This thesis presents a body of work conducted in the field of domestic thermal comfort. The aim of this research was to determine the suitability of the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index in homes within the UK. Two field studies were conducted with a sample of participants living in owner occupied properties in a UK city (London) and a UK provincial town (Loughborough). Research findings indicate that the PMV is indeed a good predictor of thermal sensation in homes when conditions are steady state and people are engaged in near-sedentary activities. When conditions are not steady state and people are engaged in a variety of household activities, the accuracy of the PMV index can be improved by using a metabolic rate coefficient of 1.7. Further research work is required to ascertain this and likewise the range of applicability of the Adaptive Model.

ABSTRACT The HEMS system has been gaining global attention due to its huge potential for home application in conserving energy. It is the goal of this research to study to analyze: 1. The Intelligent Operational Strategies under local Weather Conditions 2. Full-scale Experimental Investigation of the HEMS system, including the HVAC and Lighting Controls 3. Energy Savings Effect of each HEMS strategy developed and its Economic Feasibility The experimental result indicated that the HEMS system can be established efficiently in applying: For Air-conditioning Systems: Intermittent Ac PMV-assisted AC Mode DSM-controlled AC mode Predictive Control AC Mode Free-cooling Mode, and For Lighting Systems : Lighting on Demand Mode Task Lighting Sequential Control Lighting Daylighting Humane-sensored Lighting The experimental result indicated that over 30% energy savings can be experienced with huge potential for wide engineering applications.

Submitted by FABIANA PADILHA MONTANHEIRO null (fpmontanheiro@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-27T11:37:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FABIANA PADILHA MONTANHEIRO_2016.pdf: 1833961 bytes, checksum: d83a3427b3bd4997f83da6c40a0ec6b5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-29T17:53:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 montanheiro_fp_me_bauru.pdf: 1833961 bytes, checksum: d83a3427b3bd4997f83da6c40a0ec6b5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T17:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 montanheiro_fp_me_bauru.pdf: 1833961 bytes, checksum: d83a3427b3bd4997f83da6c40a0ec6b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No panorama mundial o número de pessoas com 60 anos ou mais vem aumentando rapidamente. A grande maioria dos idosos que vive de forma independente deseja continuar seu estilo de vida atual, e para isso precisa de apoio extra e orientação para envelhecer com bem-estar e saúde. Essas condições incluem a convivência em ambientes agradáveis, inclusive em relação ao conforto térmico. Neste contexto, este trabalho avaliou a sensação térmica de idosos, comparando-a com os resultados do índice PMV (Voto Médio Estimado: Predicted Mean Vote) de Fanger. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória de abordagem qualitativa (questionários) e quantitativa (medições com termômetros de bulbo seco, bulbo úmido e de globo), conforme a norma ISO 7730:2006; 2011, em três instituições que oferecem serviços de atividades específicas para a faixa populacional na cidade de Bauru (SP): o SESI (Serviço Social da Indústria), o SESC (Serviço Social do Comércio) e a AAPIBR (Associação dos aposentados, pensionistas e idosos de Bauru e Região). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as sensações térmicas reais (STR) relatadas pelos idosos (sensações subjetivas) são estatisticamente similares às calculadas pela equação do PMV (sensações analíticas) para três faixas desse índice: -1, 0 e 1. / In the global landscape, the number of people aged 60 and over is increasing rapidly. The vast majority of seniors who live independently wish to continue their current lifestyle, and for that they need extra support and guidance to grow old with wellness and health. These conditions include living in pleasant environments, including thermal comfort. In this context, this study evaluated the thermal sensation of the elderly, comparing it with the results from the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) method (Fanger). An exploratory research with qualitative (questionnaires) and quantitative approach (measured with dry-bulb, wet-bulb and globe thermometers) was performed according to ISO 7730: 2006; 2011, in three institutions that offer specific activities services for the population group in the city of Bauru (São Paulo state): SESI (Industrial Social Services), SESC (Commercial Social Services) and AAPIBR (Association of retirees, pensioners and seniors of Bauru and region). The results showed that the actual thermal sensations (ATS) reported by the elderly (subjective sensations) are statistically similar to those calculated by the PMV equation (analytical sensations) on a threepoint scale: -1, 0 and 1. / MCA 162174

