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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Post-Orogenic Exhumation and Glacial Erosion on the Flanks of the North Atlantic

Fame, Michelle Leigh 19 July 2017 (has links)
Many passive margins experience pulsed exhumation events late in their history as a result of plate boundary distal geodynamic mechanisms or climatic events. The onset of late Cenozoic glaciation, often associated with enhanced rates of erosion, is one such possible cause of passive margin rejuvenation. However, along passive margins the effectiveness of Plio-Pleistocene glaciers at eroding the landscape may be limited by low tectonic rock uplift rates or as a result of erosionally inefficient cold based continental ice-sheets. In this dissertation the evolution of post-orogenic topography and the effect of glaciations on denuding landscapes along the North Atlantic Passive Margin, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire and the western Scottish Highlands, was investigated. Background exhumation rates averaged over 106-7 yr timescale were determined using apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology. To resolve whether or not a change in exhumation rate occurred coincident with glaciation these background exhumation rates were compared to magnitudes of erosion averaged over the glacially relevant 103-4 yr timescale using the in situ terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide 10Be. In chapter two, 106-7 yr timescale exhumation and burial histories across the western Scottish Highlands were determined. The results show that post-orogenic burial and exhumation is mostly a result of plate margin distal tectonic and magmatic factors that are variable across short distances (i.e., <100 km). In chapter three, patterns and magnitudes of erosion during glaciation and following deglaciation in the Scottish Highlands were investigated. The results indicate that polythermal glacial erosion denuded low elevation portions of the Scottish Highlands and preserved summits. This produced relief but did not significantly lower the maximum elevation of the landscape. Following deglaciation Scotland's sediment budget remains dominated by glaciogenic sediment. In the fourth chapter, magnitudes of background exhumation in the Presidential and Carter Ranges of the White Mountains, New Hampshire were compared to magnitudes of glacial erosion. The results indicate that most relief was produced prior to glaciation and that background exhumation rates in the Cenozoic are low (<0.01 mm yr-1). In the late-Cenozoic, cold- based glaciation prevented an acceleration of erosion in the White Mountains. The post- glacial sediment budget is made up of dominantly glaciogenic sediment. Overall, the main findings of this dissertation are; (1) post-orogenic burial, exhumation, and relief production are mainly the result of spatially heterogeneous plate margin distal vertical crustal motions; across passive margins covered by large continental ice sheets; (2) cold-based ice limits the magnitudes of late Cenozoic glacial erosion sediment budgets continue to be dominated by glaciogenic sediment, >10 ka after and (3) post-glacial deglaciation. / Ph. D.
72

Fluorite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology

Wolff, Reinhard 09 September 2015 (has links)
No description available.
73

Interactions lithosphère – asthénosphère et mouvements verticaux : le cas du massif du Hoggar / Lithosphere - asthenosphere interactions and vertical movements : the Hoggar mountains case

