Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 X8 / Master of Science / Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources

D.Phil. (Physics) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

A região dos Andes é conhecida por sua grande diversidade genética em vegetais, sobretudo raízes e tubérculos, que apresentam elevado teor de nutrientes. A população rural da região utiliza os tubérculos como alimentos principais do consumo diário, sendo alguns deles a oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina), o olluco (Ullucos tuberosus Caldas) e a mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz e Pavón), os quais apresentam cores e sabores particulares. Neste trabalho tais alimentos e suas respectivas frações amiláceas foram avaliados quanto à composição. O amido foi caracterizado quanto às propriedades físicas, físico-químicas e funcionais. As amostras obtidas em mercado local de Arequipa - Perú apresentaram diferenças significativas no rendimento de extração do amido. Quando observados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia óptica, os grânulos de amido de oca apresentaram morfologia principalmente elipsoide e oval e comprimentos de até 54,30 µm. Grânulos de amido de olluco com comprimentos de até 32,09 µm apresentaram formatos elipsoide, oval, cônico, em forma de pêra e prismático. Os grânulos de amido de mashua com formas esféricas e ovais truncadas apresentaram os menores comprimentos, até 16,29 µm. O conteúdo de fósforo variou: 0,044% (oca), 0,047% (olluco) e 0,081% (mashua). A porcentagem de amilose foi de 27,60 % (oca), 26,49 % (olluco) e 27,44 % (mashua). O amido de olluco apresentou menor poder de intumescimento, formando géis mais opacos e menos duros. Os três amidos mostraram a mesma estabilidade quando mantidos sob refrigeração e apresentaram elevada sinérese sob temperaturas de congelamento, com variação de 40,28% até 74,42 % para amido de olluco. Os amidos apresentaram fácil cozimento, com elevados picos de viscosidade. Estas baixas temperaturas de gelatinização e a elevada estabilidade durante a refrigeração fazem destes amidos matérias-primas apropriadas para uso em diversos produtos e formulações que requeiram temperaturas brandas de processamento e que prescindam de congelamento. / The Andean region is known for its great genetic diversity in plants, especially roots and tubers, which have a high nutrient content. The rural population on the region consumes them as staple food daily. Oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina), olluco (Ullucos tuberosus Caldas) and mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón) are the most consumed which are characterized by distinct colors and flavors. In the present work, these foods and their starchy fractions were evaluated in relation to its composition. Starch physical, physical-chemical and functional properties were characterized. Samples obtained from a local market in Arequipa - Peru showed significant differences in starch extraction yield. When observed by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, oca starch granules showed morphology mainly ellipsoidal and oval, with sizes up to 54.30 µm. The olluco starch granules had sizes up to 32.09 µm with ellipsoid, oval, conical, pear-shaped and prismatic shapes. Mashua starch granules with spherical and oval truncated shapes showed smaller dimensions up to 16.29 µm. The phosphorus content varied: 0,044% (oca), 0,047% (olluco) and 0,081% (mashua). The percentage of amylose was 27.60 % (oca), 26.49 % (olluco) and 27.44 % (mashua). Olluco starch showed lower swelling power forming gels more opaque and less hardness. The three starches exhibited the same stability when kept under refrigeration and showed higher syneresis under freezing temperatures, with a variation of 40,28 % to 74.42 % for olluco starch. The results showed easy cooking starches with high peak viscosity. These low temperatures of gelatinization and high stability during the refrigeration make these starches suitable for use in various products and formulations that require milder processing temperatures but without freezing.

