Windows, which are responsible for 45% of overall heat loss, play a major role in a building’s energy performance. Therefore, it is critical to measure window energy performance for existing buildings. This study aimed to evaluate the energy performance of windows to determine if replacement of windows is necessary. The evaluation was based on window location, height, orientation, and weather condition in a high-rise residential building. A thermal camera was used for measurements and statistical analyses were performed for measured data. Analysis results showed different performance of each side and floor of the building with a significant difference at the 0.05 level due to various temperatures, wind speeds, and directions. This study suggests using more efficient windows on upper floors, particularly from the fourth floor and above is beneficial as well as considering dominant wind speed and direction for the best configuration of window design.

Existing residential and small commercial buildings now represent the greatest opportunity to improve building energy efficiency. Building energy simulation analysis is becoming increasingly important because the analysis results can assist the decision makers to make decisions on improving building energy efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. However, manually measuring as-is conditions of building envelops including geometry and thermal value is still a labor-intensive, costly, and slow process. Thus, the primary objective of this research was to automatically collect and extract the as-is geometry and thermal data of the building envelope components and create a gbXML-based building geometry model. In the proposed methodology, a rapid and low-cost data collection hardware system was designed by integrating 3D laser scanners and an infrared (IR) camera. Secondly, several algorithms were created to automatically recognize various components of building envelope as objects from collected raw data. The extracted 3D semantic geometric model was then automatically saved as an industry standard file format for data interoperability. The feasibility of the proposed method was validated through three case studies. The contributions of this research include 1) a customized low-cost hybrid data collection system development to fuse various data into a thermal point cloud; 2) an automatic method of extracting building envelope components and its geometry data to generate gbXML-based building geometry model. The broader impacts of this research are that it could offer a new way to collect as is building data without impeding occupants’ daily life, and provide an easier way for laypeople to understand the energy performance of their buildings via 3D thermal point cloud visualization.