Rougier, Sylvain 14 December 2012 (has links)
La topographie de l’Afrique du Nord est marquée en domaine intraplaque par des bombements topographiques importants, associés à du magmatisme cénozoïque. Le Bouclier Touareg, un de ces bombements, est constitué d’un socle précambrien structuré à l’orogénèse panafricaine et culminant à plus de 2400 m d’altitude. Les séries paléozoïques affleurent actuellement sous forme de cuestas autour de ce bombement topographique. Localement, des témoins sédimentaires d’âge présumé crétacé, en discordance sur le socle précambrien, traduisent l’affleurement de celui-ci au Mésozoïque. Le volcanisme cénozoïque, qui se met également en place sur le socle, est actif entre 35 Ma et aujourd’hui. Afin de mieux contraindre l’évolution du Bouclier Touareg durant le Phanérozoïque, nous avons mené deux études : des travaux de modélisation géophysique, et une étude de thermochronologie basse température. L’étude géophysique a consisté en la modélisation de quatre profils longue distance permettant d’imager la structure lithosphérique. Nous avons montré que le bombement du Hoggar est actuellement soutenu par un important amincissement lithosphérique. En outre, nous avons estimé que sans cet amincissement, la topographie serait négative : le bassin ainsi reconstitué avant amincissement de la lithosphère aurait permis le dépôt d’une couverture sédimentaire d’épaisseur plurikilométrique. L’étude de thermochronologie basse température s’est portée sur deux méthodes : les analyses de traces de fission sur apatite, et les analyses (U-Th)/He sur apatite. Les analyses (U-Th)/He ont montré que le socle du Bouclier Touareg, avant d’avoir subi une importante exhumation à l’Eocène Supérieur, étant enseveli sous une couverture sédimentaire et chauffé à approximativement ~80°C. Les analyses de traces de fission ont permis de préciser que cette phase de chauffe, probablement sous couverture sédimentaire, du Bouclier Touareg a eu lieu entre 100 et 50 Ma. Ainsi, le bombement du Hoggar constituait probablement un bassin sédimentaire de grande dimension au cours du Crétacé supérieur/Paléocène. Ces résultats nous ont permis de discuter des mécanismes géodynamiques possiblement actifs durant le Cénozoïque. Nous proposons que le bombement actuel du Bouclier Touareg, ainsi que son magmatisme, soient liés à des perturbations thermiques des parties superficielles de l’asthénosphère. Ces perturbations seraient induites par d’importantes variations d’épaisseur de la lithosphère saharienne, et pourraient expliquer la présence d’autres bombements en Afrique du Nord. / The North-African intraplate topography is underlined by massive topographic swells associated with Cenozoic volcanism. The Tuareg Shield, which is one of these swells, consists of Precambrian basement which has been structured by the Pan-African orogeny and reaches currently an altitude of 2400 m. The Paleozoic sedimentary series are outcropping as important cuestas surrounding the topographic swell. Locally, some Mesozoic sedimentary remnants, lying unconformably over the basement, testify of its exposure during the Mesozoic. The Cenozoic volcanism, which is also taking place on the basement, shows ages from 35 Ma to Quaternary. In order to improve the knowledge of the Phanerozoic evolution of the Tuareg Shield, we performed two separated studies: geophysical modelling works, and a low temperature thermochronology study. The geophysical study consisted of the modelling of four long-distance profiles allowing imaging the lithospheric structure. We have shown that the Tuareg Shield swell is currently sustained by a strong lithospheric thinning. Moreover, we have estimated that without this thinning, the topography would be negative and that such basin, prior to thinning, would have allowed the deposition of a plurikilometric sedimentary cover. The low temperature thermochronological study has focused on two methods: apatite fission-track analysis, and apatite (U-Th)/He analysis. The latter shown that the Tuareg Shield, before an important Late Eocene exhumation, was buried under a sedimentary cover and heated at ~80°C. The fission-track analyses have shown that this heating stage of the Tuareg Shield, related to burying, occurred from 100 and 50 Ma. Thus, the Tuareg Shield was probably a wide scale sedimentary basin during the Upper Cretaceous – Paleocene. These results allowed us to discuss the geodynamic mechanisms potentially active during the Cenozoic. We proposed that the current doming of the Tuareg Shield, as well as its volcanism, were related to thermal perturbations of the shallower levels of the asthenosphere. These instabilities would have been generated by strong Saharan lithospheric thickness variations, and could explain the presence of others swells in North Africa.
74

Exumação tectônica e evolução associada do relevo no arco de Ponta Grossa, sul-sudeste do Brasil /