O desenvolvimento de materiais biodegradáveis, a partir de biopolímeros, para embalagens ou coberturas tem grande interesse para a indústria de alimentos. Na elaboração desses materiais, os amidos e as proteínas são muito usados por serem abundantes na natureza, de baixo custo e apresentam propriedades de formar filmes. A cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule), grão alto-andino pouco explorado industrialmente, tem altos conteúdos de carboidratos (~58 %) e proteínas (~18 %), e apresenta potencial para ser utilizado como matéria-prima na extração de amido comercial. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi extrair e caracterizar o amido de duas variedades de cañihua, Cupi (CC) e Illpa (CI), e selecionar uma dessas variedades para o desenvolvimento de filmes a base de amido ou de farinha. Além disso, a variedade selecionada foi usada para obter um material rico em amido e proteínas, denominado de farinha, que também foi usado para a produção de filmes biodegradáveis. Os grãos de cañihua das variedades Illpa e Cupi são muito similares na forma e tamanho dos grãos, porém os conteúdos de lipídios e cinzas são maiores para CC e o teor de fibras, para a CI. A extração do amido foi feita com solução de hidróxido de sódio (0,25 % m/v) e suas características estruturais, físico-químicas e funcionais foram determinadas. O rendimento desse processo foi de aproximadamente 33 %, e o amido da variedade CC apresentou maiores teores de lipídeos. Os amidos de ambas as variedades, observados em microscópio de varredura eletrônica, apresentaram superfícies granulares lisas e com formatos esféricos de pequeno tamanho (D[3,2] ~ 0,96 µm). A distribuição de tamanho de partícula, o índice de cristalinidade, os espectros de FTIR, poder de inchamento, propriedades óticas e térmicas foram semelhantes, porém o teor de amilose foi maior para a variedade CC. Maiores valores de solubilidade e viscosidade (propriedades de pasta) foram observados para o amido da variedade Cupi e pode estar associado ao maior conteúdo de amilose. O amido da cañihua Cupi foi selecionado para a produção de filmes, por apresentar maiores teores de amilose e de lipídeos. Na obtenção da farinha de CC, usando soluções de NaOH e HCl (0,2 N), o rendimento foi estimado em 56 % (g/100 g de grãos). O teor de proteínas na farinha foi de 79 % (g/100 g sólidos) em relação ao grão. O alto conteúdo de proteínas favoreceu a formação de aglomerados que foram observados nas micrografias da farinha de CC, que apresentou diferenças nas propriedades óticas, de pasta e de solubilidade em relação ao amido da mesma variedade. Os filmes de amido ou farinha foram obtidos pelo método casting com adição de glicerol como plastificante (15 g/100 g de macromoléculas). A caracterização da microestrutura permitiu observar as diferenças físicas entre os filmes de amido ou farinha de cañihua Cupi, assim como as características estruturais foram úteis para explicar o comportamento das outras propriedades. Em umidades relativas altas, os filmes de amido ou farinha CC apresentam o mesmo comportamento de sorção de umidade e permeabilidade ao vapor de água, no entanto, em contato direito com a água (solubilidade e ângulo de contato), esses materiais apresentaram comportamento diferentes, sendo que os filmes de amido são mais resistentes. As diferenças nas propriedades mecânicas dos filmes de amido e farinha foram significativas (p>0,05). O coeficiente de permeabilidade ao oxigênio foi menor para os filmes de amido do que para a farinha de CC. / The development of biodegradable materials based on biopolymers, films or coatings, have great interest for the food industry. For the production of these materials, starches and proteins are widely used because they are abundant in nature, have low cost and have films-forming property. Cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule), high Andean region grain underexplored industrially, has high carbohydrate content (~ 58 %) and proteins (~ 18 %) contents, and has the potential to be used as raw material in commercial starch extraction. In this context, the objectives of this study were to extract and characterize starch from two varieties cañihua, Cupi (CC) and Illpa (CI) and select a variety to develop starch films. Furthermore, the selected variety was used to obtain a rich starch and protein material, known as flour, which was also used to produce biodegradable films. Cañihua grains Illpa and Cupi varieties are very similar in shape and size, but the content of fat and ash are higher for CC and fiber content for the CI. The extraction of starch was performed with sodium hydroxide solution (0.25 % w/v) and their structural, physicochemical and functional characteristics were determined. The yield of this process was approximately 33 %, and CC variety starch showed higher levels of lipids. Starches from both varieties observed in scanning electron microscope, showed smooth granular surfaces and spherical shapes of small size (D3,2 ~ 0.96 µM). The particle size distribution, crystallinity index, FTIR spectra, swelling power, thermal and optical properties were similar, but the amylose content was higher for CC variety. Higher values of solubility and viscosity of pasting properties were observed for CC variety starch and may be associated with higher amylose contents. Cañihua Cupi starch was selected to produce films, due to the higher amylose and lipid content. CC flour was also extracted with NaOH solution and adjusting the pH to 5.0 with HCl (0.2 N) in the protein precipitation step, the yield of this extraction process was estimated at 56 %. The protein content of the flour was 79 % compared to this fraction in the grain. The high protein content favors the agglomerates formation which was observed in the CC flour micrographs that showed differences in solubility, optical and pasting properties. The starch or flour films were obtained by casting method with addition of glycerol (15 g/100 g of macromolecules), as plasticizer. The characterization of the microstructure allowed observation of physical differences between starch or flour films of cañihua Cupi, and also structural characteristics were useful to explain the behavior of the other properties. When submitted to high relative humidity, films exhibited the same moisture sorption capacity behavior and water vapor permeability, however in films were in direct contact to water (solubility analysis and contact angle), the behavior of starch and flour films were different, being the structures of the starch films most resistant. Differences in mechanical properties of starch and flour films were significant (p>0.05). The oxygen permeability coefficient was lower for cañihua Cupi starch films than cañihua Cupi flour films.

