A região dos Andes é conhecida por sua grande diversidade genética em vegetais, sobretudo raízes e tubérculos, que apresentam elevado teor de nutrientes. A população rural da região utiliza os tubérculos como alimentos principais do consumo diário, sendo alguns deles a oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina), o olluco (Ullucos tuberosus Caldas) e a mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz e Pavón), os quais apresentam cores e sabores particulares. Neste trabalho tais alimentos e suas respectivas frações amiláceas foram avaliados quanto à composição. O amido foi caracterizado quanto às propriedades físicas, físico-químicas e funcionais. As amostras obtidas em mercado local de Arequipa - Perú apresentaram diferenças significativas no rendimento de extração do amido. Quando observados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia óptica, os grânulos de amido de oca apresentaram morfologia principalmente elipsoide e oval e comprimentos de até 54,30 µm. Grânulos de amido de olluco com comprimentos de até 32,09 µm apresentaram formatos elipsoide, oval, cônico, em forma de pêra e prismático. Os grânulos de amido de mashua com formas esféricas e ovais truncadas apresentaram os menores comprimentos, até 16,29 µm. O conteúdo de fósforo variou: 0,044% (oca), 0,047% (olluco) e 0,081% (mashua). A porcentagem de amilose foi de 27,60 % (oca), 26,49 % (olluco) e 27,44 % (mashua). O amido de olluco apresentou menor poder de intumescimento, formando géis mais opacos e menos duros. Os três amidos mostraram a mesma estabilidade quando mantidos sob refrigeração e apresentaram elevada sinérese sob temperaturas de congelamento, com variação de 40,28% até 74,42 % para amido de olluco. Os amidos apresentaram fácil cozimento, com elevados picos de viscosidade. Estas baixas temperaturas de gelatinização e a elevada estabilidade durante a refrigeração fazem destes amidos matérias-primas apropriadas para uso em diversos produtos e formulações que requeiram temperaturas brandas de processamento e que prescindam de congelamento. / The Andean region is known for its great genetic diversity in plants, especially roots and tubers, which have a high nutrient content. The rural population on the region consumes them as staple food daily. Oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina), olluco (Ullucos tuberosus Caldas) and mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón) are the most consumed which are characterized by distinct colors and flavors. In the present work, these foods and their starchy fractions were evaluated in relation to its composition. Starch physical, physical-chemical and functional properties were characterized. Samples obtained from a local market in Arequipa - Peru showed significant differences in starch extraction yield. When observed by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, oca starch granules showed morphology mainly ellipsoidal and oval, with sizes up to 54.30 µm. The olluco starch granules had sizes up to 32.09 µm with ellipsoid, oval, conical, pear-shaped and prismatic shapes. Mashua starch granules with spherical and oval truncated shapes showed smaller dimensions up to 16.29 µm. The phosphorus content varied: 0,044% (oca), 0,047% (olluco) and 0,081% (mashua). The percentage of amylose was 27.60 % (oca), 26.49 % (olluco) and 27.44 % (mashua). Olluco starch showed lower swelling power forming gels more opaque and less hardness. The three starches exhibited the same stability when kept under refrigeration and showed higher syneresis under freezing temperatures, with a variation of 40,28 % to 74.42 % for olluco starch. The results showed easy cooking starches with high peak viscosity. These low temperatures of gelatinization and high stability during the refrigeration make these starches suitable for use in various products and formulations that require milder processing temperatures but without freezing.

