Orientador: Osvair Vidal Trevisan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T11:42:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_RichardDouglasRibeiro_M.pdf: 5216671 bytes, checksum: f2bb159b2f1d91175972a75a6c43e44c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A injeção de vapor auxiliada por drenagem gravitacional em poço único, denominada SWSAGD (Single Well Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage), é um processo de recuperação terciária desenvolvido com um único poço horizontal. Foram estudadas diversas estratégias, através de simulação numérica, visando a aplicação desta técnica com dados pertinentes a um campo da bacia do Espírito Santo. As estratégias têm diferentes opções como a injeção cíclica prévia e a colocação de obturadores no poço produtor. O desempenho do processo de recuperação para as diferentes estratégias é comparado sempre com aquele obtido para o processo do Dual Well - SAGD para as mesmas condições. São feitas também comparações com a produção primária por poço horizontal e entre as diversas estratégias geradas. A influência de alguns parâmetros - comprimento e posição entre poços, zona de injeção e produção - são apresentados. Com todas estas estratégias de melhoria para o processo SW-SAGD, alcança-se um processo com recuperação maior que os resultados decorrentes do SAGD tradicional com dois poços. / Abstract: The Single Well Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SW-SAGD) is a tertiary recovery process developed with an single horizontal well. The objective of this research is to study, with numerical simulation, the application of the SW-SAGD technique to a field dates located in the Espírito Santo Basin. Several strategies were studied for this process using previous cyclic injection and packers. The strategies improved the horizontal well production and enhanced the oil recovery. Comparisons are made along the study between the performance of oil recovery for the developed strategies and the performance of the DW-SAGD at the same operating and field conditions. Comparisons with the primary recovery using horizontal wells and between the strategies were used to improve and choose the best options. The influence of some parameters - length and position between wells, injection and production zones - are presented. As a result of all the improvement, a new strategy for the SW-SAGD process is reached, providing an oil recovery higher than from the DW-SAGD. / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ErnestoVBa_DISSERT.pdf: 9825397 bytes, checksum: 732b67b111fb317d406c771240e47d87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-18 / Electrical resistive heating (ERH) is a thermal method used to improve oil recovery. It can increase oil rate and oil recovery due to temperature increase caused by electrical current passage through oil zone. ERH has some advantage compared with well-known thermal methods such as continuous steam flood, presenting low-water production. This method can be applied to reservoirs with different characteristics and initial reservoir conditions. Commercial software was used to test several cases using a semi-synthetic homogeneous reservoir with some characteristics as found in northeast Brazilian basins. It was realized a sensitivity analysis of some reservoir parameters, such as: oil zone, aquifer presence, gas cap presence and oil saturation on oil recovery and energy consumption. Then it was tested several cases studying the electrical variables considered more important in the process, such as: voltage, electrical configurations and electrodes positions. Energy optimization by electrodes voltage levels changes and electrical settings modify the intensity and the electrical current distribution in oil zone and, consequently, their influences in reservoir temperature reached at some regions. Results show which reservoir parameters were significant in order to improve oil recovery and energy requirement in for each reservoir. Most significant parameters on oil recovery and electrical energy delivered were oil thickness, presence of aquifer, presence of gas cap, voltage, electrical configuration and electrodes positions. Factors such as: connate water, water salinity and relative permeability to water at irreducible oil saturation had low influence on oil recovery but had some influence in energy requirements. It was possible to optimize energy consumption and oil recovery by electrical variables. Energy requirements can decrease by changing electrodes voltages during the process. This application can be extended to heavy oil reservoirs of high depth, such as offshore fields, where nowadays it is not applicable any conventional thermal process such as steam flooding / O Aquecimento El?trico Resistivo (AER) ? um m?todo t?rmico usado para aumentar a recupera??o de petr?leo. Este aumenta a vaz?o de ?leo e conseq?entemente a recupera??o de petr?leo devido ao aumento de temperatura promovida pela passagem de corrente el?trica na zona de interesse. O AER tem algumas vantagens sobre m?todos t?rmicos conhecidos, como inje??o cont?nua de vapor, por apresentar baixa produ??o de ?gua, podendo ser aplicado a reservat?rios com diversas caracter?sticas e diversas condi??es iniciais. Um software comercial foi usado para testar v?rios casos usando um reservat?rio homog?neo semi-sint?tico com algumas caracter?sticas encontradas em reservat?rio da bacia sedimentar do Nordeste Brasileiro. Foi realizada uma an?lise de sensibilidade dos par?metros de reservat?rio, tais como: espessura da zona de ?leo, presen?as de capa de g?s e de aq??fero e satura??o de ?leo, na recupera??o de ?leo e consumo de energia el?trica. V?rios casos foram testados usando vari?veis el?tricas consideradas mais importantes no processo, tais como: tens?o, configura??es el?tricas e posi??es dos eletrodos. Os resultados mostram que os par?metros de reservat?rio foram significativos no