The study addresses the coating selection for a proposed placement of a hydroturbine into the Gulf Stream. The turbine will generate energy in a similar manner to a wind turbine. The effects of biofouling and corrosion in the current project are assessed. A review of different types of traditional paint coatings is given, as well as the option for a copper-nickel alloy. Testing that should be undertaken for the coating selection is described in detail. Coating considerations are offered and discussed. Design considerations and modifications are also offered. / by Andrew Spicer Bak. / Vita. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Neste trabalho investigamos as propriedades térmicas (difusividade, condutividade, variação do caminho óptico com a temperatura, etc) e processos de perdas devido a interações entre íons em materiais lasers vítreos e cristalinos. Desde que a eficiência quântica de fluorescência, , está diretamente relacionada com esses mecanismos que levam a supressão da luminescência, os estudos foram realizados principalmente observando os efeitos desses agentes sobre . Espectros de lente térmica (LT) foram usados para determinar , eficiência de transferência de energia matriz-íon, e para analisar efeitos de sítios de defeitos sobre . Um novo método usando a técnica de LT foi proposto para determinar e o coeficiente de temperatura do caminho óptico. Com esta nova abordagem analisamos em materiais vítreos os mecanismos de supressão da luminescência em função da concentração de íons de Nd. Também a usamos para estudar efeitos de radicais de OH e outras impurezas em matrizes vítreas de fosfato dopadas com Yb3+. Processos de conversão ascendente Auger, os quais são importantes em sistemas lasers de alta potência, foram investigados em vidros e cristais dopados com Nd3+. Nos vidros o estudo foi realizado em função da concentração de íons dopantes. Neste estudo a técnica de LT mostrou ser muito sensível, apresentando resultados com erros bem menores que os existentes na literatura. Seguindo o estudo de perdas, investigamos distorção óptica induzida pela luz em função da temperatura, potência de excitação e polarização no cristal ferroelétrico SBN. Usando a técnica de LT, investigamos as propriedades térmicas através da transição de fase ferroelétrica-paraelétrica em cristais de SBN. Complementando, esta tese contribui significativamente para a caracterização de materiais laser, considerando que vários dos mecanismos de perdas estudados propriamente devem ser levados em conta em projetos de laser. Este trabalho também apresenta a técnica de lente térmica como uma ferramenta valiosa para tal estudo. / In this work we investigate the thermal properties (diffusivity, conductivity, temperature coefficient of the optical path length change, etc) and loss processes owing to ion-ion interactions in laser glassy and crystalline materials. Since the fluorescence quantum efficiency, , is directly related to these mechanisms that lead to luminescence quenching, the studies were performed mainly observing the effects of these processes on . Thermal lens (TL) spectra were used to determine , energy transfer efficiency between matrix-ion, and to analyze effects of \"dead site\" on . A new method based on the TL technique was proposed to determine q and the temperature coefficient of the optical path length change. This new approach was used to investigate concentration quenching mechanisms in glassy materials. It was also used to study effects of OH radicals and other impurities in Yb3+ doped phosphate glasses. Upconversion Auger processes, which are very important for high power laser systems, were investigated in Nd3+ -doped glasses and crystals. In glasses the study was performed as a function of doping ions. In this study the TL showed to be very sensitive, presenting results with uncertainties much smaller than previous literatures. Following the study of losses, we investigate light induced optical distortion as a function of temperature, excitation power, and polarization in SNB ferroelectric crystal. Using the TL technique, the thermal properties through the phase transition ferroelectric-paraelectric in SBN crystals were investigated. In addition, this thesis significantly contributes for characterization of laser materials with potential applications, considering that severa1 of the loss mechanisms studied here must be considered in laser design. This work also presents the TL technique as a valuable to01 for the present study.

by Tsang Kin Hung. / Title also in Chinese. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references. / Table of Contents / Acknowledgements / Abstract / Part I --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.2 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Viscosity of molten P40Ni40P20 --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Viscosity of molten Pd77Cu6.5Si16.5 and the principle of corresponding state --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Viscosity of molten Pd82Si18 and the scaling of viscosities of glass forming systems --- p.40 / Part II --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Installation of Dual Electron Gun Evaporator --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Calorimetric studies of the Heat Capacity and Relaxation of Amorphous Si prepared by electron beam evaporation --- p.67