Thermal comfort in an indoor environment is largely dependent on the four environmental and two personal parameters which is most commonly measured by the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model developed by Fanger. It has been studied that variations in these parameters beyond a range could lead to discomfort complaints. However, little research has been done on the effect of mean radiant temperature variations and its influence on predicted mean vote and thermal comfort specially in an actual building environment. This study aims to investigate the relationship between mean radiant temperature and predicted mean vote in indoor environment. Using the methods of on-site measurement of indoor environmental parameters and subjective votes on thermal sensation in an educational building; it was found that rise in mean radiant temperature lead to rise in PMV value and discomfort vote amongst occupants seated near glazed façade. A very strong positive correlation was found between mean radiant temperature and PMV near the window side of the room under warm and sunny weather conditions. Analysis of indoor environmental data from the several measurement sessions concluded that rise in mean radiant temperature and PMV was not noticed until there was a direct solar transmission through the window. It is advisable to use solar shading on windows, but special consideration should be given to the trade-offs between energy consumption (heating or cooling) and lighting energy consumption. No conclusions could be made in terms of ankle draft discomfort due to experimental limitations and more research would be required to investigate this phenomenon. / Termisk komfort inomhusmiljö är till stor del beroende av de fyra miljö och två personlig parametrar som oftast mäts av Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) modell som utvecklats av Fanger. Det har studerats att variationer i dessa parametrar utanför en limit kan leda till missnöjeklagomål. Däremot har lite forskning gjorts på effekten av mean radiant tempratur och dess inverkan på predicted mean vote och termisk komfort speciellt i en verklig byggnadsmiljö. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan mean radiant tempratur och predicted mean vote i inomhusmiljö. Användning mätmetoderna av inomhusmiljöparametrar och subjektiva röster av termisk komfort uppfattning i en byggnad för utbildning; det konstaterades att stiga i medel leda mean radiant tempratur att stiga i predicted mean vote värde och missnöje rösta bland byggnad brukarna sitter nära glasfasaden. En väldigt positiv korrelation mellan men radiant tempratur och predicted mean vote nära en fönstersida under varma och soliga väder var noterat. Genom att analysera data av inomhusmiljön från de multipla mätningssessionerna konkluderat att ökningen i mean radiant tempratur och predicted mean vote inte märktes tills det fanns en direkt soltransmission genom fönstret. Det är rekommenderar att använda solskydd på fönster, men med tanke på kompromisser mellan energiförbrukning (värme eller kyla) och ljussättning konsumtion.   Inga slutsatser kan göras om luftdrag på fotled grund av experimentella begränsningar och mer forskning skulle krävas för att undersöka detta fenomen.

The exhausting fossil fuels have stimulated heating researches on alternative renewable energy, as well as energy friendly studies. In a country like Taiwan, with high density on population and buildings, fresh cold air are supplied by either fan-coil units or air-condition units. However, with the lack of intelligent control and poor justification on thermal comfort, these machines failed to provide optimal thermal comfort, a situation that always leads to "excessive control" and energy waste as a consequence. Optimal thermal comfort is pursued by using PMV fuzzy control theory, along with thermal comfort monitoring system derived from LabView icon-control software. Thermal Comfort indices such as Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percent of Dissatisfied (PPD) according to the ISO 7730 are used as indicators of thermal comfort.Sensors, conscious of variations in humidity and temperatures, can figure out PMV and PPD via LabView Online Real Time calculation, and then we can control the environment comfort around PMV=1 next by using fuzzy control theory as well as energy efficient equipment such as AC stepless fans and AC stepless heaters. Many comfort simulation cases, comfort simulation with random humidity and temperatures, and a 12-hour automatic control, were presented as three testing items to check whether PMV FUZZY algorithm is competitive in fixing the environment thermal comfort around PMV=1. The confirmation of this question can be proved by this empirical study.

The diploma thesis is focused on ventilation and simulation of heating in small transport aircraft EV-55 cabin. First part explains an impact of thermal environment on human health and describes restrictions and recommendations forced on inner aircraft environment. In the first part are also clarified conditions of comfortable environment and thermal comfort evaluation for passengers via PMV and PPD index. The second part contains results from simulation of aircraft cabin environment. Inlet ventilation airflow and cabin heating is simulated via simulation mean Theseus-FE 3.0. The simulation results are evaluated for thermal comfort degree and optimal cabin insulation with optimal temperature and volume flow rate of inlet air is specified.