A região dos Andes é conhecida por sua grande diversidade genética em vegetais, sobretudo raízes e tubérculos, que apresentam elevado teor de nutrientes. A população rural da região utiliza os tubérculos como alimentos principais do consumo diário, sendo alguns deles a oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina), o olluco (Ullucos tuberosus Caldas) e a mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz e Pavón), os quais apresentam cores e sabores particulares. Neste trabalho tais alimentos e suas respectivas frações amiláceas foram avaliados quanto à composição. O amido foi caracterizado quanto às propriedades físicas, físico-químicas e funcionais. As amostras obtidas em mercado local de Arequipa - Perú apresentaram diferenças significativas no rendimento de extração do amido. Quando observados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia óptica, os grânulos de amido de oca apresentaram morfologia principalmente elipsoide e oval e comprimentos de até 54,30 µm. Grânulos de amido de olluco com comprimentos de até 32,09 µm apresentaram formatos elipsoide, oval, cônico, em forma de pêra e prismático. Os grânulos de amido de mashua com formas esféricas e ovais truncadas apresentaram os menores comprimentos, até 16,29 µm. O conteúdo de fósforo variou: 0,044% (oca), 0,047% (olluco) e 0,081% (mashua). A porcentagem de amilose foi de 27,60 % (oca), 26,49 % (olluco) e 27,44 % (mashua). O amido de olluco apresentou menor poder de intumescimento, formando géis mais opacos e menos duros. Os três amidos mostraram a mesma estabilidade quando mantidos sob refrigeração e apresentaram elevada sinérese sob temperaturas de congelamento, com variação de 40,28% até 74,42 % para amido de olluco. Os amidos apresentaram fácil cozimento, com elevados picos de viscosidade. Estas baixas temperaturas de gelatinização e a elevada estabilidade durante a refrigeração fazem destes amidos matérias-primas apropriadas para uso em diversos produtos e formulações que requeiram temperaturas brandas de processamento e que prescindam de congelamento. / The Andean region is known for its great genetic diversity in plants, especially roots and tubers, which have a high nutrient content. The rural population on the region consumes them as staple food daily. Oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina), olluco (Ullucos tuberosus Caldas) and mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón) are the most consumed which are characterized by distinct colors and flavors. In the present work, these foods and their starchy fractions were evaluated in relation to its composition. Starch physical, physical-chemical and functional properties were characterized. Samples obtained from a local market in Arequipa - Peru showed significant differences in starch extraction yield. When observed by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, oca starch granules showed morphology mainly ellipsoidal and oval, with sizes up to 54.30 µm. The olluco starch granules had sizes up to 32.09 µm with ellipsoid, oval, conical, pear-shaped and prismatic shapes. Mashua starch granules with spherical and oval truncated shapes showed smaller dimensions up to 16.29 µm. The phosphorus content varied: 0,044% (oca), 0,047% (olluco) and 0,081% (mashua). The percentage of amylose was 27.60 % (oca), 26.49 % (olluco) and 27.44 % (mashua). Olluco starch showed lower swelling power forming gels more opaque and less hardness. The three starches exhibited the same stability when kept under refrigeration and showed higher syneresis under freezing temperatures, with a variation of 40,28 % to 74.42 % for olluco starch. The results showed easy cooking starches with high peak viscosity. These low temperatures of gelatinization and high stability during the refrigeration make these starches suitable for use in various products and formulations that require milder processing temperatures but without freezing.

Se efectuaron análisis químico completo a tres tubérculos: Oca (Oxalis tuberosa),Olluco (Ullucus tuberosus) y Mashua (tropaeolum tuberosum) al estado fresco, mediante métodos de la AOAC y la FAO, encontrándose los siguientes valores: Proteína 0.97%, 1.00%, 1.20%; grasa 0.80%, 0.0%, 0.2%; cenizas 0.57%, 0.52%, 0.70%, fibra 0.76%, 0.58%, 0.79 %; carbohidratos 13.16%, 12.58%, 10.95%, respectivamente. Se aisló el almidón de los tres tubérculos siendo el rendimiento de 12.85%, 5.05% y 2.20 % para la oca, olluco y mashua respectivamente; a los que se efectuó análisis químico proximal no encontrándose diferencias significativas entre ellos. En cuanto a las características morfológicas, mediante el empleo de un microscopio Carl