Franco-Magalhães, Ana Olivia Barufi. January 2009 (has links)
Orientador: Peter Christian Hackspacher / Banca: Antonio Roberto Saad / Banca: Francisco José Fonseca Ferreira / Banca: Gilmar Vital Bueno / Banca: Sandro Guedes de Oliveira / Acomapnah 4 mapas anexos / Resumo: A evolução do Arco de Ponta Grossa relaciona-se aos diversos eventos de reativação da Plataforma Sul-americana no sudeste brasileiro a partir do Cretáceo Inferior. A análise multi-métodos dos traços de fissão em apatita e zircão no eixo central do Arco de Ponta Grossa permitiu identificar períodos de exumação nas seguintes épocas: (1) Cretáceo Inferior (idades de traços de fissão em zircão entre 138 ± 51 Ma e 107 ± 22), relacionado aos processos tectônicos, magmáticos e de exumação do evento de ruptura do Gondwana Sul-Ocidental; (2) Cretáceo Superior (idades de traços de fissão em zircão entre 90 ± 14 Ma e 69 ± 21 Ma; e idades de traços de fissão em apatitas entre 74 ± 14 Ma e 66 ± 2 Ma), relacionado ao alçamento do embasamento cristalino como resposta à uma anomalia térmica causada pela passagem da Pluma de Trindade sob o sudeste brasileiro, e conseqüente geração tectônica de relevo e erosão que forneceu sedimentos para as bacias de Santos e do Paraná; (3) Cretáceo Superior - Paleoceno Inferior, evento tectônico relacionado a um soerguimento regional que resultou no alçamento e erosão das bordas das bacias da Plataforma Sul-americana, em especial a Bacia do Paraná. Este evento também é associado ao tectonismo gerador das bacias do Rifte Continental Sudeste do Brasil, no segmento central; (4) Oligoceno-Mioceno (idades de traços de fissão em apatitas entre 26 ± 3 Ma e 14 ± 2 Ma) há o registro da mais recente reativação das zonas de falha NW, em especial a Zona de Falha de São Jerônimo-Curiúva, associada ao rearranjo do campo de tensões neste período, e conseqüente erosão das porções de rocha, que marca o início da sedimentação no segmento sul do Rifte Continental Sudeste do Brasil, composto pela Bacia de Curitiba, grábens de Guaraqueçaba, Sete Barras e Cananéia; e as formações Pariqüera- Açu e Alexandra... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The evolution of Ponta Grossa Arch is genetically related to the post-rift reactivation of the South American Platform since Early Cretaceous. Apatite and Zircon lowtemperature thermochronology analysis in Ponta Grossa Arch provided the following interpretations: (1) Zircon fission-track ages between 138 ± 51 Ma and 107 ± 22are related to the tectonic, magmatic and exhumation processes occurred during the Gondwana breakup in Early Cretaceous; (2) Zircon fission-track ages between 90 ± 14 Ma and 69 ± 21 Ma, and apatite fission-track ages between 74 ± 14 Ma and 66 ± 2 Ma are evidenced the basement uplift as a response of thermal anomaly induced by Trindade plume since this time, as also evidenced in other areas of SE-Brazil during Late Cretaceous. The resulting highlands were the main source-area for the Coniacian-Maastrichian sediments of the Santos (Santos formation) and Paraná (Bauru Group) basins; (3) Between Late Cretaceous and Early Paleocene, the tectonic processes caused uplift and erosion of the Paleozoic interior basins, specially the Paraná Basin. At this time, preexisting shear zones were reactivated, formed the Continental Rift Basins of SE Brazil and continental sediments were deposited in these basins at the northern part of the study-area during this time; (4) During Oligocene to Miocene, apatite fission-track ages between 26 ± 3 Ma and 14 ± 2 Ma indicate the youngest reactivation of the NE-SW Precambrian shear zones and consequent exhumation of high elevated area. The origin of the Continental Rift Basins of SE Brazil in the study area (Curitiba basin, Guaraqueçaba, Sete Barras and Cananéia Grabens, and Pariquera-Açu and Alexandra formations) is probably related to the movement along NWSE trending fault zones (São Jerônimo-Curiúva Fault Zone). Thermal histories evidenced local and sea base-level stability and peneplanation processes caused dissection in highelevated areas. / Doutor
75

Tectonic evolution of continental rifts. Inference from numerical modelling and fission track thermochronology

van der Beek, Pieter 24 May 1995 (has links) (PDF)
pas de résumé
76

Cenozoic structural evolution of the eastern margin of the Middle Magdalena Valley basin, Colombia : integration of structural restorations, low-temperature thermochronology, and sandstone petrography