Title Use of thermal imaging camera in evaluation of kinezio taping impact on shoulder girdle for female volleyball players Objectives Aim of this diploma thesis is to find out how kinezio taping affects the temperature of shoulder girdle during the physical load at female volleyball players' smash Methods The thesis is devided into theoretical part which serves as a basic for research in the second empirical part. The complex will consist of a total of 16 female volleyball players. During the measurement we will examine the effect of kinezio taping on the temperature change of shoulder girdle during the physical activity using the thermal camera before and after a physical activity. And at the remaining eight players we eill record the values before and after physical activity without apllied kinezio tape. Results Using the thermal imaging camera we found out that after application of kinezio tape the temperature in the shoulder girdle at rest raises gradually. The increase of temperature during physical load is in the reporting period lower with applied kinezio tape. Keywords Thermal camera, kinezio taping, shoulder girdle, temperature, blood flow. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de algoritmos de processamento de imagens para câmeras térmicas, com o objetivo de sintetizá-los em FPGA. Existem diversas aplicações para imagens térmicas nas áreas médica, de segurança e industrial, por isso o conhecimento e o desenvolvimento de câmeras térmicas são de interesse para a academia e para a indústria. Por consequência, o desenvolvimento de algoritmos que tratem as imagens também representa importante papel. Os algoritmos implementados neste trabalho são: correção de não uniformidade (NUC); substituição de pixels defeituosos, ou bad pixels, (BPR); redução da resolução de cor com realce de contraste; e filtro espacial para realçar detalhes da imagem, chamado de filtro de nitidez. Os três primeiros são algoritmos importantes devido à características dos detectores e de câmeras térmicas, já o filtro de nitidez foi proposto para melhorar a visualização de objetos nas imagens. Com os algoritmos simulados em Matlab foram feitas medidas de contraste e de MTF das imagens de saída, e os resultados obtidos para os algoritmos de realce de contraste e de nitidez mostraram que eles são adições importantes ao conjunto de algoritmos básicos para câmeras térmicas, já que, para alguns casos, o realce de contraste aumentou em mais de 50% a medida de contraste da imagem, em comparação com o algoritmo anterior, e o filtro de nitidez proporcionou valores de MTF até duas vezes maiores. Os algoritmos de NUC e BPR apresentaram os resultados esperados, corrigindo a imagem recebida do detector. As imagens utilizadas eram de 640×512 pixels processadas em uma taxa de 30 fps, e dessa forma optou-se pelo FPGA para a síntese dos algoritmos, sendo possível realizar os processamentos paralelamente contando com a característica de alto throughput inerente a estes componentes. Os algoritmos implementados em FPGA apresentaram desempenho superior aos requisitos mínimos de tempo para o sistema utilizado, sendo perfeitamente capazes de processar o vídeo de entrada em tempo real. / This work presents the development of FPGA-synthesizable image processing algorithms to thermal cameras. There are plenty of applications for thermal imaging in medical, security and industrial areas, therefore, the knowledge and the development of thermal cameras are of great interest to both academia and industry. Consequently, the development of algorithms to enhance the images is also important. The implemented algorithms are: nonuniformity correction (NUC); bad pixel replacement (BPR); pixel depth reduction with contrast enhancement; and emboss spatial filter. The three first algorithms are important because of some characteristics of infrared detectors and cameras, and the emboss filter is proposed to improve the visualization of objects in the images. With the algorithms simulated in Matlab, the contrast and MTF were measured in the output images, and the results showed that the contrast enhancement and the emboss filter algorithms are important additions to the infrared cameras basic set of image processing algorithms since, for some cases, the contrast enhancement was able to improve the contrast by 50% and the emboss filter have doubled the MTF. NUC and BPR algorithms had the expected results, correcting the image from the detector. There were used images with resolution of 640×512 at 30 frames per second and, because of this, it was chosen to synthesize the algorithms in an FPGA, this way it is possible to run them in parallel, counting on the high throughput characteristic of the FPGAs. The implemented algorithms have better timing performance than the needed for the system used, being perfectly able to process the input video in real time.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de algoritmos de processamento de imagens para câmeras térmicas, com o objetivo de sintetizá-los em FPGA. Existem diversas aplicações para imagens térmicas nas áreas médica, de segurança e industrial, por isso o conhecimento e o desenvolvimento de câmeras térmicas são de interesse para a academia e para a indústria. Por consequência, o desenvolvimento de algoritmos que tratem as imagens também representa importante papel. Os algoritmos implementados neste trabalho são: correção de não uniformidade (NUC); substituição de pixels defeituosos, ou bad pixels, (BPR); redução da resolução de cor com realce de contraste; e filtro espacial para realçar detalhes da imagem, chamado de filtro de nitidez. Os três primeiros são algoritmos importantes devido à características dos detectores e de câmeras térmicas, já o filtro de nitidez foi proposto para melhorar a visualização de objetos nas imagens. Com os algoritmos simulados em Matlab foram feitas medidas de contraste e de MTF das imagens de saída, e os resultados obtidos para os algoritmos de realce de contraste e de nitidez mostraram que eles são adições importantes ao conjunto de algoritmos básicos para câmeras térmicas, já que, para alguns casos, o realce de contraste aumentou em mais de 50% a medida de contraste da imagem, em comparação com o algoritmo anterior, e o filtro de nitidez proporcionou valores de MTF até duas vezes maiores. Os algoritmos de NUC e BPR apresentaram os resultados esperados, corrigindo a imagem recebida do detector. As imagens utilizadas eram de 640×512 pixels processadas em uma taxa de 30 fps, e dessa forma optou-se pelo FPGA para a síntese dos algoritmos, sendo possível realizar os processamentos paralelamente contando com a característica de alto throughput inerente a estes componentes. Os algoritmos implementados em FPGA apresentaram desempenho superior aos requisitos mínimos de tempo para o sistema utilizado, sendo perfeitamente capazes de processar o vídeo de entrada em tempo real. / This work presents the development of FPGA-synthesizable image processing algorithms to thermal cameras. There are plenty of applications for thermal imaging in medical, security and industrial areas, therefore, the knowledge and the development of thermal cameras are of great interest to both academia and industry. Consequently, the development of algorithms to enhance the images is also important. The implemented algorithms are: nonuniformity correction (NUC); bad pixel replacement (BPR); pixel depth reduction with contrast enhancement; and emboss spatial filter. The three first algorithms are important because of some characteristics of infrared detectors and cameras, and the emboss filter is proposed to improve the visualization of objects in the images. With the algorithms simulated in Matlab, the contrast and MTF were measured in the output images, and the results showed that the contrast enhancement and the emboss filter algorithms are important additions to the infrared cameras basic set of image processing algorithms since, for some cases, the contrast enhancement was able to improve the contrast by 50% and the emboss filter have doubled the MTF. NUC and BPR algorithms had the expected results, correcting the image from the detector. There were used images with resolution of 640×512 at 30 frames per second and, because of this, it was chosen to synthesize the algorithms in an FPGA, this way it is possible to run them in parallel, counting on the high throughput characteristic of the FPGAs. The implemented algorithms have better timing performance than the needed for the system used, being perfectly able to process the input video in real time.

Utvecklingen av drönare går snabbt och användningsområdena blir allt fler. En idé som har framkommit handlar om att montera en värmekamera på en drönare och flyga över skogen för att inventera älgar. Tanken är att få fram en inventeringsmetod som är billig, flexibel och som har större noggrannhet än traditionella älginventeringsmetoder. Tillsammans med ett projekt som drivs och finansieras av Skogsstyrelsen har detta kandidatarbete genomförts som ett första steg i utvecklingen av inventeringsmetoden. Målet med kandidatarbetet har varit att undersöka de grundläggande faktorerna flyghöjd och flyghastighet vid inventering med värmekamera på drönare, samt hur djuren påverkas av drönarens närvaro, för att lägga grunden för en fortsatt utvecklig av en fullskalig inventeringsmetod. Undersökningen har genomförts i hägn under kontrollerade former för att säkerställa att det har funnits älgar inom ett område som var begränsat. Djurens reaktion på drönarens närvaro observerades i takt med att drönaren flög allt närmare. Flyghöjds- och flyghastighetstestet genomfördes genom att värmekameran spelade in en filmsekvens medan drönaren flög på 60 m, 90 m och 120 m höjd, samt med hastigheten 2,5 m/s och 5 m/s på varje höjd, filmerna analyserades sedan manuellt i efterhand. Resultaten visar att vid inventering i gles äldre lövskog är det möjligt att se älgarna med värmekameran vid en flyghöjd på 120 m och med en flyghastighet på 5 m/s. Vid flyghöjder på över 80 m störs inte djuren av drönarens närvaro och vid lägre höjder på ner till 40 m så reagerar djuren men de visar inga tecken på att ta till flykt.