Zeiss, se encontró que los gránulos de almidón tenían la forma elíptica, triangular y globular con un tamaño promedio de 30, 15 y 10 micras para la oca, olluco y mashua respectivamente. Con respecto al carácter iónico todos mostraron un comportamiento catiónico similar. Se encontró que la solubilidad de los gránulos de los almidones a 60 ºC fue de 6.97% para la oca, 2.75% para el olluco y 2.27% para la mashua; mientras que el poder de hinchamiento varió entre 11.85, 8.36% y 4.51% para cada uno de ellos. La viscosidad determinada mediante un viscosímetro de Brookfield a 60 ºC, fue de 504, 392 y 340 centipoise para la oca, olluco y mashua respectivamente. De la aplicación tecnológica solo el almidón de oca proporcionó un excelente resultado, obteniéndose un producto alimenticio instantáneo (mazamorra) de buenas características organolépticas y un alto grado de aceptabilidad con un aporte calórico de 411.5 Kcal por cada 100g. Palabras claves: Tubérculos andinos, oca, mashua, olluco, almidón, caracterización. / A complete chemical analysis on three fresh tubercles: Oca (Oxalis tuberosa), Olluco (Ullucus tuberosus) and Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum), using AOAC and FAO Methods, were carried out. Values of protein: 097%, 1.00%, 1.20%; fat: 0.80%, 0.0% 0.2%; ash: 0.57%, 0.52%, 0.70%; fiber: 0.76%, 0.58%, 0.79% and carbohydrates: 13.16%, 15.58% and 10.95%, were found for each one. Performance of 12.85% for oca; 5.05% for olluco and 2,20% for mashua were found after the starch isolations were made. A proximal chemical analysis was made on the starch isolated from each tubercle and no significative differences between them was found. A morphological study of starch from each tubercle, using Carl Zeiss microscope was made. An elliptic starch granules shape for oca, triangular for olluco and globular for mashua were found, and an average size of 30 microns for oca, 15 microns for olluco and 10 microns for mashua were found also. Regarding to ionic character, a similar cationic behavior were shown for all of them. Solubility test for starch granules was made to 60 ºC. Values of 6.97% for oca, 2.75% for olluco and 2.27% for mashua were found, a swellness power of 11.85% for oca, 8.36% for olluco and 4.51% for mashua were found. A viscosimetric study, using Brookfield viscosimeter to 60 ºC was made. Values of 504 for oca, 392 for olluco and 340 centipoise for mashua was obteined. Technological use study was made. As a result only oca starch gave excellent result. An instant food product (crumbs), with good organoleptic characteristics, high acceptability grade and caloric content of 411,5 Kcal for 100 grams of product was obtained. Key Words: Tubercles anden, oca, mashua , olluco , starch , chacarteristation.

Se efectuaron análisis químico completo a tres tubérculos: Oca (Oxalis tuberosa),Olluco (Ullucus tuberosus) y Mashua (tropaeolum tuberosum) al estado fresco, mediante métodos de la AOAC y la FAO, encontrándose los siguientes valores: Proteína 0.97%, 1.00%, 1.20%; grasa 0.80%, 0.0%, 0.2%; cenizas 0.57%, 0.52%, 0.70%, fibra 0.76%, 0.58%, 0.79 %; carbohidratos 13.16%, 12.58%, 10.95%, respectivamente. Se aisló el almidón de los tres tubérculos siendo el rendimiento de 12.85%, 5.05% y 2.20 % para la oca, olluco y mashua respectivamente; a los que se efectuó análisis químico proximal no encontrándose diferencias significativas entre ellos. En cuanto a las características morfológicas, mediante el empleo de un microscopio Carl Zeiss, se encontró que los gránulos de almidón tenían la forma elíptica, triangular y globular con un tamaño promedio de 30, 15 y 10 micras para la oca, olluco y mashua respectivamente. Con respecto al carácter iónico todos mostraron un comportamiento catiónico similar. Se encontró que la solubilidad de los gránulos de los almidones a 60 ºC fue de 6.97% para la oca, 2.75% para el olluco y 2.27% para la mashua; mientras que el poder de hinchamiento varió entre 11.85, 8.36% y 4.51% para cada uno de ellos. La viscosidad determinada mediante un viscosímetro de Brookfield a 60 ºC, fue de 504, 392 y 340 centipoise para la oca, olluco y mashua respectivamente. De la aplicación tecnológica solo el almidón de oca proporcionó un excelente resultado, obteniéndose un producto alimenticio instantáneo (mazamorra) de buenas características organolépticas y un alto grado de aceptabilidad con un aporte calórico de 411.5 Kcal por cada 100g. Palabras claves: Tubérculos andinos , oca , mashua , olluco , almidón , caracterización. / A complete chemical analysis on three fresh tubercles: Oca (Oxalis tuberosa), Olluco (Ullucus tuberosus) and Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum), using