Sánchez, Carlos Javier, M.S. in geological Sciences 10 November 2011 (has links)
Structural analysis of surface and subsurface data from the Middle Magdalena Valley basin and Eastern Cordillera fold-thrust belt to construct a kinematic model for its Cenozoic structural and stratigraphic evolution. The La Salina west-vergent thrust system marks the boundary between the Paleogene foreland basin of the Middle Magdalena basin and the Eastern Cordillera fold-thrust belt. New low-temperature thermochonological and sandstone petrographic analyses provide constraints on ages of thrust deformation and sediment dispersal. Apatite fission track (AFT) and U-Th/He thermochronological results show the timing of three structural events along the La Salina fault system: (1) late Eocene-early Oligocene (~43–35 Ma) initial hanging wall exhumation; (2) continued middle Miocene (~15 Ma) exhumation; and (3) continued but more rapid late Miocene (~12–3 Ma) hanging wall exhumation. Vitrinite reflectance results provide estimates of maximum burial depths for the hanging wall of the La Salina fault ranging from 4 to 6 km., this depth of burial estimates constrain the basin geometry during its late Eocene to late Miocene evolution. The eastern hanging wall of the La Salina fault displays a broad anticline-syncline pair affecting Cretaceous to Eocene strata with no significant faulting, whereas the western footwall contains a complex series of tight, thrust-related folds in Eocene-Quaternary strata. For foreland basin province, a proposed triangle zone accommodates a small amount of east-west shortening (< 1000 m) along the frontal thrust system by east-vergent backthrusting within a broader passive-roof duplex. East-west shortening in the Cenozoic stratigraphic section was also accommodated by detachment folding, which produced localized areas of steep dips. In the proposed kinematic restoration, the most recent phase of deformation represents out-of-sequence reactivation of the La Salina fault that is consistent with irregular crosscutting relationships of some footwall structures. Earliest exhumation by ~45–30 Ma in the Eastern Cordillera fold-thrust belt province matches (1) an increased proportion of sedimentary lithic fragments; and (2) a high degree of compositional maturity (Q88F4Lf8). Exhumation since ~15 Ma in the foreland province coincides with (1) the highest accumulation rates observed for the upper Miocene Real Group; and (2) a decrease in compositional maturity (Q55F8Lf36). / text
77

Évolution post-orogénique du système couplé piémont/bassin versant : le méga-cône alluvial de Lannemezan et son bassin versant au Nord des Pyrénées / Post-orogenic evolution of the coupled foreland megafan/mountainous catchment system : the Lannemezan megafan and its cactchment in the Northern Pyrenees (SW France)