Master of Science / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Ajay Sharda / Precise water application conserves resources, reduces costs, and optimizes plant performance and quality. Existing irrigation scheduling utilizes single, localized measurements that do not account for spatial crop water need; but, quick, single-point sensors are impractical for measuring discrete variations across large coverage areas. Thermography is an alternate approach for measuring spatial temperatures to quantify crop health. However, agricultural studies using thermography are limited due to previous camera expense, unfamiliar use and calibration, software for image acquisition and high-throughput processing specifically designed for thermal imagery mapping and monitoring spatial crop water need. Recent advancements in thermal detectors and sensing platforms have allowed uncooled thermal infrared (TIR) cameras to become suited for crop sensing. Therefore, a small, lightweight thermal infrared imaging system (TIRIS) was developed capable of radiometric temperature measurements. One-time (OT) and real-time (RT) radiometric calibrations methods were developed and validated for repeatable, temperature measurements while compensating for strict environmental conditions within a climate chamber. The Tamarisk® 320 and 640 analog output yielded a measurement accuracy of ±0.82°C or 0.62ºC with OT and RT radiometric calibration, respectively. The Tamarisk® 320 digital output yielded a measurement accuracy of ±0.43 or 0.29ºC with OT and RT radiometric calibration, respectively. Similarly, the FLIR® Tau 2 analog output yielded a measurement accuracy of ±0.87 or 0.63ºC with OT and RT radiometric calibration, respectively. A TIRIS was then built for high-throughput image capture, correction, and processing and RT environmental compensation for monitoring crop water stress within a greenhouse and temperature mapping aboard a small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS). The greenhouse TIRIS was evaluated by extracting plant temperatures for monitoring full-season crop water stress index (CWSI) measurements. Canopy temperatures demonstrated that CWSI explained 82% of the soil moisture variation. Similarly, validation aboard a sUAS provided radiometric thermal maps with a ±1.38°C (α=0.05) measurement accuracy. Due to the TIR cameras’ performance aboard sUAS and greenhouse platforms, a TIRIS provides unparalleled spatial coverage and measurement accuracy capable of monitoring subtle crop stress indicators. Further studies need to be conducted to produce spatial crop water stress maps at scales necessary for variable rate irrigation systems.

Providing conditioned and fully controlled room is the final goal for having a comfortable building. But on the other hand making smart controllers to provide the required cooling or heating load depending on occupants' real time feeling is necessary. This study has emphasized on finding a meaningful and steady state parameter in human body that can be interpreted as comfort criterion which can be expressed as the general occupants' sensation through their ambient temperature. There are lots of researches on human physiological behavior in different situations and also different body parts reaction to the same ambient situation. Body parts which have the biggest reliable linear fluctuation to the changes are the best subject for this research. For these tests, wrist and palm have been selected and their temperatures on different people have been measured accurately with thermal camera to follow the temperature trend on various comfort levels. It is found that each person reaches to his own unique temperature on these two spots, when he/ she feels comfortable, or in other word each person's body temperature is a precise nominate for comfort feeling of that individual. So in future by having this unique comfort parameter and applying them to the HVAC system temperature control, controlling the dynamic temperature and correlating the indoor condition depending on the occupants instant thermal comfort level, would be a rational choice to bring convenience while energy has been saved more.

Diplomová práce se zabývá návrhem termální kamery pro biologické aplikace. V první části je popsáné infračervené záření, také známé jako thermální záření. Pokračuje popisem emisivity objektů, která hraje důležitou roli při stanovení teploty snímaného objektu. Dále je v první kapitole uveden přehled typů termálních detektorů a jejich základní vlastnosti. Druhá kapitola stručně seznamuje se zákládními hardwarovými komponenty vyvíjené kamery. V poslední kapitole je popsán celý proces vývoje softwaru. Ten zahrnuje vývoj IP jader, kernel modulů a C++ knihoven.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought increased need for measuring human temperature. This thesis deals with solution of using low-cost thermal camera module FLIR Lepton 3.5 for measuring human forehead temperature and examines the real usability of this in terms of an accuracy. In the beginning, I describe various methods of measuring temperature and factors, which can influence the measurement. Subsequently, I examine various factors influencing human body and surface temperature. As of result of thesis is full design and implementation of thermal image system for temperature measurement, which I tested in different environmental conditions and compared its the precision against medical contactless infrared thermometer.