building envelope retrofits from a performance perspective, and potentially serve as a basis for governments to develop policies to improve existing building energy performance. The methodologies in Chapters 2 to 4 prompted opportunities to utilize the emergent technology of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with an infrared camera for quick thermal assessments of building envelopes. The last chapter of this dissertation, Chapter 5, outlines advantages and limitations of aerial IRT (UAV-IRT) surveys compared to conventional stationary IRT. Furthermore, a set of best practices for UAV-IRT were presented to minimize dynamic measurement uncertainty. It was concluded that with the current IR camera technology, aerial surveys for quantitative thermal assessment of building envelope are not as accurate as with conventional infrared thermography; further investigations by manufacturers and researchers are recommended. / Graduate