A aplicação de revestimentos obtidos por aspersão térmica por chama hipersônica HVOF vem se tornando uma excelente solução para os desafios encontrados no setor de petróleo e gás natural. Este processo é versátil, podendo ser aplicado em componentes de diversas formas e geometrias, tanto em campo quanto em fábrica, possibilitando o reparo de peças desgastadas, evitando assim a troca completa de componentes. Dentre as opções de materiais a serem aplicados, o níquel e o cobalto se destacam pela boa resistência a corrosão e pelas baixas temperaturas de fusão em relação às temperaturas de operação do processo HVOF, o que propicia a uma completa fusão das partículas, garantindo uma boa qualidade dos revestimentos obtidos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo a obtenção e caracterização de revestimentos de níquel e cobalto aplicados pelo processo de aspersão térmica hipersônica (HVOF) sobre o aço API 5CT P110. A morfologia e a microestrutura dos revestimentos foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), difração de raios-X (DRX) e perfilometria. Foi avaliada a dureza dos revestimentos pelo ensaio de microdureza Vickers, e a aderência por ensaio de dobramento. A resistência à corrosão dos revestimentos foi avaliada por monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto, polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica em solução de NaCl 3,5 %. Foram obtidas curvas de coeficiente de desgaste por tempo, a partir de ensaios de desgaste a seco e em solução de NaCl 3,5 %. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível observar que ambos os revestimentos apresentaram uniformidade química, baixa porosidade e pouca presença de defeitos. Todos os testes eletroquímicos realizados indicaram as camadas de níquel e de cobalto como barreira, impedindo o contato do eletrólito no substrato de aço. Esse efeito foi alcançado graças à escolha correta dos parâmetros envolvidos no processo de aspersão e as características físicas dos elementos aspergidos, principalmente no que tange ao ponto de fusão que permitiu uma união eficiente entre as partículas metálicas no processo de recobrimento, gerando uma camada com poucos defeitos. O revestimento de níquel apresentou melhor desempenho frente à corrosão que o revestimento de cobalto, mas isso aconteceu devido às melhores propriedades do níquel em comparação ao cobalto. De maneira geral, ambos os revestimentos apresentarem uma melhora no desempenho do aço, contudo, o níquel mostrou-se como melhor opção de proteção ao aço API 5CT P110. / The application of thermal spray coatings applied by HVOF hypersonic flame has become an excellent solution to the challenges encountered in the oil and gas industry. This process is versatile and can be applied in components with many geometries, both in field and in the factory, enabling the repair of worn parts, preventing the complete replacement of components. Among the choices of materials that could be used, nickel and cobalt are characterized by good corrosion resistance, and low melting temperatures in relation to the operating temperatures of the HVOF process, which provides a complete fusion of the particles, producing then good quality coatings. In this context, this work aimed to obtain and characterize nickel and cobalt coatings applied by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal sprayed process on a API 5CT P110 steel. The morphology and microstructure of the coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and profilometry. The hardness of the coatings was evaluated by Vickers microhardness tests, and the adhesion of the coatings was evaluated by bending test. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was evaluated by open circuit potential monitoring, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3.5% NaCl solution. Wear rate by time curves were obtained from wear tests on dry and in 3.5% NaCl solution. From the results obtained it was observed that both coatings showed chemical uniformity, low porosity and almost absence of defects. All of electrochemical tests indicated the nickel and cobalt layers as a barrier, preventing the contact between the electrolyte and the steel substrate. This effect was achieved through the correct choice regarding the parameters involved in the spraying process and the physical characteristics of sprayed elements, especially with respect to the melting point which allowed an efficient binding between the metal particles in the coating process, generating a layer with few defects. The nickel coating showed better performance against corrosion than the cobalt coating, but this happened due the better properties of nickel in comparison to cobalt. In general both coatings improve the steel performance, however the nickel coating showed to be the best option regarding the API 5CT P110 steel protection.