Den globala uppvärmningen är en stor utmaning för världen att hantera och därför har länder som Sverige och unioner som EU kommit överens om olika klimatmål. Fram till 2020 är planen att utsläppen av växthusgaser skall sänkas med 20% jämfört med nivåerna 1990 och sen 2050 skall det reduceras med 80%. För att kunna möta dessa miljömål måste energiproduktionen inom EU-länderna bli mer miljövänlig. Ett sätt att producera sådan energi är med biobränslen vilket kan göras genom förbränning av biobränslena i en fjärrvärmeanläggning. Därmed blir det viktigt att alla energiproducenter strävar åt att gå mot en mer miljövänlig energiproduktion. Utöver att energiomvandlingen måste göras på ett miljövänligt sätt för att uppnå ett hållbart samhälle måste bra arbetsklimat också erhållas på anläggningarna. För om ett bra arbetsklimat inte infinner sig kan hälsan hos dem anställda riskeras med hälsoproblem som till exempel illamående och i värsta fall hjärtproblem. Dåligt arbetsklimat kan uppkomma på olika sätt men två exempel är vid för höga inomhustemperaturer eller dålig luftkvalitet. För att utvärdera hur bra ett inomhusklimat är finns olika typer av komfortindex, i denna studie har PMV-metoden använts för att utvärdera komfortnivåerna på Lersäters värmeverk som är en del av Kils Energi AB. Genom att samla in klimatdata inne i tre lokaler som används vid fjärrvärmeproduktionen kunde komfortnivåer för samtliga våningar beräknas. Dessutom har luftflöden i ventilationssystemet beräknats för vardera lokal och don för att säkerställa att anläggningen möter de rekommenderade kraven för ventilation från Arbetsmiljöverket. Ett av sätten att säkerställa ett bra arbetsklimat i lokaler är att ha ett väl fungerande ventilationssystem. Finns många olika tillvägagångssätt för att få en lokal väl ventilerad där vissa är energikrävande och vissa inte. Lersäters värmeverk har ett tilluftsventilationssystem som har pannan som utflöde ur pannhuset. PMV:s som beräknades fram i Lersäters värmeverk varierade kraftigt beroende på vilken lokal och vilken våning som undersöktes. När spjällen var stängda i pannhuset blev det beräknade PMV högre än 3 på våning 5 och 6 i pannhuset vilket är över det maximala värdet för PMV-metoden. Längre ner i pannhuset sjönk PMV till mer acceptabla nivåer där det gick mellan 1–2 för resten av anläggningen. Två olika fallstudier utfördes där olika fläktfrekvenser på ventilationssystemet och med öppna eller stängda spjäll i pannhuset. När spjällen var öppna blev komforten bättre i pannhuset. På våning 5 och 6 i pannhuset ökade komforten avsevärt när spjällen var öppna i jämförelse mot vid stängda spjäll. PMV minskade till runt 2 istället för 3–4 vid stängda spjäll. Pannhuset hade upp till 18 gånger högre luftomsättning än rekommenderade värden för inomhusklimat men stor del av denna luft blev stillastående på de lägsta våningarna där komforten blev god men på bekostnad av låga komfortnivåer på de övre våningarna. På dem två översta våningarna i pannhuset vid grundfallet var PMV till och med högre än det maximala värdet PMV-metoden normalt kan ge. En undersökning av vad de anställda tyckte om klimatet utfördes med hjälp av ett frågeformulär, se bilaga 3. Resultaten från formuläret visade att stora delar av mätresultaten stämde överens med dem anställdas åsikter. Personliga preferenser varierar alltid från person till person men genomsnittet bekräftade många av resultaten utöver komfortnivåerna i lagerlokalen 108an. I lagerlokalen 108an visade mätningarna en god komfort medan dem anställda ansåg den vara väldigt varm. Anledningen till denna skillnad är att lagerlokalen 108an påverkas mer av vilken säsong det är. För i beräkningarna visas bara resultatet från våren när utomhustemperaturen var låg medan de anställda bygger uppfattningen på hela året. Eftersom alla in- och utflöden för ventilationen sitter monterat på samma sida av pannhuset blir luftomrörningen dålig trots det aktiva ventilationssystemet som är monterat på anläggningen. Vilket rökanalyserna bevisar då bara ett par meter ifrån utflöden som spjäll eller insugen till pannan avtar lufttransporten mot dessa. Placering av utflödena i pannhuset är dessutom monterade på samma sida och dessutom sitter spjäll 1 och primär- och sekundärinsuget till pannan precis ovanför varandra. Detta leder till att trots höga flöden av friskluft tillgodoses in i lokalen blir utbytet av den förorenade luften bristfällig. För att förbättra komforten i pannhuset måste luftomrörningen förbättras. Det kan göras på flera olika sätt men till exempel genom att installera fler spjäll på väggarna och installera ställbara takluckor för att bättre kunna ventilera ut den varma stillastående luften runt taket. / The global warming is a big challenge for the world to handle and therefore have countries such as Sweden and unions agreed on different climate goals. Before 2020 the goal is to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases