This thesis deals with the influence of the location of exhaust outlets on the air quality. The study examines the performance of the hybrid ventilation system installed in an experimental house. The central point of this work is a numerical model of a bedroom with heat and carbon dioxide sources. The temperature, speed and concentration fields have been solved for, from which further quantities of thermal comfort PMV, PPD and DR were evaluated. Finally, the impact of changes in the quality of the microclimate using these quantities and in the energy efficiency ventilation is assessed.

The work is focused on issue of passive cooling in a cabin of a car. The basic principles and mechanisms of heat transfer are described in the theoretical part and the quality of cabin environment in terms of thermal comfort and air quality is discussed as well. Next part of the work describing the principles of ventilation and air conditioning of cabins and possible methods of passive cooling are discussed. Passive cooling means decrease of temperature of cars interior, without need of energy supply from car battery, or fuel. The last part of the work includes numerical simulation of selected methods of passive cooling using the THESEUS-FE 3.0 software. Simulations were performed on model of Volkswagen Polo car and primarily were focused on testing of functionality of various methods of passive cooling.

This thesis deals with an experimental determination of heat transfer coefficients from the surface of the thermal manikin. The main focus of the work lies on separating radiative and convective heat fluxes from the surface of the thermal manikin. Both nude and clothed, standing and seated postures were investigated respectively. The tests were conducted in a constant air temperature (cca 24°C) and a constant wind speed (cca 0,05 m.s-1) environment. The major part of the radiative heat flux was eliminated by a low emissivity coating applied to the surface of the nude thermal manikin, and in the case of clothed manikin by a low emissivity two-piece dress. Favorable results were achieved only in the case of the nude manikin measurements. The measurements were performed across 34 zones that logically represent parts of a human body. Experimental work confirms theoretical expectations in the means of a heat transfer. In addition, the results of this work were compared to results of a similar experimental work. The outcomes of this thesis provide essential information in order to create detailed computational models of a thermal environment. Such models require anatomically specific, separate values of convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients.

The subject of diploma thesis is energy assessment of the building according to BREEAM methodology. First chapter overviews certification systems. The main part of the thesis consists of energy assessment of the building with application of BREEAM requirements. Specifically, building, its systems and interior environment analysis has been carried out, determination of heat transfer coefficients and production of energy performance certificate. Energy assessment of the building is carried out in accordance to BREEAM criteria. Third part contains analysis and evaluation of thermal comfort.

<div>Currently, people in North America spend roughly 90% of their time indoors. Therefore, it is important to create comfortable, healthy, and productive indoor environments for the occupants. Unfortunately, our resulting indoor environments are still very poor, especially in multi-occupant rooms. In addition, energy consumption in residential and commercial buildings by HVAC systems and lighting accounts for about 41% of primary energy use in the US. However, the current methods for simulating building energy consumption are often not accurate, and various types of occupant behavior may explain this inaccuracy.</div><div>This study first developed artificial neural network models for predicting thermal comfort and occupant behavior in indoor environments. The models were trained by data on indoor environmental parameters, thermal sensations, and occupant behavior collected in ten offices and ten houses/apartments. The models were able to predict similar acceptable air temperature ranges in offices, from 20.6 °C to 25 °C in winter and from 20.6 °C to 25.6 °C in summer. We also found that the comfortable air temperature in the residences was 1.7 °C lower than that in the offices in winter, and 1.7 °C higher in summer. The reason for this difference may be that the occupants of the houses/apartments were responsible for paying their energy bills. The comfort zone obtained by the ANN model using thermal sensations in the ten offices was narrower than the comfort zone in ASHRAE Standard 55, but that using behaviors was wider.</div><div>Then this study used the EnergyPlus program to simulate the energy consumption of HVAC systems in office buildings. Measured energy data were used to validate the simulated results. When using the collected behavior from the offices, the difference between the simulated results and the measured data was less than 13%. When a behavioral ANN model was implemented in the energy simulation, the simulation performed similarly. However, energy simulation using constant thermostat set point without considering occupant behavior was not accurate. Further simulations demonstrated that adjusting the thermostat set point and the clothing could lead to a 25% variation in energy use in interior offices and 15% in exterior offices. Finally, energy consumption could be reduced by 30% with thermostat setback control and 70% with occupancy control.</div><div>Because of many contextual factors, most previous studies have built data-driven behavior models with limited scalability and generalization capability. This investigation built a policy-based reinforcement learning (RL) model for the behavior of adjusting the thermostat and clothing level. We used Q-learning to train the model and validated with collected data. After training, the model predicted the behavior with R2 from 0.75 to 0.80 in an office building. This study also transferred the behavior knowledge of the RL model to other office buildings with different HVAC control systems. The transfer learning model predicted with R2 from 0.73 to 0.80. Going from office buildings to residential buildings, the transfer learning model also had an R2 over 0.60. Therefore, the RL model combined with transfer learning was able to predict the building occupant behavior accurately with good scalability, and without the need for data collection.<br></div><div><div>Unsuitable thermostat settings lead to energy waste and an undesirable indoor environment, especially in multi-occupant rooms. This study aimed to develop an HVAC control strategy in multi-occupant offices using physiological parameters measured by wristbands. We used an ANN model to predict thermal sensation from air temperature, relative humidity, clothing level, wrist skin temperature, skin relative humidity and heart rate. Next, we developed a control strategy to improve the thermal comfort of all the occupants in the room. The control system was smart and could adjust the thermostat set point automatically in real time. We improved the occupants’ thermal comfort level that over half of the occupants reported feeling neutral, and fewer than 5% still felt uncomfortable. After coupling with occupancy-based control by means of lighting sensors or wristband Bluetooth, the heating and cooling loads were reduced by 90% and 30%, respectively. Therefore, the smart HVAC control system can effectively control the indoor environment for thermal comfort and energy saving.</div><div>As for proposed studies in the future, at first, we will use more advanced sensors to collect more kinds of occupant behavior-related data. We will expand the research on more occupant behavior related to indoor air quality, noise and illuminance level. We can use these data to recognize behavior instead of questionnaire survey now. We will also develop a personalized zonal control system for the multi-occupant office. We can find the number and location of inlet diffusers by using inverse design.</div></div>