Mouchené, Margaux 19 January 2016 (has links)
This thesis aims at deciphering the respective roles of autogenic processes and allogenic forcing in the post-orogenic evolution of a coupled mountain catchment/foreland megafan system, with a focus on the Lannemezan megafan and its mountainous catchment in the northern Pyrenees (France). AFT data are consistent with previously published thermochronological data, showing (i) the main exhumation phase of the Axial Zone (AZ; ~50-30 Ma) with lateral variations in the exhumation rates, (ii) a later unroofing of the North-Pyrenean Zone (NPZ; since ~20 Ma), and (iii) a late (~20-15 Ma) exhumation phase only recorded in the western part of the range (west of the Neste River). The megafan was thus built at a late stage of the orogeny and its source catchment lays on the boundary between two tectonic domains. Petrographic data shows that the source area encompasses the NPZ and AZ but modern river sands yield more granitic material than the megafan sediments. This discrepancy suggest that (i) the foreland deposits are locally sourced, but this is not consistent with the definition of a megafan, (ii) the crystalline massifs may have been insufficiently unroofed, but this is inconsistent with the presence of granitic material in Eocene deposits of the south foreland, (iii) the main drainage divide migrated to the south around that period, but this seems inconsistent with the exhumation history of the range as inferred from thermochronological data. Comparison of my estimation of the sedimentary budget and AFT-derived exhumation rates suggests that the current watershed of the Neste is more than sufficient to provide the material for the building of the Lannemezan megafan. This implies that (i) the catchment boundaries have not necessarily changed since the Miocene and (ii) a significant portion of the sediments bypassed the megafan. I dated the abandonment of Quaternary surfaces using cosmogenic nuclides (10Be, 26Al). The abandonment of the megafan (~300 ka) and of the alluvial terraces (~100ka, ~20ka and ~1ka) suggests that incision episodes are triggered by cold-to-warm climatic shifts. The terrace slopes increase with time: I propose that the region was subjected to northward tilting by flexural isostatic rebound as a response to erosional unloading of the range during the Quaternary. From the morphometric analysis (χ-proxy, steepness index, concavity, long river profiles) I show (i) drainage reorganization near the megafan apex and (ii) no influence on the drainage network from active tectonic structures or base-level variations. The abandonment and of the Lannemezan megafan is thus linked to the capture of the Neste by the Garonne and its episodic incision is linked to Quaternary climatic cycles. Numerical modelling adequately reproduce the building of a large megafan in 15 Ma by progradation of the deposits carried by a central river that becomes dominant in the sediment routing. I suggest that, in the northern Pyrenean foreland, the Atlantic Ocean to the west and large, efficient rivers create the conditions needed for a river to be singled out and build a megafan. Negligible subsidence at during the Miocene may have encouraged progradation. I suggest that, in the northern Pyrenees, the main driving force for long-term entrenchment of the megafan is linked to autogenic processes but these are modulated by short-term climatic changes (and possibly isostatic movements). Numerical modelling also evidenced the strong coupling between the mountainous catchment and the basin and the characteristic response times (on the order of 10 ka). / Le but de cette thèse est de comprendre ce qui contrôle l’évolution géomorphologique post-orogénique d’un ensemble composé d’un bassin versant montagneux et de son piedmont à partir de l’exemple du méga-cône alluvial de Lannemezan et son bassin versant au flanc nord des Pyrénées. Les données de thermochronologie in-situ et détritiques confirment les phases d’exhumations : (1) une phase d’exhumation majeure (~50-30 Ma), enregistrée dans toute la ZA bien qu’avec des vitesses différentes à l’est (Ariège) qu’à l’ouest, (2) une excavation plus tardive de la ZNP (à partir de ~20 Ma), et (3) une phase tardive d’exhumation (vers 15-20 Ma) enregistrée seulement à l’ouest. Le méga-cône se forme donc à une période post-orogénique où la tectonique cesse de jouer un rôle dominant, mais le bassin versant d’alimentation du cône se situe à une position charnière entre deux zones qui s’exhume différemment. Les données de pétrographie des sédiments indiquent une zone source qui inclut la ZNP et la ZA. La proportion de matériel cristallin dans les sédiments Oligo-Miocène est plus faible que celle des sédiments des rivières actuellesce qui pourrait suggérer que (1) les massifs cristallins n’étaient pas suffisamment exhumés mais cela semble incohérent avec les études précédentes, (2) que la ligne de partage des eaux a migré vers le sud, mais ce n’est pas cohérent avec l’histoire d’exhumation de la chaîne. J’ai comparé le volume érodé dans le bassin pour produire le méga-cône et le flux sédimentaire estimé à partir des taux d’exhumation : il semble que le bassin versant actuel de la Neste est plus que suffisant pour produire les sédiments du cône, ce qui suggère que (1) la taille du bassin versant n’a pas nécessairement changé et (2) une partie des sédiments a été directement exportée vers le bassin marin. Les résultats des datations par nucléides cosmogéniques (10Be et 26Al) suggèrent que le cône est abandonné vers ~300 ka et les terrasses alluviales qui bordent les rivières du piémont (~100ka, ~20ka et ~1ka) pourraient suggérer un contrôle climatique sur l’incision (cycles glaciaires/interglaciaires). Pour expliquer la pente des terrasses je propose l’hypothèse d’un basculement de la région en lien avec un rebond isostatique au Quaternaire. L’analyse morphométrique du réseau de drainage montre (i) une réorganisation par capture dans la partie sud du cône et (ii) qu’il n’y a pas de structure tectonique active ou de variation du niveau marin. J’ai utilisé un modèle numérique pour comprendre les conditions de formation et d’incision d’un méga-cône et comparé les résultats avec les observations faites sur le cône de Lannemezan et son bassin versant. Les résultats suggèrent que le temps de construction d’un tel cône est de l’ordre de 15 Ma, par progradation des dépôts d’une rivière centrale qui domine les apports du piémont. La comparaison avec le cas de Lannemezan suggère que (1) l’Océan Atlantique à l’ouest et les grandes rivières, au transport efficace créent un environnement propice à la formation du méga-cône; (2) la subsidence négligeable du piémont pourrait avoir favorisé la construction du méga-cône; (3) les processus autogéniques sont suffisants pour produire au long terme une incision permanente du cône par sa rivière d’alimentation. Les forçages externes (tectoniques, climat) ne font que moduler l’incision autogénique. La réponse du paysage à un forçage climatique cyclique montre un temps caractéristique de l’ordre de 10 ka. Finalement, la modélisation a permis de mettre en évidence les interactions entre le piémont et la chaîne.
78