A aplicação de revestimentos obtidos por aspersão térmica por chama hipersônica HVOF vem se tornando uma excelente solução para os desafios encontrados no setor de petróleo e gás natural. Este processo é versátil, podendo ser aplicado em componentes de diversas formas e geometrias, tanto em campo quanto em fábrica, possibilitando o reparo de peças desgastadas, evitando assim a troca completa de componentes. Dentre as opções de materiais a serem aplicados, o níquel e o cobalto se destacam pela boa resistência a corrosão e pelas baixas temperaturas de fusão em relação às temperaturas de operação do processo HVOF, o que propicia a uma completa fusão das partículas, garantindo uma boa qualidade dos revestimentos obtidos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo a obtenção e caracterização de revestimentos de níquel e cobalto aplicados pelo processo de aspersão térmica hipersônica (HVOF) sobre o aço API 5CT P110. A morfologia e a microestrutura dos revestimentos foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), difração de raios-X (DRX) e perfilometria. Foi avaliada a dureza dos revestimentos pelo ensaio de microdureza Vickers, e a aderência por ensaio de dobramento. A resistência à corrosão dos revestimentos foi avaliada por monitoramento do potencial de circuito aberto, polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica em solução de NaCl 3,5 %. Foram obtidas curvas de coeficiente de desgaste por tempo, a partir de ensaios de desgaste a seco e em solução de NaCl 3,5 %. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível observar que ambos os revestimentos apresentaram uniformidade química, baixa porosidade e pouca presença de defeitos. Todos os testes eletroquímicos realizados indicaram as camadas de níquel e de cobalto como barreira, impedindo o contato do eletrólito no substrato de aço. Esse efeito foi alcançado graças à escolha correta dos parâmetros envolvidos no processo de aspersão e as características físicas dos elementos aspergidos, principalmente no que tange ao ponto de fusão que permitiu uma união eficiente entre as partículas metálicas no processo de recobrimento, gerando uma camada com poucos defeitos. O revestimento de níquel apresentou melhor desempenho frente à corrosão que o revestimento de cobalto, mas isso aconteceu devido às melhores propriedades do níquel em comparação ao cobalto. De maneira geral, ambos os revestimentos apresentarem uma melhora no desempenho do aço, contudo, o níquel mostrou-se como melhor opção de proteção ao aço API 5CT P110. / The application of thermal spray coatings applied by HVOF hypersonic flame has become an excellent solution to the challenges encountered in the oil and gas industry. This process is versatile and can be applied in components with many geometries, both in field and in the factory, enabling the repair of worn parts, preventing the complete replacement of components. Among the choices of materials that could be used, nickel and cobalt are characterized by good corrosion resistance, and low melting temperatures in relation to the operating temperatures of the HVOF process, which provides a complete fusion of the particles, producing then good quality coatings. In this context, this work aimed to obtain and characterize nickel and cobalt coatings applied by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal sprayed process on a API 5CT P110 steel. The morphology and microstructure of the coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and profilometry. The hardness of the coatings was evaluated by Vickers microhardness tests, and the adhesion of the coatings was evaluated by bending test. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was evaluated by open circuit potential monitoring, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3.5% NaCl solution. Wear rate by time curves were obtained from wear tests on dry and in 3.5% NaCl solution. From the results obtained it was observed that both coatings showed chemical uniformity, low porosity and almost absence of defects. All of electrochemical tests indicated the nickel and cobalt layers as a barrier, preventing the contact between the electrolyte and the steel substrate. This effect was achieved through the correct choice regarding the parameters involved in the spraying process and the physical characteristics of sprayed elements, especially with respect to the melting point which allowed an efficient binding between the metal particles in the coating process, generating a layer with few defects. The nickel coating showed better performance against corrosion than the cobalt coating, but this happened due the better properties of nickel in comparison to cobalt. In general both coatings improve the steel performance, however the nickel coating showed to be the best option regarding the API 5CT P110 steel protection.