El adobe es un material comúnmente empleado en las viviendas de la Sierra Peruana, ello se debe principalmente a su fácil acceso y menor precio. Un factor característico de esta región es su baja temperatura en invierno. La mayor parte de las construcciones en esta zona son precarias y no son construidas pensando en obtener un mejor confort térmico, el cual puede afectar en la salud de los habitantes y en su calidad de vida. Por tal motivo, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo revestir los muros de adobe con paneles de corcho con el fin de mejorar el confort térmico de las viviendas unifamiliares. Para validar esta investigación, se optó realizar un registro de temperaturas de tres viviendas de adobe con diferentes dimensiones en un lapso de tiempo y, con los datos obtenidos, calcular su conductividad térmica con el fin de determinar cuál de ellas presentaba el peor caso. Luego, se procedió a revestir interiormente la vivienda escogida con paneles de corcho, ya que este material es buen aislante térmico natural, proveniente del alcornoque, que puede proveer un mejor confort térmico dentro de la vivienda. Después, se procederá a realizar los mismos pasos desarrollados en la vivienda sin revestir con el fin de determinar si se presentó alguna mejoría en su resistencia térmica. Finalmente, se obtuvo como resultado que el revestimiento de panel de corcho disminuyó la conductividad térmica en un 10.43% con respecto a la vivienda sin revestir. / Currently, adobe is a material commonly used in the homes of the Peruvian Sierra, this is mainly due to its easy access and lower price. A characteristic factor of this region is its low temperature in winter. Most of the buildings in this area are precarious and are not built with the aim of obtaining better thermal comfort, which can affect the health of the inhabitants and their quality of life. For this reason, the purpose of this research is to cover adobe walls with cork panels to improve the thermal comfort of single-family homes. To validate this research, it was decided to make a temperature record of three adobe houses with different dimensions over a period of time and calculate their thermal conductivity with the data obtained to determine which of them had the worst case. Then, the chosen house was internally coated with cork panels because this material is a good natural thermal insulator, coming from the cork oak, which can provide better thermal comfort inside the house. Then, the steps done at the home without coating will be performed at the same home with coating to determine if there was any improvement in its thermal resistance. Finally, it was obtained as a result that the cork panel covering decreased the thermal conductivity by 10.43% with respect to the uncoated house. / Trabajo de investigación

No description available.