sentido de aumentar a recupera??o de ?leo e a demanda de energia em cada reservat?rio. Os par?metros mais significativos na recupera??o de ?leo e no consumo de energia foram: a espessura da zona de ?leo, presen?as de capa de g?s e de aq??fero, as configura??es el?tricas e a posi??o dos eletrodos. Fatores como: satura??o irredut?vel de ?gua, salinidade da ?gua e a permeabilidade relativa da ?gua na satura??o residual de ?leo tiveram pouca influ?ncia na recupera??o de ?leo, mas tiveram uma influ?ncia maior na demanda de energia. Foi poss?vel otimizar o consumo de energia com a recupera??o de ?leo usando as vari?veis el?tricas. Estas aplica??es podem ser estendidas para reservat?rios de ?leo pesado e de grande profundidade, como em campos mar?timos (offshore), onde atualmente n?o ? poss?vel o uso de m?todos t?rmicos convencionais de recupera??o, como a inje??o de vapor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EduardoEFB_DISSERT_1-100.pdf: 2141096 bytes, checksum: 2c8315a9a7567e27a669088e0bbc6350 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 / The application of thermal methods, to increase the recovery of heavy oil in mature fields through drainage with multilateral and horizontal wells, has been thoroughly studied, theorically, experimentally, testing new tools and methods. The continuous injection of steam, through a steam injector well and a horizontal producer well in order to improve horizontal sweep of the fluid reservoir, it is an efficient method. Starting from an heterogeneous model, geologically characterized, modeling geostatistics, set history and identification of the best path of permeability, with seismic 3D, has been dubbed a studying model. It was studied horizontal wells in various directions in relation to the steam and the channel of higher permeability, in eight different depths. Into in the same area were studied, the sensitivity of the trajectories of horizontal wells, according to the depth of navigation. With the purpose of obtaining the highest output of oil to a particular flow, quality, temperature and time for the injection of steam. The wells studied showed a significant improvement in the cumulative oil recovery in one of the paths by promoting an alternative to application in mature fields or under development fields with heavy oil / A aplica??o de m?todos t?rmicos, para aumentar a recupera??o de ?leo pesado em campos maduros atrav?s da drenagem com po?os horizontais e multilaterais, tem sido exaustivamente estudada, te?rica e experimentalmente, testando novas ferramentas e novos m?todos. A inje??o cont?nua de vapor, atrav?s de um po?o injetor e de um po?o horizontal produtor com o objetivo de proporcionar uma varredura dos fluidos do reservat?rio, mostra-se um m?todo eficiente. Partindo de um modelo heterog?neo, geologicamente caracterizado por, modelagem geoestat?stica, ajuste de hist?rico e identifica??o do melhor caminho de permeabilidade, com a s?smica 3D, foi montado um modelo para estudo. Foram estudados po?os horizontais em v?rias dire??es em rela??o ao injetor de vapor e ao canal de maior permeabilidade, em oito profundidades diferentes. Dentro de uma mesma zona foram estudadas, a sensibilidade das trajet?rias de po?os horizontais, em fun??o da profundidade de navega??o. Com a finalidade de obter a maior produ??o acumulada de ?leo a uma determinada vaz?o, qualidade, temperatura e per?odo de inje??o do vapor. Os po?os estudados evidenciam uma melhora significativa na recupera??o acumulada de ?leo em uma das trajet?rias, promovendo uma alternativa de aplica??o em campos maduros ou em desenvolvimento com ?leo pesado

Heavy oil production depends on the understanding of mechanical and flow properties of unconsolidated or weakly consolidated sands under different loading paths and boundary conditions. Reconstituted bitumen-free Athabasca oil-sands samples were used to investigate the geomechanics of a steam injection process such as the Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD). Four stress paths have been studied in this work: triaxial compression, radial extension, pore pressure increase and isotropic compression. Absolute permeability, end-point relative permeability to oil & water (kro and krw), initial water saturation and residual oil saturation were measured while the samples deformed. Triaxial compression is a stress path of increasing mean stress while radial extension and pore pressure increase lead to decreasing mean stress. Pore pressure increase experiments were carried out for three initial states: equal axial and confining stresses, axial stress greater than confining stress and confining stress greater than axial stress. Pore pressure was increased under four boundary conditions: 1) constant axial and confining stress; 2) constant axial stress and zero radial strain; 3) zero axial strain and constant confining stress; and 4) zero axial and radial strain. These experiments were designed to mimic geologic conditions where vertical stress was either S1 or S3, the lateral boundary conditions were either zero strain or constant stress, and the vertical boundary conditions were either zero strain or constant stress. Triaxial compression caused a decrease in permeability as the sample compacted, followed by appreciable permeability enhancement during sample dilation. Radial extension led to sample dilation, shear failure and permeability increase from the beginning. The krw and kro increased by 40% and 15% post-compaction respectively for the samples corresponding to lower depths during triaxial compression. For these samples, residual oil saturation decreased by as much as 40%. For radial extension, the permeability enhancement decreased with depth and ranged from 20% to 50% while the residual oil saturation decreased by up to 55%. For both stress paths, more shear-enhanced permeability was observed for samples tested at lower pressures, implying that permeability enhancement