Das thermische Spritzen ist ein industrieller Beschichtungsprozess, der hauptsächlich zum Schutz oder zur Funktionalisierung von Bauteiloberflächen eingesetzt wird. In der Regel werden mit diesem Verfahren Schichten mit einer Dicke von 50 bis zu einigen 100 Mikrometern aufgetragen, die überwiegend durch mechanische Verklammerung haften, wodurch die Materialeigenschaften des Bauteils weitgehend erhalten bleiben. Mit der Einführung von Suspensionen als neue Kategorie der Spritzzusätze etabliert sich gerade eine der weitreichendsten Innovationen der letzten Jahre auf dem Gebiet des thermischen Spritzens. Suspensionen sind Stoffgemische, die aus einer feindispersen, festen Phase, dem Schichtwerkstoff, und einer flüssigen Phase als Trägermedium bestehen. Damit können Partikel mit geringerer Größe in den Beschichtungsprozess eingebracht werden, so dass sich dünnere Schichten und feinere Mikrostrukturen realisieren lassen. Das thermische Spritzen mit Suspensionen erweitert damit den Anwendungsbereich und bildet eine Brückentechnologie zu den Vakuum- Dünnschichtverfahren. Im Fokus dieser Arbeit stehen die drei wichtigen keramischen Werkstoffe Aluminiumoxid, Chromoxid und yttriumstabilisiertes Zirkonoxid, die in der Form von wasserbasierten Suspensionen als Spritzzusätze für das Atmosphärische Plasmaspritzen (APS) und das Hochgeschwindigkeitsflammspritzen (HVOF) verwendet werden. Für die Injektion der Suspension in das Plasma oder die Flamme wird ein automatisiertes Suspensionsfördersystem verwendet. Darüber hinaus werden spezielle mehrteilige Injektoren entwickelt und getestet. Es werden neue Erkenntnisse zur statistischen Auswertung der Zusammenhänge zwischen den Injektionsparametern, den messbaren Eigenschaften der Tropfenwolke während der Zerstäubung, den Partikeleigenschaften im Spritzstrahl und den daraus resultierenden Schichteigenschaften vorgestellt. Dafür wurde eine neue Kenngröße für den Beschichtungserfolg, ein sogenannter Beschichtungsfaktor, hergeleitet, der sich mit vergleichsweise geringem Aufwand bestimmen lässt und außerdem die zusätzlichen Prozessvariablen beim Suspensionsspritzen mit berücksichtigt. Im Anschluss werden Beispiele für wasserbasierte, suspensionsgespritzte Schichten aus den drei keramischen Werkstoffen vorgestellt, bei denen durch entsprechende Charakterisierungsmethoden das Anwendungspotential im Vergleich zu Spritzschichten nach dem Stand der Technik verdeutlicht wird. Die Anwendungsgebiete umfassen dabei die elektrische Isolation, den Verschleißschutz sowie die thermische Isolation. Den Abschluss der Arbeit bildet eine kritische Diskussion der Eignung von wasserbasierten Suspensionen für das thermische Spritzen mit Plasma- und Flammspritzprozessen. Es werden die Vor- und Nachteile dieser Beschichtungstechnik analysiert und Verbesserungsvorschläge sowohl für die weitere Suspensions- als auch für die Anlagenentwicklung unterbreitet.

This thesis work is focused on the influence of process parameters during gas atomization on the thermal spraying properties of a Ni-Cr-B-Si hardfacing alloy. The metal powder alloy, known as 1-60-20, is produced by Höganäs AB. There have been problems with insufficient fusing during flame spraying of this particular alloy sometimes, even though the chemical composition is always within spec. This has lead to a theory that the difference in performance is caused by differences in parameters during gas atomization. Several gas-gas and gas-water atomizations with varying parameters were performed at the Höganäs Pilot Centre. The powder samples were then analyzed by sieving, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and finally tested by powder welding. The results show that by increasing the cooling rate during gas atomization the formation of unstable Ni-borides is possible for this alloy. If these Ni-borides will enhance the fusing properties of the alloy is unknown. According to the literature studied, it should however improve the fusing properties.