Wong Yuk Chun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-74). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgments --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Scope of the Project --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- An Outline of the Thesis --- p.3 / Chapter 2 --- Related Work --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Percolation Effect --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Percolation Models --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Site Percolation --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Bond Percolation --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- Simulated Annealing --- p.8 / Chapter 3 --- Electrical Property --- p.11 / Chapter 3.1 --- Electrical Conductivity --- p.11 / Chapter 3.2 --- Physical Model --- p.13 / Chapter 3.3 --- Algorithm --- p.16 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Simulated Annealing --- p.18 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Neighborhood Relation and Objective Function --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Configuration Space --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Annealing Schedule --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Expected Time Bound --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.26 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.27 / Chapter 4 --- Thermal Properties --- p.30 / Chapter 4.1 --- Thermal Expansivity --- p.31 / Chapter 4.2 --- Physical Model --- p.32 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The Physical Properties --- p.32 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Objective Function and Neighborhood Relation --- p.37 / Chapter 4.3 --- Algorithm --- p.38 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Parallel Simulated Annealing --- p.39 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The Physical Annealing Schedule --- p.42 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.43 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.47 / Chapter 5 --- Scaling Properties --- p.48 / Chapter 5.1 --- Problem Define --- p.49 / Chapter 5.2 --- Physical Model --- p.50 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The Physical Properties --- p.50 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Bond Stretching Force --- p.50 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Objective Function and Configuration Space --- p.51 / Chapter 5.3 --- Algorithm --- p.52 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Simulated Annealing --- p.52 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- The Conjectural Method --- p.54 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- The Physical Annealing Schedule --- p.56 / Chapter 5.4 --- Results --- p.57 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Case I --- p.59 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Case II --- p.60 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Case III --- p.60 / Chapter 5.5 --- Discussion --- p.61 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.62 / Chapter A --- An Example on Studying Electrical Resistivity --- p.64 / Chapter B --- Theory of Elasticity --- p.67 / Chapter C --- Random Number Generator --- p.69 / Bibliography

by Yeung Mei Ki. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-127). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by Yeung Mei Ki. / Abstract --- p.i / 論文摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xi / Abbreviations --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Polymer light emitting devides --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Development history of PLEDs --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Basic structure of the PLEDs --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Operation principle of the PLEDs --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Electroluminescent (EL) polymers --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research motivation and aim of study --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis outline --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Instrumentation / Chapter 2.1 --- Thermal analysis --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Thermogravimetry (TG) --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Spectroscopic analysis --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Experimental metods to charaterize the elimination of / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- Synthesis of the PPV precursor polymer --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- Average molecular weight of the PPV precursor --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4 --- Thermal elimination of the precursor polymer --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5 --- Thermal stability of the PPV precursor polymer --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Experimental --- p.51 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.52 / Chapter 3.6 --- Structural changes of the precursor polymer during elimination --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Experimental --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.58 / Chapter 3.7 --- Chemical composition of the precursor polymer upon elimination --- p.67 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.67 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Experimental --- p.67 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.68 / Chapter 3.8 --- Effect of the conjugation length of the polymer on photoluminescence --- p.74 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.76 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- Experimental --- p.78 / Chapter 3.8.