No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Ash deposits in commercial coal-fired boilers frequently pose serious maintenance challenges and decrease thermal efficiency. A better understanding of fundamental thermal transport properties in ash deposits can help mitigate their negative effects. In order to characterize the thermal properties of boiler-side deposits, this work presents a thermal transport model and in-situ measurements of effective thermal conductivity in coal ash deposits. A simple model of the thermal transport through an ash deposit, with and with out slagging, was developed. The model approximates the deposit by dividing it into four regimes: particulate, sintered, solidified slag, and molten slag. The development of this model was auxiliary to the primary focus of this study: the in-situ measurement of effective thermal conductivity of ash deposits. Deposits of loosely-bound particulate ash were obtained experimentally using a down-fired drop tube reactor. Pulverized coal was fired and deposits were collected on an instrumented deposition probe. An approach is presented for making in-situ measurements of the temperature difference across the ash deposits, the thickness of the deposits, and the total heat transfer rate through the ash deposits. Using this approach, the effective thermal conductivity was determined for coal ash deposits formed under oxidizing and reducing conditions. Three coals were tested under oxidizing conditions: IL #6 Crown III coal, IL #6 Patiki coal and WY Corederro coal. The WY coal exhibited the lowest range of effective thermal conductivities (ke =0.05 to 0.175 W/mּK) while the IL #6 coals showed higher effective thermal conductivities (ke =0.2 to 0.5 W/mּK). The IL #6 Crown III coal and the WY Corederro coal were also tested under reducing conditions. A comparison of the ash deposits from these two coals, formed under oxidizing or reducing conditions, showed larger effective thermal conductivities in deposits formed under reducing conditions. The IL #6 Crown III coal exhibited the greatest increase (as high as 50%) in ke, under reducing conditions, over that measured in oxidizing conditions. For all of the experiments conducted, an increase in effective thermal conductivity with deposit thickness was observed, with sintering likely causing the increase in ke.

[pt] O presente trabalho, realizou-se com fim de construir aparelhos que façam a medida da condutividade térmica e a geração interna de calor em plásticos fotoelásticos durante o endurecimento dos mesmos, na obtenção de peças para análise fotoelástico. O objetivo foi fornecer um projeto para obter dados a serem usados no laboratório de fotoelasticidade da PUC. O plano de trabalho seguiu o esquema que se apresenta: a) Para a condutividade térmica a medição se baseia no resfriamento Newtoniano, isto é aquele que se pode descrever com equação exponencialmente decrescente. Mediante a simulação do sistema num programa de computador se analisou o comportamento do aparelho para valores extremos a para valores médios, não sendo erro teórico superior ao 10 por cento. Na simulação se incluiu geração interna de calor devida à reação no interior do plástico. Uma vez provado que o sistema é o apropriado, projeta-se o aparelho de tal maneira que se cumpram as hipóteses da simulação. b) Para a geração interna de calor o princípio utilizado é a medida da energia liberada, mediante a determinação da variação da temperatura com o tempo de uma massa de plástico. / [en] The present work was done with the goal of constructing devices to measure the thermal conductivity and internal heat generation in photoelastic plastics during the hardening phase in the obtainment of models for photoelastic analysis. The objective was to supply a technique to obtain data to be used in the PUC photoelasticity laboratory. The work followed the following scheme: a) For thermal conductivity, the measurement is based on Newtonian cooling which is that which can be described by na exponentially decreasing equation. By simulating the system with a computer program, the behavior of the device was analysed extreme and médium values, the theoretical error, not being greater than 10 per cent. The simulation included heat generation due to the internal reaction in the plastic. Having proved that the system is a proper one, a device was designed in such a manner that it matches the hypothetical simulation. b) For the internal heat generation, the principle employed was to measure the energy liberated by means of the temperature variation with time of plastic mass.