by 20% compared to the levels at 1990 and then before 2050 reduce it to 80%. To achieve these climate goals the energy production within the EU gas to become more environmentally friendly. One way of producing such energy is with biofuels which can be done by burning biofuels in a district heating. Therefore, it’s important that energy producers try to become more environmentally friendly. To reach a more sustainable society the energy production must become environmentally friendly and make sure that the workers have good working conditions. Because if bad working conditions are not achieved the workers could get health problems, such as nausea and in worst case heart problems. Bad working conditions can be for example to high temperature indoors or poor air quality. To evaluate how good an indoor climate is there are different types of comfort index, in this study the PMV-method has been used to evaluate the comfort levels at Lersäters värmeverk which is a part of Kils Energi AB. Through climate data collection from inside of three different buildings that are used at the production facility could the comfort levels for all stories be calculated. Also, the flow of fresh air in the different rooms and from each diffuser was measured to secure that enough air was supplied to the buildings. One was of securing that good working conditions is achieved is to have a well-functioning ventilations system. There are many ways of making a building will well ventilated, there are some that require energy and some that don’t. Lersäters värmeverk have an active ventilation system which transport fresh air into the buildings through ducts. The calculated PMVs for Lersäters värmeverk varied heavily depending on which building and story that was evaluated. The calculated PMVs on Lersäters värmeverk varied largely depending on which building and what floor was evaluated. When the dampers were closed the PMV on floor 5 and 6 in the boiler room was higher than 3 which is normally the maximum value for the PMV-method. Further down in the boiler room the PMV decreased to more acceptable levels and was between 1 and 2 for the rest of the facility. Two different case studies were done where different frequencies on the ventilation system was used and if the dampers were open or closed in the boiler room. When the dampers were open the comfort was improved in the boiler room. On story 5 and 6 in the boiler room the comfort was greatly improved when the dampers were opened compared to when they were closed. The PMV went from above maximum to around 2. For the case studies different frequencies for the ventilation fan was tested and how open or shut dampers impacted the comfort levels.   When the dampers were open like in case 2 the comfort in the boiler room was improved. For story 5 and 6 in the boiler room the comfort was greatly improved with open dampers which was lowered to around 2 instead of 3-4 in the standard-case. The boiler room up to 18 times higher air intake than the minimum requirement for indoors climate but large part of this are became stagnant at the lower stories which made the comfort good there but at the cost of the comfort of the higher stories. With the comfort levels above maximum for the PMV-method at story 5 and 6 in the boiler room. A survey of what the employees at Lersäters värmeverk thought about the climate at the facility was done with a questionnaire. The results from the survey confirmed a lot of the calculated values for the comfort. But personal preferences always differ from person to person, but the averages confirmed the results except for the warehouse building called warehouse 108. In warehouse 108 the calculated values showed good comfort, but the employees thought it was a lot warmer. The reason for this difference is probably that this building is on a higher degree effected by seasonal changes and the employees evaluate the total comfort level for the building while the calculations only show results during the spring while the outdoor temperature is still low. All intake and outtake of air is located at the same side in the boiler room which makes the air circulation bad even though an active ventilation system is installed. Which the smoke analysis confirmed by noticing that the transport of air towards the outtakes reduces to almost zero just a few meters away from an air outtake. The placements of the outflows are also placed on the same side in the boiler room and damper 1 is placed right above the primary and secondary intake to the boiler. This led to that even though lots of air is supplied into the building the exchange between the contaminated air and the fresh air was far from good. To improve this exchange the air circulation must improve. This can be done in several ways, one way of doing it is the install more dampers and controllable hatches in the ceiling to be able to ventilate out the hot air around the ceiling.