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.79 / Chapter 3.9 --- Conclusions --- p.89 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Experimental methods to characterize the water absorption by PEDOT:PSS / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2 --- Determination of the water content of PEDOT:PSS at different relative humidity using TG --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Experimental --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Results and discussion --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3 --- Determination of bounded water content of PEDOT:PSS at different RH by DSC --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Experimental --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Results and discussion --- p.100 / Chapter 4.4 --- Determination of bounded water content of PEDOT:PSS at different RH by FTIR --- p.108 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Experimental --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Results and discussion --- p.112 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusions --- p.118 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusions --- p.120 / References --- p.122

Lau Wing Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-105). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Content --- p.v / List of figure caption --- p.vii / List of table caption --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Nomenclature --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Comparison of diamond and DLC --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Comparison of the amorphous hydrogenated and hydrogen free amorphous carbon --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Application of DLC --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5 --- ta-C growth mechanism --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6 --- Recent activities on ta-C films --- p.11 / Chapter 1.7 --- Goal of this project and organization of this thesis --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Deposition of ta-C films / Chapter 2.1 --- Ta-C film deposition systems --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Direct ion beam deposition --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Laser ablation --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Mass selected ion beam deposition (MSIBD) --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Arc discharge and filtered arc discharge (FAD) methods --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2 --- The pulsed filtered vacuum arc deposition system --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Working principle --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Film thickness control --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- System modification --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Cathode erosion improvement --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Enhancement of stabilization of the cathodic arc --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4 --- Sample preparation --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Film deposition --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Thermal treatments --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Characterization methods / Chapter 3.1 --- Raman spectroscopy --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2 --- IR Photoelasticity (PE) --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Basic principle --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Senarmont method --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3 --- Ellipsometry --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Principle of ellipsometry --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Mathematical representation --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.2a --- Bulk layer --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.2b --- Single layer structure --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Spetroscopioc rotating analyzer ellipsometer --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Analysis method --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Forouhi and Bloomer (F.B.) model --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4 --- Tribology --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- The definition of friction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Tribometer --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results / Chapter 4.1 --- As-deposited samples --- p.47 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Sp3 fraction --- p.47 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Stress --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Optical properties --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.3.1 --- Optical model for ta-C film --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.3.2 --- Figure of merit --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.3.3 --- Result and discussion --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Mechanical properties --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.4.1 --- Hardness --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.4.2 --- Friction --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2 --- Annealed samples --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Thermal stability of the ta-C film --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Stress relaxation --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Stress and G peak shift --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Future work / Chapter 5.1 --- Film roughness and thickness profile improvement --- p.95 / Chapter 5.2 --- Pulsed substrate bias --- p.97 / Chapter 5.3 --- Field emission and doping possibility --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.98 / Reference --- p.101 / Conference / publications --- p.105