A systematic investigation using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation involving particle volume fraction, size, wettability and system temperature is performed and the effect of these parameters on the thermal conductivity of water based nanofluids is discussed. Nanofluids are a colloidal suspension of 10 -100 nm particles in base fluid. In the last decade, significant research has been done in nanofluids, and thermal conductivity increases in double digits were reported in the literature. This anomalous increase in thermal conductivity cannot be explained by classical theories like Maxwell's model and Hamilton-Crosser model for nanoparticle suspensions. Various mechanisms responsible for thermal conductivity enhancement in nanofluids have been proposed and later refuted. MD simulation allows one to predict the static and dynamic properties of solids and liquids, and observe the interactions between solid and liquid atoms. In this work MD simulation is used to calculate the thermal conductivity of water based nanofluid and explore possible mechanisms causing the enhancement. While most recent MD simulations have considered Lennard Jones (LJ) potential to model water molecule interactions, this work uses a flexible bipolar water molecule using the Flexible 3 Center (F3C) model. This model maintains the tetrahedral structure of the water molecule and allows the bond bending and bond stretching modes, thereby tracking the motion and interactions between real water molecules. The choice of the potential for solid nanoparticle reflects the need for economic but insightful analyses and reasonable accuracy. A simple two body LJ potential is used to model the solid nanoparticle. The cross interaction between the solid and liquid atoms is also modeled by LJ potential and the Lorentz-Berthelot mixing rule is used to calculate the potential parameters. The various atomic interactions show that there exist two regimes of thermal conductivity enhancement. It is also found that increasing particle size and decreasing particle wettability cause lower thermal conductivity enhancement. In contrast to the previous studies, it is observed that increasing system temperature does not enhance thermal conductivity significantly. Such enhancement with temperature is proportional to the conductivity enhancement of base fluid with temperature. This study demonstrates that the major cause of thermal conductivity enhancement is the formation of ordered liquid layer at the solid-liquid interface. The enhanced motion of the liquid molecules in the presence of solid particles is captured by comparing the mean square displacement (MSD) of liquid molecules in the nanofluid to that of the base fluid molecules. The thermal conductivity is decomposed into three modes that make up the microscopic heat flux vector, namely kinetic, potential and collision modes. It was observed by this decomposition analyses that most of the thermal conductivity enhancement is obtained from the collision mode and not from either the kinetic or potential mode. This finding also supports the observation made by comparing the MSD of liquid molecules with the base fluid that the interaction between solid and liquid molecules is important for the enhancement in thermal transport properties in nanofluids. These findings are important for the future research in nanofluids, because they suggest that if smaller, functional nanoparticles which have higher wettability compared to the base fluid can be produced, they will provide higher thermal conductivity compared to the regular nanoparticles.

Molten salts are high-temperature heat transfer fluids intended for cooling and/or storage purposes in a variety of energy applications. The current work seeks to ultimately study the thermophysical properties of fluoride and chloride salts, which are commonly considered for use in advanced nuclear reactors. Thermophysical properties like thermal conductivity are fundamental to ensuring safe, efficient, and competitive designs for advanced commercial nuclear reactors. Measurement challenges with liquid salts such as electrical conduction, corrosion, convection, and thermal radiation have hindered traditional approaches in their attempts to accurately quantify these properties at high temperatures. Here, a needle probe is developed, which modifies principles from existing instrumental techniques in order to experimentally measure the thermal conductivity of molten salts with reduced error. An analytical heat transfer model is developed to characterize 1D radial heat flow in a multilayered cylindrical system. This includes a thin layer of salt located between the needle probe and a crucible to limit natural convection. After being validated with finite-element methods, the needle probe is used to measure the thermal conductivity of several reference liquids, whose thermophysical properties are well-established at low temperatures. These seven samples are water, sodium nitrate (molten salt), potassium nitrate (molten salt), toluene, ethanol, propylene glycol, and galinstan. The needle probe was able to accurately measure thermal conductivity between 0.40-0.66W/mK for these samples with 3.5-10% uncertainty. Three eutectic halide molten salts (presented by molar composition) were selected for high-temperature testing. These include the ternary fluorides LiF(46.5%)-NaF(11.5%)-KF(42%) and NaF(34.5%)-KF(59%)-MgF2(6.5%), as well as the binary chloride NaCl(58.2%)-KCl(41.8%). Because testing temperatures range between 500-750C, the governing model is adapted to account for radiative heat transfer through the salt sample in parallel with conductive heat transfer. Improvements to the experimental apparatus are also made. For all three salts, the needle probe accurately measured thermal conductivity between 0.490-0.849W/mK with total uncertainty generally being less than 20%. A linear fit to the data demonstrates a clear negative relationship between thermal conductivity and an increase in temperature, which agrees with theoretical and computational predictions. These results indicate that the needle probe successfully handles the assortment of measurement challenges associated with high-temperature molten salts and provides reliable data to create correlations for thermophysical property databases.