is higher for shallower sands. The pore pressure increase experiments showed an increase of only 0-10% in absolute permeability except when the effective stress became close to zero. This could possibly have occurred due to steady state flow not being reached during absolute permeability measurement. The krw curves generally increased as the pore pressure was increased from 0 psi. The increase ranged from 5% to 44% for the different boundary conditions and differential stresses. The kro curves also showed an increasing trend for most of the cases. The residual oil saturation decreased by 40-60% for samples corresponding to shallow depths while it increased by 0-10% for samples corresponding to greater depths. The reservoirs with high differential stress are more conducive to favorable changes in permeability and residual oil saturation. These results suggested that a decreasing mean stress path is more beneficial for production increase than an increasing mean stress path. The unconsolidated sands are over-consolidated because of previous ice loading which makes the sand matrix stiffer. In this work, it was found that over-consolidation, as expected, decreased the porosity and permeability (40-50%) and increased the Young’s and bulk moduli of the sand. The result is sand which failed at higher than expected stress during triaxial compression. Overall, results show that lab experiments support increased permeability due to steam injection operations in heavy oil, and more importantly, the observed reduction in residual oil saturation implies SAGD induced deformation should improve recovery factors. / text

[pt] As reservas de óleos pesados têm obtido grande importância devido à diminuição das reservas de óleos leves e ao aumento dos preços do petróleo. Porém, precisa-se de aumentar a viscosidades destes óleos pesados para que possam fluir até superfície. Para reduzir a viscosidade foi escolhida a técnica de recuperação térmica SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) pelos seus altos valores de recobro. A redução da viscosidade é atingida pela transmissão de calor ao óleo pela injeção de vapor, porém uma parte deste calor é transmitida à rocha. Esta transmissão de calor junto com a produção de óleo geram uma variação no estado de tensões no reservatório o que por sua vez geram fenômenos geomecânicos. Os simuladores convencionais avaliam de uma forma muito simplificada estes fenômenos geomecânicos, o que faz necessários uma abordagem mais apropriada que acople o escoamento dos hidrocarbonetos e a transmissão de calor com a deformação da rocha. As mudanças no reservatório, especialmente a variação da saturação, afetam as propriedades sísmicas da rocha, as quais podem ser monitoradas para acompanhar o avanço da frente de vapor. A simulação fluxo-térmica-composicional-geomecânica é integrada à sísmica de monitoramento 4D da injeção de vapor (a través da física de rochas). Existe uma grande base de dados, integrada por propriedades dos fluidos do reservatório (PVT) (usado no arquivo de entrada de simulação de fluxo) e uma campanha de mecânica das rochas. Foram simulados vários cenários geomecânicos considerando a plasticidade e variação da permeabilidade. Foram avaliadas várias repostas geomecânicas e de propriedades de fluidos no pico de pressão e final do processo SAGD. A resposta geomecânica pode ser observada, porém foi minimizada devido à baixa pressão de injeção, sendo o mecanismo de transmissão de calor um fator importante na produção de óleo (pela redução da viscosidade) e a separação vertical entre poços. Foi também significativa à contribuição da plasticidade no aumento da produção de hidrocarbonetos. A impedância acústica foi calculada usando a Equação de substituição de fluidos de Gassmann. Os sismogramas sintéticos de incidência normal (para monitorar o avanço da frente o câmara de vapor) mostraram a área afetada pela injeção de vapor, porém com pouca variação devida principalmente à rigidez da rocha. / [en] The heavy oil reserves have gained importance due to the decreasing of the present light oil reserves. Although it is necessary to reduce the oil viscosity and makes it flows to surface. For its high recovery factor the SAGD (Steam Assited Gravity Drainage) thermal process was selected. The viscosity reduction is achieved by heat transfer from steam to oil, but some part of this heat goes to rock frame. This heat transfer together with oil production change the initial in-situ stress field what creates geomechanical effects. The conventional flux simulators have a very simplified approach of geomechanical effects, so it is necessary to consider a more suitable approach that considers the coupling between oil flux and heat transfer with rock deformation. The changes within the reservoir, specially the saturation change, affect the seismical rock properties which can be used to monitor the steam chamber growth. The flux-thermal geomechanics is integrated to steam chamber monitoring 4D seismic (through the rock physics). There is a great data base, integrated by reservoir fluid properties (PVT) (used in reservoir simulation dataset) and a rock mechanics campaign. Several scenaries were simulated considering the plasticity and permeability variation. Several geomechanical responses and flux properties at peak pressure and end of SAGD process were evaluated. The geomechanical response can be observed, but was minimized due to low steam injection pressure, being the heat transfer an important in oil production (for the viscosity reduction) and the vertical well separation, too. The plasticity has a significant contribution in the increment of oil production. Acoustic impedance was calculated by using Gassmann fluid substitution approach. 2D Synthetic seismograms, normal incidence (to monitor the steam camera front advance), showed the area affected by steam injection, but with little variation due principally to rock stiffness.