O presente estudo está dividido em duas partes. A primeira parte está relacionada à preparação de pós de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) nanoestruturados através do processo de moagem de alta energia, bem como à caracterização dos pós moídos e no estado como recebido. A análise dos dados obtidos nesta etapa do trabalho foi feita utilizando-se uma abordagem essencialmente teórica. A segunda parte deste estudo refere-se à produção e caracterização de revestimentos preparados com os pós de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) nanoestruturados e como recebido. O comportamento destes revestimentos sob erosão-oxidação em alta temperatura foi comparado com base em uma abordagem de caráter mais tecnológico. O tamanho médio de cristalito do pó de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) decresceu rapidamente de 145 nm para 50 nm nos estágios iniciais de moagem e, posteriormente, com o aumento do tempo de moagem, decresceu mais lentamente até atingir um estado estacionário para um tamanho de cristalito em torno de 10 nm. Este estado estacionário corresponde ao início do processo de recuperação dinâmica. A máxima deformação da rede cristalina (δ = 1,17%) foi observada para pós moídos por 16 horas, caracterizando um tamanho crítico de cristalito da ordem de 28 nm. Por outro lado, o parâmetro de rede atingiu um mínimo para pós moídos por 16 horas. Após atingir o tamanho crítico de cristalito, a densidade de discordâncias praticamente não mais varia (estado estacionário) e toda deformação plástica posteriormente introduzida no material é acomodada através de eventos que ocorrem nos contornos de grão, particularmente por meio do processo designado deslizamento de contorno de grão (grain boundary sliding). A energia de deformação armazenada na rede cristalina dos pós de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) moídos com diferentes tempos de moagem foi determinada por meio de medidas da variação de entalpia. Estes resultados indicaram que a máxima variação de entalpia (ΔH = 722 mcal) também ocorreu para pós moídos por 16 horas. Analogamente, a máxima variação do calor específico (ΔCp = 0,278 cal/gK) ocorreu para pós moídos por 16 horas. As seguintes propriedades mecânicas dos revestimentos de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr), preparados utilizando-se o processo HVOF de aspersão térmica, foram determinadas: microdureza Vickers, módulo de Young e tenacidade à fratura. As propriedades dos revestimentos preparados com os pós nanoestruturados e como recebido foram comparadas. A dureza e o módulo de Young dos revestimentos preparados com os pós nanoestruturados foram aproximadamente 26% maiores que aqueles preparados com os pós como recebido. A tenacidade à fratura dos revestimentos nanoestruturados foi aproximadamente 36% maior do que o verificado para os revestimentos produzidos com pós no estado como recebido. A resistência à erosão-oxidação do revestimento produzido com o pó nanoestruturado foi em torno de 52% maior do que a do revestimento preparado com o pó no estado como recebido, a 800ºC. Ambos os revestimentos mostraram um aumento da taxa de erosão-oxidação para temperaturas acima de 450ºC. / This study is divided in two parts. The first part is about the preparation of nanostructured Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) powders by high energy milling followed by characterization of the milled and the as received powder. Analyses of some of the data obtained were done using a theoretical approach. The second part of this study is about the preparation and characterization of coatings prepared with the nanostructured as well as the as received Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) powders. The high temperature erosion-oxidation (E-O) behavior of the coatings prepared with the two types of powders has been compared based on a technological approach. The average crystallite size of the Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) powder decreased rapidly from 145 nm to 50 nm in the initial stages of milling and thereafter decreased slowly to a steady state value of around 10 nm with further increase in milling time. This steady state corresponds to the beginning of a dynamic recovery process. The maximum lattice strain (δ = 1,17%) was observed in powders milled for 16 hours, and this powders critical crystallite size was 28 nm. In contrast, the lattice parameter attained a minimum for powders milled for 16 hours. Upon reaching the critical crystallite size, the dislocation density attained a steady state regime and all plastic deformation introduced in the material there after was in the form of events occurring at the grain boundaries, due mainly to grain boundary sliding. The deformation energy stored in the crystal lattice of the Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) powders milled for different times was determined from enthalpy variation measurements. These results indicated that the maximum enthalpy variation (ΔH = 722 mcal) also occurred for powders milled for 16 hours. In a similar manner, the maximum specific heat variation (ΔCp = 0,278 cal/gK) occurred for powders milled for 16 hours. The following mechanical properties of Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) coatings prepared using the HVOF thermal spray process were determined: Vickers micro-hardness, the Young Modulus and the fracture toughness. The properties of the coatings prepared with the nanostructured and the as received powders were compared. The hardness and Young Modulus of the coatings prepared with nanostructured powders were approximately 26% higher than that of the coatings prepared with as received powders. The fracture toughness of the nanostructured coating was 36% higher. The erosion-oxidation resistance of the coating produced with the nanostructured powder was around 52% higher than that of the coating prepared with the as received powders at 800 ºC. The E-O wastage of both types of coatings increased with temperature beyond 450 ºC.