AOAC and FAO Methods, were carried out. Values of protein: 097%, 1.00%, 1.20%; fat: 0.80%, 0.0% 0.2%; ash: 0.57%, 0.52%, 0.70%; fiber: 0.76%, 0.58%, 0.79% and carbohydrates: 13.16%, 15.58% and 10.95%, were found for each one. Performance of 12.85% for oca; 5.05% for olluco and 2,20% for mashua were found after the starch isolations were made. A proximal chemical analysis was made on the starch isolated from each tubercle and no significative differences between them was found. A morphological study of starch from each tubercle, using Carl Zeiss microscope was made. An elliptic starch granules shape for oca, triangular for olluco and globular for mashua were found, and an average size of 30 microns for oca, 15 microns for olluco and 10 microns for mashua were found also. Regarding to ionic character, a similar cationic behavior were shown for all of them. Solubility test for starch granules was made to 60 ºC. Values of 6.97% for oca, 2.75% for olluco and 2.27% for mashua were found, a swellness power of 11.85% for oca, 8.36% for olluco and 4.51% for mashua were found. A viscosimetric study, using Brookfield viscosimeter to 60 ºC was made. Values of 504 for oca, 392 for olluco and 340 centipoise for mashua was obteined. Technological use study was made. As a result only oca starch gave excellent result. An instant food product (crumbs), with good organoleptic characteristics, high acceptability grade and caloric content of 411,5 Kcal for 100 grams of product was obtained. Key Words: Tubercles anden, oca, mashua , olluco , starch , chacarteristation.

La idea de nuestra investigación fue poder demostrar mediante un plan de negocio factible y viable, que el desarrollo y comercialización de un snack saludable diferente, a base de olluco deshidratado, pudiera no solo constituir un negocio rentable, sino generar un impacto positivo en la sociedad, a partir del nuevo enfoque al consumo de Olluco. Si bien el Olluco es altamente nutritivo, y se usa como materia prima para obtención de harinas, sopas instantáneas o la clásica preparación del “olluquito con charqui”, hasta la fecha no ha habido desarrollo de esta materia prima como snack, esto torna nuestra propuesta innovadora, y sumado al método de desarrollo utilizado (deshidratación), hace que la misma, sea atractiva para un público cada vez más exigente, respecto al valor nutricional, la escasa manipulación, la rapidez y simplicidad de uso, la ausencia de grasas y conservantes, y por supuesto el sabor de los alimentos que consume. En nuestro caso de negocio pusimos mucho foco en la importancia de contar con recursos humanos comprometidos, materia prima de máxima calidad, procesos eficientes, y relacionamiento estratégico con nuestros clientes, canales de distribución, y proveedores. Para concluir queremos remarcar que para nosotros el éxito de cualquier negocio tiene relación directa con el bienestar de las personas por eso nos llena de satisfacción al ver que los objetivos de rentabilidad que nos propusimos como meta inicial, se cumplen en el plan financiero detallado, teniendo en cuenta todas y cada una de las premisas anteriores. / The idea of our research was to demonstrate through a feasible and viable business plan, that the development and commercialization of a different healthy snack, based on dehydrated olluco, could not only constitute a profitable business, but also generate a positive impact on society , especially since the new approach to the consumption of Olluco. Although Olluco is highly nutritious, and is used as a raw material to obtain flours, instant soups or the classic preparation of “olluquito con charqui” (olluco with dehydrated meat), up until now there has been no development of this raw material as a snack, this makes our proposal innovative, and added to the method of development used (dehydration), makes it attractive to an increasingly demanding public, Concerning nutritional value, scarce handling, speed and simplicity of use, the absence of fats and preservatives , and of course, the taste of gthe food you eat. In our business case, we put a lot of focus on the importance of having committed human resources, top quality raw materials, efficient processes, and strategic relationship with our customers, distribution channels, and suppliers. To conclude, we want to emphasize that, as far as we are concerned, the success of any business is directly related to the well-being of people, so it fills us with satisfaction when we see that the profitability objectives that we set as the initial goal are met in the detailed financial plan, considering each and every one of the previous premises. / Tesis