Structure et dynamique des prismes orogéniques : une approche pluridisciplinaire sur le cas Himalaya / Structure and evolution of orogenic wedges : a multidisciplinary study on the Himalayan case

Mercier, Jonathan 03 December 2014 (has links)
Cette thèse s'intéresse à la dynamique des prismes orogéniques à travers l'étude du cas Himalayen. J'ai utilisé une approche pluri-disciplinaire combinant modélisation numérique, cartographie de terrain, analyse structurale et microstructurale, thermochronologie Ar-Ar et détermination des pics de température métamorphique par RSCM (Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material).La modélisation numérique m'a permis d'apporter des contraintes sur les paramètres contrôlant la géométrie actuelle de la chaine. A la suite de cette étude, je propose que les variations latérales observées le long de la chaîne Himalayenne soient générées par la combinaison de deux mécanismes : 1) l'advection asynchrone d'une rampe crustale sous le Moyen Pays Himalayen le long de différents segments, qui entraine la présence et le déplacement de la transition topographique le long de la chaîne; 2) des variations dans le contraste rhéologique entre le plateau du Tibet et la croûte continentale Indienne, qui controlent la formation des klippes et influence la largeur de la chaîne.Le travail de terrain a permis d'apporter des données sur une zone jusqu'alors peu documentée de l'Ouest Népalais. Les observations réalisées, ainsi que les analyses effectuées sur les échantillons rapportés de cette campagne de terrain, m'ont amené à proposer une nouvelle coupe géologique pour cette zone. L'existence du “lesser Himalayan Duplex”, jusqu'alors utilisé pour expliquer cette zone, est ainsi discuté ainsi que la géométrie et la signification du “Ramgarh Thrust”.Par ailleurs, un code de modélisation numérique a été développé afin d'étudier les mécanismes thermiques ayant lieu dans la croûte continentale en cours de migmatisation. Ce modèle, appliqué au massif métamorphique de El Oro en Equateur, nous a amené à mettre en évidence l'existence de mécanismes de convection crustale, lors de la migmatisation, dans cette région. Cette étude méthodologiquement proche de celle réalisée sur le prisme orogénique himalayen, apporte des contraintes sur la formation et la dynamique des plateaux continentaux. / This PhD focuses on the dynamics of orogenic wedges using the Himalayas as a case study. I used a multi-disciplinary approach combining numerical modeling, field mapping, structural and microstructural analysis, Ar-Ar thermochronology and metamorphic peak temperature estimation by RSCM (Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material) to provide geometrical and timing constraints on the development and evolution of an upper-crustal scale nappe system.Numerical modeling provided the intuition on the parameters that control the current geometry of the belt. According to this study, I propose that along-strike variations observed along the Himalayan Belt are generated by two parallel mechanisms: 1) The asynchronous underthrusting of a crustal ramp beneath the Lesser Hiamalaya, responsible for the presence and displacement of the topographic transition observed along the belt; and 2) variations in the rheological contrast between the Tibetan Plateau and the colliding Indian continental crust, controlling the formation of klippes and the range width.The fieldwork campaign allowed us to bring new data on an area so far poorly documented: the far western Nepal. Field observations as well as analyses performed on samples collected during the field campaign led us to propose a new geological cross section for this area. The existence of the lesser Himalayan duplex, used so far to explain the structure of the belt in the Karnali River area (Western Nepal), is discussed as well as the geometry and tectonic significance of the Ragmarh thrust.In a parallel study, a numerical code has been developed in order to study the thermal behavior of a partially melted continental crust. This model, applied to the El Oro massif in Equator, led us to show the likely presence of crustal convection during partial melting for this area, in the Triassic. This study is similar to the one on the Himalayan orogenic wedge from a methodological point of view and brings new constraints on the formation and kinematics of continental plateau.
79

Neogene tectonic and exhumation of the Andes Centrales, Southern Peru / Neotectonique, Tectonique Néogène et Exhumation à travers les Andes Centrales, Sud du Pérou