L’objectif de cette étude est d’améliorer l’extension du logiciel de programmation hors-ligne RobotStudio™ existante et de développer une nouvelle stratégie pour générer la trajectoire du robot par rapport aux paramètres essentiels de projection thermique. Notamment, l’historique de la température par rapport à la trajectoire générée est prise en compte dans cette étude.L’extension logicielle Thermal Spray Toolkit (TST) intégrée dans le cadre de RobotStudio™ est spécialement développée pour générer la trajectoire du robot en projection thermique. L’amélioration de l’extension TST dans la nouvelle version de RobotStudio™ est mise au point sur deux modules principaux :PathKit : génération de la trajectoire sur des pièces complexes.ProfileKit : modélisation du cordon singulier du dépôt et prédiction de son épaisseur en fonction des paramètres opératoires.Les déficiences existantes de l’extension TST impliquent de mettre en œuvre une méthode plus avancée qui permettra de générer la trajectoire du robot en utilisant le maillage pour le calcul d’élément finis. Ainsi, l’opération de projection thermique pourra être menée. Dans cette étude, la méthodologie de maillage est introduite afin de fournir une stratégie de choix de points de trajectoire et l’obtention d’orientations de ces points de trajectoire sur la surface à revêtir. Un module dit MeshKit est donc ajouté dans l’extension TST afin de lui apporter ces fonctionnalités nécessaires.Un couplage entre la trajectoire du robot et la répartition de chaleur du substrat a été développé, ce qui permet d’étudier l’évolution de température pendent le processus de projection thermique. / The objective of this study is to improve the add-in package of off-line programming software RobotStudio™ and to develop a new strategy for generating the robot trajectory according to the kinematic parameters of thermal spraying. The computed temperature evolution relative to the generated robot trajectory on the coating surface is also considered in this study.The add-in package Thermal Spray Toolkit (TST) integrated in RobotStudio™ is developed to generate the robot trajectory for thermal spraying. The improved TST for new version of RobotStudio™ is composed of two principle modules:PathKit: generation of robot trajectory on the free-form coating surface.ProfileKit: modeling the coating profile and prediction the coating thickness based on kinematic parameters.The existing deficiency of TST leads to the development of an advanced robot trajectory generation methodology. In this study, the new approach implements the robotic trajectory planning in an interactive manner between RobotStudio™ and the finite element analysis software (FES). It allows rearranging the imported node created on the surface of workpiece by FES and in turns generating the thermal spraying needed robot trajectories.A coupling between the robot trajectory and the heat distribution on the substrate has been developed, which allows analyzing the temperature evolution during the thermal spray process, it helps to minimize thermal variations on the substrate and to select the appropriate execution sequence of trajectory.