La presente tesis realiza la construcción de 5 prototipos de vivienda cuadradas de 1.30 m de largo y una altura de 0.65 m con bloques de adobe, los cuales tienen una dimensión de 0.30 m x 0.10 m x 0.15 m. Su respectiva cubierta se construyó con calamina el cual fue instalado en dos direcciones, asemejándose a una vivienda real de la zona de Huancarama-Apurimac. De esta manera se diseñó el tarrajeo de un mortero reemplazando caucho pulverizado en porcentajes de 10%, 20% y 30 % al agregado fino, con la finalidad de determinar el mejor desempeño de los morteros en referencia a la conductividad térmica que poseen. Así mismo, se realizó el ensayo de granulometría a las partículas de caucho para determinar el tamaño de grano a utilizar, también se elaboraron cubos de mortero de 5 cm de lado para someterlos al ensayo de resistencia a la compresión a los 7, 14 y 28 días y ver su cumplimiento con la norma ASTM-270. De los prototipos de vivienda, el primer módulo no fue tarrajeado, el segundo fue tarrajeado con un mortero tradicional al cual se le denomino mortero patrón y los módulos restantes fueron revestidos con 10%, 20% y 30 % de caucho en la composición del mortero como material reemplazante del agregado fino. Seguidamente, se dejó secar los prototipos ya revestidos por un periodo de 5 días, sin antes descuidar el proceso de curado para evitar posibles fisuras en los muros revestidos. Después de los días establecidos se colocó dos termómetros de ambiente en cada prototipo para determinar la temperatura ambiente. La lectura de data se realizó por un tiempo de 24 horas en intervalo de cada hora, para así determinar el cambio de fluctuaciones de temperatura ambiente de cada prototipo. Finalmente se realizó el análisis comparativo de las distintas temperaturas de los 5 prototipos y se determinó que el módulo que presenta mejor confort es el que tiene en su composición de mortero 30% de caucho pulverizado. Este prototipo de vivienda presentaba mejores temperaturas de ambiente en comparación con los demás, así mismo se determinó que tiene un mejor comportamiento de aislante térmico. / This thesis carries out the construction of 5 square housing prototypes 1.30 m long and 0.65 m high with adobe blocks, which have a dimension of 0.30 m x 0.10 m x 0.15 m. Its respective cover was built with calamine which was installed in two directions, resembling a real house in the Huancarama-Apurimac area. In this way, the plastering of a mortar was designed, replacing pulverized rubber in percentages of 10%, 20% and 30% to the fine aggregate, in order to determine the best performance of the mortars in reference to the thermal conductivity they possess. Likewise, the granulometry test was carried out on the rubber particles to determine the grain size to be used, mortar cubes of 5 cm on each side were also made to submit them to the compressive strength test at 7, 14 and 28 days and see its compliance with the ASTM-270 standard. Of the housing prototypes, the first module was not plastered, the second was plastered with a traditional mortar which was called pattern mortar and the remaining modules were coated with 10%, 20% and 30% rubber in the composition of the mortar. as a replacement material for fine aggregate. Subsequently, the already coated prototypes were left to dry for a period of 5 days, without first neglecting the curing process to avoid possible cracks in the coated walls. After the established days, two room thermometers were placed in each prototype to determine the room temperature. The data reading was carried out for a time of 24 hours at an interval of each hour, in order to determine the change in fluctuations in ambient temperature of each prototype. Finally, a comparative analysis of the different temperatures of the 5 prototypes was carried out and it was determined that the module that presents the best comfort is the one with 30% pulverized rubber in its mortar composition. This housing prototype had better ambient temperatures compared to the others, and it was also determined that it has a better thermal insulation behavior. / Tesis

En la actualidad, en la sierra peruana aún emplean el adobe como material para las construcciones de viviendas, ya que este material es de fácil acceso y económico. Además, una principal característica de esta zona son las bajas temperaturas en las noches de invierno. Estas condiciones y la deficiencia en la metodología que emplean para construir sus viviendas no son óptimas para alcanzar un buen confort térmico, por lo que, en un largo plazo, la salud y la calidad de vida de los habitantes podría verse perjudicada. Por esta razón, el propósito de la presente investigación es revestir los muros de adobe empleando rollos de totora con el objetivo de mejorar el confort térmico de las viviendas unifamiliares. En primer lugar, para constatar esta investigación se decidió por registrar las temperaturas de tres viviendas de adobe (cada una con bloques de diferentes dimensiones) en un intervalo de tiempo predefinido. Con los resultados obtenidos, se procederá a calcular la conductividad térmica de cada una de las viviendas con el objetivo de determinar qué caso es el más afectado. En segundo lugar, la vivienda más perjudicada será revestida interiormente con rollos de totora, ya que este material es una fibra de origen natural que brinda un beneficioso aislamiento térmico, el cual puede proporcionar un mejor confort térmico al interior de la vivienda afectada. Luego, se continuará con el cálculo de la conductividad térmica en la vivienda revestida y, posteriormente, se comparará los resultados de la vivienda sin revestimiento y con revestimiento para determinar cuánto mejoró su resistencia térmica. Finalmente, se concluyó que al aplicar un revestimiento de rollos de totora al interior de la vivienda se redujo la conductividad térmica en un 51.17% en comparación con la vivienda sin revestir. / Currently, in the Peruvian highlands they still use adobe as a material for housing construction since this material is easily accessible and inexpensive. In addition, one of the main characteristics of this area are the low temperatures on winter nights. These conditions and the deficiency in the methodology they use to build their homes are not optimal to achieve good thermal comfort, so that, in the long term, the health and quality of life of the inhabitants could be harmed. For this reason, the purpose of this research is to cover the adobe walls using reed rolls to improve the thermal comfort of single-family homes. In the first place, to verify this investigation, it was decided to record the temperatures of three adobe houses (each with blocks of different dimensions) in a predefined time interval and, with the results, the thermal conductivity of each one will be calculated. of the dwellings to determine which case is the most affected. Secondly, the most damaged home will be covered internally with reed rolls because reed is a fiber of natural origin that provides beneficial thermal insulation, which can provide better thermal comfort to the interior of the affected home. This will then continue with the calculation of the thermal conductivity in the cladded home, and then the results of the uncoated and coated home will be compared to determine how much its thermal resistance improved. Finally, it was concluded that by applying a reed roll coating to the interior of the house, the thermal conductivity was reduced by 51.17% compared to the uncoated house. / Tesis

No description available.