A challenging aspect of modern global development is to provide desired thermal environment for building occupants with optimum consideration of energy and occupants health and satisfaction, both physically and psychologically. The variation of activity level, health condition, needs, clothing habit and staying time of different categories of occupants in hospitals makes it critical where comfort level should be optimized. Now-a-days, tremendous changing on climate makes even more challenging to maintain optimum level of indoor thermal environment at low energy cost. Thermal comfort can be assessed by the well-established PMV- PPD model, and studies on the correlation with AMV ratings from the occupants can help to understand the exact scenario of the thermal comfort. Therefore, this research aims to estimate the thermal comfort level of healthcare occupants, compare PMV-PPD values with AMV for different categories of occupants, and analyze optimum operative temperature for energy savings. A combination of objective measurements and a field study with a semi-structured interview on comfort perception, following ISO-7726, 7730, 8996, 9920, 10551 and ASHARE- 55 regulations, were conducted, where a total number of 56 occupants, including 35 patients, 5 visitors and 16 medical staffs were participated from a health care center of a hospital in Stockholm, Sweden. The data was collected during the summertime. Based on studied thermal environment, both PMV (-1.59 to 1.01) and AMV range (-2 to 1) considering gender, indicated health care center of studied hospital toward slightly cold, where occupants wanted warmer indoor environment. Patients more than 60 years were most sensitive on thermal comfort and overall patients were more sensitive for warm indoor climate than medical staff due to health condition and age. But male respondents were less sensitive than female. PMV and AMV with optimum operative temperature provides the clear idea about optimum thermal environment for the hospitals occupant. Identifying an optimum thermal environment could be a sustainable solution if and only if energy can be reduced.

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A influência benéfica de áreas verdes no conforto humano em áreas urbanas tem sido reconhecida por estudos de diferentes campos do conhecimento. Áreas verdes e arborização bem planejada constituem importantes recursos para melhorar a qualidade do ambiente ao promover bem-estar físico e mental aos seus usuários. Avaliar o grau de interferência proporcionado pela arborização no conforto térmico e bem-estar da população foi o objetivo principal do presente estudo. O índice de floresta urbana (IFU) avaliou a interferência da quantidade de cobertura arbórea em quatro áreas da cidade de Campinas/SP/Brasil em relação às condições de conforto térmico. Para tanto, foram utilizados índices de avaliação de conforto térmico (PMV Predicted Mean Vote e PET- Physiologically Equivalent Temperature) obtidos por meio do modelo Ray Man Pro.Questionários aplicados aos usuários das áreas de estudo possibilitaram verificar se os resultados obtidos por meio dos índices PMV e PET correspondiam à real sensação de conforto térmico relatada pelos entrevistados.Simulações com o uso do programa ENVI-met v. 3.1 foram realizadas a fim de observar as interferências microclimáticas causadas pela inserção de vegetação no meio urbano. A percepção do usuário das áreas de estudo em relação à arborização urbana também foi identificada por meio de questionários. Essa pesquisa permitirá no futuro, a partir dos resultados levantados, construir um instrumento para ser incorporado no plano diretor de arborização urbana, possibilitando urbanistas e profissionais, que atuam de forma direta ou indireta no planejamento das cidades, inspecionar e analisar o conforto térmico e a qualidade de vida no meio urbano, tendo em vista a valorização e adequação da arborização viária em seus projetos. / The benefits of green urban area on human comfort have been recognized by studies performed in different knowledge fields. Green areas and urban forest planning are important tool to improve the quality of the urban environment by promoting physical and mental wellbeing to its users. The main goal of the present study is to assess the interference promoted by green areas in the welfare and thermal comfort of the urban population. The Urban Forest Index (IFU) evaluated the interference of the amount of trees in four areas of the city of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil in relation to the conditions for thermal comfort. For this purpose, comfort indices have been used for evaluating thermal comfort (PMV-Predicted Mean Vote and PET-Physiologically Equivalent Temperature), obtained by the RayMan model. Questionnaires applied to the users on these study areas aimed to verify if the results of PET and PMV indices corresponded to the thermal sensation by respondents. Simulations using the ENVI-met program v 3.1 were conducted to observe the interference on microclimate due to the presence of vegetation in the urban environment. Questionnaires were also used to assess the perception of users on urban street trees. In the future, results obtained in this study will allow the building of an instrument, which could be included in the urban forest master plan. As a result, urban planners and other professionals who work directly or indirectly in the planning of cities will be able to inspect and evaluate the thermal comfort and the welfare of their citizens, considering the recovery and suitability of urban street trees in their projects.