L’un des enjeux relatif au déploiement des piles à combustible à oxyde solide comme système de production d’une énergie propre relève de la température de fonctionnement qui est actuellement autour de 1000°C. Abaisser cette température tout en préservant les performances afin de réduire les coûts de fabrication et d’augmenter la durée de vie des systèmes a été l’objectif dece travail de doctorat.Un coeur de pile à combustible (anode-électrolyte-cathode) élaboré avec des procédés physiques de dépôts (projection par plasma atmosphérique et pulvérisation cathodique magnétron) a été développé et optimisé sur un support métallique poreux. Les matériaux étudiés ont été un cermet en Nickel-Zircone stabilisée à l’Ytttrium (Ni-YSZ) pour l’anode, un électrolyte en YSZ avec ou sans couche de cérine gadoliniée (GDC) et les nickelates de terres rares comme cathode. La maitrise des procédés de revêtements a permis de réduire les épaisseurs de chaque couche et d’assurer la cohésion de l’ensemble des 3 couches avec des caractéristiques cristallographiques, microstructurales et de porosité adaptées. . Les performances électrochimiques ont été étudiées pour chaque élément du coeur de pile puis pour l’ensemble du système élaboré sur métal poreux. Même si les performances atteintes ne sont pas encore suffisantes, les procédés de revêtements optimisés pour recouvrir un support métallique poreux ont confirmé leur potentiel. / Energy production by a clean and environmental processes is a real challenge. Fuel cell technology is good candidate to answer this objective. The major problem of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell is their high operating temperature (around 1000°C) for a massive industrialisation. Decreasing these temperature at 700°C allows a reduction of cost manufacturing and increase the lifetime, in this case the new challenge is to avoid the performances losses.During this phD work, dry surface treatment processes are employed for produce the fuel cell core. The thickness reduction of each part limit the performances decreasing generate by the modification of the temperature. The materials used is a Ni-Yttria stabilised zirconia cermet (Ni-YSZ) for the anode, YSZ with or without gadolinnia doped ceria (GDC) for electrolyte and rare earth nickelate for the cathode component. All material are a usual employed in the SOFC technology. All coating are synthesized and characterised separately. After a third generation of fuel cell is realized on ITM porous metal support produced by PLANSEE. The anode has been deposit by atmospheric plasma spray, the electrolyte and cathode have been synthesised by reactive magnetron sputtering.

La technologie de projection plasma atmosphérique (APS) est largement utilisée pour des applications industrielles. Les revêtements élaborés par APS présentent généralement certains défauts. Les travaux effectués dans cette étude ont consisté à étudier et à développer un nouveau moyen pour assurer à la fois un refroidissement efficace au cours de procédé de projection APS et une adaptation des conditions superficielles en vue d’élaborer des revêtements de haute qualité. Ce moyen consiste à la projection de glace carbonique (glace sèche ou dioxyde de carbone solide) en association avec la projection plasma. Des simulations numériques ont été réalisées, qui ont permis de constater que les dimensions de la buse de projection de glace carbonique, la pression du gaz propulsif, et les propriétés des pellets de CO2 influencent sensiblement la vitesse des pellets de CO2. A partir de ces éléments, des dimensions optimales ont été évaluées. Afin d’examiner l’effet de la projection de glace carbonique sur les revêtements réalisés par projection thermique, plusieurs types de matériaux ont été considérés, trois métalliques (acier, CoNiCrAlY et aluminium pur) et trois céramiques (Al2O3, Cr2O3 et ZrO2-Y2O3). Les microstructures des revêtements metalliques réalisés avec projection de glace sèche présentent moins d'oxydes et moins de porosité par rapport à ceux déposés par APS classique. Dans certains cas l’adhérence peut aussi être améliorée. Pour les revêtements céramiques, une réduction de la porosité ainsi qu’une amélioration significative de l’adhérence des revêtements ont été constatés. Pour le dépôt de ZrO2-Y2O3, la résistance aux chocs thermiques a été améliorée en utilisant des paramètres spécifiques. La projection de CO2 peut légèrement déformer la surface des substrats de faible dureté, et nettoyer les pollutions superficielles sur le substrat et conduire à une contrainte de compression plus élevée et à un refroidissement efficace. Il est à noter toutefois qu’un problème de condensation de la vapeur d’eau peut intervenir en cas de refroidissement du substrat trop important. / The technology of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) is widely used for industrial applications. The coatings produced by APS generally show defects. The work was conducted to investigate and develop a new method to ensure both an effective cooling during the APS process and the adaptation of the surface condition in order to develop high quality coatings. This solution is dry ice (CO2) blasting in combination with thermal spraying. Firstly, numerical simulations were carried out, which revealed that the nozzle size of dry ice blasting, the propellant pressure and the properties of CO2 pellets, significantly affect the velocity of CO2 pellets. From these elements, the optimal dimensions were evaluated. To examine the effects of dry ice blasting on the coatings produced by thermal spraying, several types of materials were considered, three metals (steel, CoNiCrAlY and pure aluminum) and three ceramics (Al2O3, Cr2O3 and ZrO2-Y2O3). The microstructure of metal coatings produced with dry ice blasting show fewer oxides and less porosity compared to those deposited by conventional APS. In some cases the adhesion can be improved. Regarding ceramic coatings, a reduction in porosity and a significant improvement in the coating adhesion were observed. For the deposition of ZrO2-Y2O3, an improvement in thermal shock resistance was achieved using specific parameters. Dry-ice blasting may slightly impact the surface of the substrates with low hardness and could clean the surface pollutions on the substrate and lead to a higher compressive stress and an effective cooling. However, it is noted that the problem of the condensation of water vapor can occur in case of intense cooling of the substrate.

La préparation de surface avant projection thermique est une étape très importante pourl’adhérence des revêtements. Conventionnellement, le dégraissage et le sablage sont les deuxprocédés utilisés pour ce type de préparation, mais l'impact environnemental important de cesprocédés conventionnels, ainsi que les couts désormais associés, et la modification despropriétés des matériaux ductiles ont mené au développement de nouvelles méthodes.Le procédé de texturation par laser est alors apparu comme une alternative intéressante et"propre" à la technique conventionnelle. Ce procédé permet la préparation de la surface parablation de la matière jusqu’à création de microcavités de forme conique à la surface dusubstrat. Cette texturation permet alors d’augmenter la surface de contact entre le matériau etle revêtement et de mieux ancrer mécaniquement le dépôt. Ce procédé permet également letraitement de la surface dans un temps très court, et surtout il n’engendre aucun déchet dansl’environnement.L’approche suivie dans cette étude, a permis de caractériser les effets de chaque paramètreopératoire du laser à travers un protocole d’optimisation par plan d’expériences. La démarcheconsiste, tout d’abord à apprécier le niveau de modifications morphologiques de la surface dusubstrat, ainsi que l’effet thermique induit par l’irradiation laser avant d'évaluer lesperformances des texturations réalisées en termes adhérence et de ténacité d'interface. Cetteapproche a pour objectif de définir les conditions opératoires qui proposent la meilleureadhérence du revêtement et a permis d'atteindre des niveaux supérieurs à ceux proposés parle procédé conventionnel.Enfin, l’analyse de l’impact environnemental du procédé de traitement de surface partexturation laser permet de définir le niveau de respect de l’environnement, de la santé ainsique l’écosystème du procédé en comparaison au procédé conventionnel. / The surface preparation before thermal spraying is a very important step for coating adhesion.Conventionally, degreasing and sandblasting are the two processes used for this surfacepretreatment, but the significant environmental impact of these conventional methods, theircosts and the possible modification of the properties of ductile materials lead to thedevelopment of new methods.The laser texturing process appears as an attractive and "clean" alternative to the conventionaltechnique. The method allows the surface preparation by ablation of material to create microcavities with a conical shape at the surface of the substrate. This texturing process willincrease the surface of contact between the substrate surface and the coating and lead to abetter mechanical anchoring of the coating. This process also allows the pretreatment of thesurface in a very short time without generating any waste.The approach followed in this study aims at characterizing the effects of each operatingparameter of the laser through a optimization protocol by experimental design strategy. Theapproach consists in assessing the level of modifications of surface substrate morphology aswell as the thermal effect induced by laser irradiation before evaluating the performance oftexturing by carrying out tenacity and interface adhesion tests. This approach aims atdetermining the operating conditions that provide the best adhesion of the coating and allowto reach adherence levels higher than those proposed by the conventional methods.Finally, analysis of the environmental impacts of the laser texturing pretraitment process isused to define its effect on the environment, health and ecosystem in comparison with theconventional methods.

O presente estudo está dividido em duas partes. A primeira parte está relacionada à preparação de pós de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) nanoestruturados através do processo de moagem de alta energia, bem como à caracterização dos pós moídos e no estado como recebido. A análise dos dados obtidos nesta etapa do trabalho foi feita utilizando-se uma abordagem essencialmente teórica. A segunda parte deste estudo refere-se à produção e caracterização de revestimentos preparados com os pós de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) nanoestruturados e como recebido. O comportamento destes revestimentos sob erosão-oxidação em alta temperatura foi comparado com base em uma abordagem de caráter mais tecnológico. O tamanho médio de cristalito do pó de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) decresceu rapidamente de 145 nm para 50 nm nos estágios iniciais de moagem e, posteriormente, com o aumento do tempo de moagem, decresceu mais lentamente até atingir um estado estacionário para um tamanho de cristalito em torno de 10 nm. Este estado estacionário corresponde ao início do processo de recuperação dinâmica. A máxima deformação da rede cristalina (δ = 1,17%) foi observada para pós moídos por 16 horas, caracterizando um tamanho crítico de cristalito da ordem de 28 nm. Por outro lado, o parâmetro de rede atingiu um mínimo para pós moídos por 16 horas. Após atingir o tamanho crítico de cristalito, a densidade de discordâncias praticamente não mais varia (estado estacionário) e toda deformação plástica posteriormente introduzida no material é acomodada através de eventos que ocorrem nos contornos de grão, particularmente por meio do processo designado deslizamento de contorno de grão (grain boundary sliding). A energia de deformação armazenada na rede cristalina dos pós de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) moídos com diferentes tempos de moagem foi determinada por meio de medidas da variação de entalpia. Estes resultados indicaram que a máxima variação de entalpia (ΔH = 722 mcal) também ocorreu para pós moídos por 16 horas. Analogamente, a máxima variação do calor específico (ΔCp = 0,278 cal/gK) ocorreu para pós moídos por 16 horas. As seguintes propriedades mecânicas dos revestimentos de Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr), preparados utilizando-se o processo HVOF de aspersão térmica, foram determinadas: microdureza Vickers, módulo de Young e tenacidade à fratura. As propriedades dos revestimentos preparados com os pós nanoestruturados e como recebido foram comparadas. A dureza e o módulo de Young dos revestimentos preparados com os pós nanoestruturados foram aproximadamente 26% maiores que aqueles preparados com os pós como recebido. A tenacidade à fratura dos revestimentos nanoestruturados foi aproximadamente 36% maior do que o verificado para os revestimentos produzidos com pós no estado como recebido. A resistência à erosão-oxidação do revestimento produzido com o pó nanoestruturado foi em torno de 52% maior do que a do revestimento preparado com o pó no estado como recebido, a 800ºC. Ambos os revestimentos mostraram um aumento da taxa de erosão-oxidação para temperaturas acima de 450ºC. / This study is divided in two parts. The first part is about the preparation of nanostructured Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) powders by high energy milling followed by characterization of the milled and the as received powder. Analyses of some of the data obtained were done using a theoretical approach. The second part of this study is about the preparation and characterization of coatings prepared with the nanostructured as well as the as received Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) powders. The high temperature erosion-oxidation (E-O) behavior of the coatings prepared with the two types of powders has been compared based on a technological approach. The average crystallite size of the Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) powder decreased rapidly from 145 nm to 50 nm in the initial stages of milling and thereafter decreased slowly to a steady state value of around 10 nm with further increase in milling time. This steady state corresponds to the beginning of a dynamic recovery process. The maximum lattice strain (δ = 1,17%) was observed in powders milled for 16 hours, and this powders critical crystallite size was 28 nm. In contrast, the lattice parameter attained a minimum for powders milled for 16 hours. Upon reaching the critical crystallite size, the dislocation density attained a steady state regime and all plastic deformation introduced in the material there after was in the form of events occurring at the grain boundaries, due mainly to grain boundary sliding. The deformation energy stored in the crystal lattice of the Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) powders milled for different times was determined from enthalpy variation measurements. These results indicated that the maximum enthalpy variation (ΔH = 722 mcal) also occurred for powders milled for 16 hours. In a similar manner, the maximum specific heat variation (ΔCp = 0,278 cal/gK) occurred for powders milled for 16 hours. The following mechanical properties of Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) coatings prepared using the HVOF thermal spray process were determined: Vickers micro-hardness, the Young Modulus and the fracture toughness. The properties of the coatings prepared with the nanostructured and the as received powders were compared. The hardness and Young Modulus of the coatings prepared with nanostructured powders were approximately 26% higher than that of the coatings prepared with as received powders. The fracture toughness of the nanostructured coating was 36% higher. The erosion-oxidation resistance of the coating produced with the nanostructured powder was around 52% higher than that of the coating prepared with the as received powders at 800 ºC. The E-O wastage of both types of coatings increased with temperature beyond 450 ºC.