Benavente Escobar, Carlos Lenin 13 March 2017 (has links)
L’histoire et les mécanismes de soulèvement des Andes centrales ont fait l'objet de débats animés depuis les années 1970. Notre étude se concentre sur l’analyse de la déformation Cénozoïque et de l'exhumation des Andes Centrales dans la région du Sud Pérou : à Cuzco, et dans la région de Nazca entre les cordillères Occidentale et Côtière. En effet, plusieurs auteurs soulignent le rôle du raccourcissement tectonique dans l'épaississement de la croûte, dans l’avant-arc Chilien ou à l’Est dans la région Subandine. Dans les modèles de déformation tectonique active issus du GPS, aucun raccourcissement ni transpression n’est pris en compte sur la bordure Occidentale des Andes au Cénozoïque ou dans les modèles de déformation crustale issus du GPS. La nouvelle cartographie des systèmes de failles actives dans la région sud du Pérou donnent un aperçu de la déformation active à l’échelle crustale pour la marge Pacifique des Andes Centrales. La géomorphologie et les paysages de l'avant-arc andin ont classiquement été présentés comme fossiles depuis le Miocène, sans évidence de structures actives accommodant la déformation cénozoïque. Cependant, les surfaces géomorphologiques bien préservées développées dans l'avant-arc du sud du Pérou fournissent d'excellents marqueurs et des évidences de déformation très nettes depuis le Cénozoïque jusqu’au Quaternaire récent. Ces marqueurs montrent tous un soulèvement des Andes le long de la marge ouest depuis les derniers Millions d’années. Bien que l’initiation et l’évolution de l'exhumation et du soulèvement cénozoïque aient été étudié dans les canyons de Colca et de Cotahuasi, il demeure peu contraint dans le segment nord de l'avant – arc, i.e., dans la région de Nazca. Dans cette étude, nous avons choisi d’apporter de nouvelles données (U-Th)/He et traces de fission sur apatite (AHe) et (AFT) respectivement dans cette région. L’échantillonnage a porté sur la Cordillère Occidentale entre Cañete et Nazca le long de deux nouvelles coupes transversales à la topographie. Le profil Age/Distance à la côte indique une mise en place de relief dans la région Andine au début du Miocène et une évolution découplée des deux systèmes de cordillères Cotière et Occidentale en terme d’exhumation dans le temps. A l’échelle Quaternaire, nous avons cartographié les failles actives pour déterminer leur géométrie, cinématique et les âges maximaux de l’activation de ces failles. Ceci afin de discuter du rôle de cette activité tectonique, précédemment supposée Miocène, dans le soulèvement et l’exhumation de l’avant-arc Andin. Nous avons utilisé la production et l’accumulation du 10Be cosmogénique dans les roches pour déterminer les âges d'exposition d’un escarpement tectonique marquant les derniers épisodes co-sismiques de la faille de Purgatorio. Nos nouveaux résultats, contrastent avec des conclusions précédentes qui concluaient à de l’extension et des vitesses lentes le long de l’avant arc Andin (<0.1mm/an). Les âges très récents indiquent une morphologie « historique » (free face) et deux tremblements de terre Mw6-7 sur ce système de failles transpressives qui se connectent au système principal d’Incapuquio. Les données suggèrent non seulement une déformation active significative de l’avant-arc, mais soulignent aussi l’existence d’un aléa sismique qui n’est toujours pas pris en compte pour les failles crustales dans les Andes. Tandis que l’hypothèse acceptée est que la déformation active est localisée dans le bassin d’avant pays subandin, ou à l’est de la cordillère orientale, nos données suggèrent qu’une partie de la déformation active se localise aussi sur la marge Occidentale ainsi que le long de la faille d'Incapuquio. De plus, les failles observées en néotectonique accommoderaient le partitionnement de la déformation le long de la subduction oblique et ceci n’a jamais été discuté précédemment. Ce mouvement, rigide, en bloc serait du à la présence du craton accrété sur le flanc Ouest et à sa rigidité. / ABSTRACTTiming and mechanisms of uplift in the Central Andes have been a matter of debate since at least the 1970’s. Our study focuses on Cenozoic deformation and exhumation of the Central Andean forearc in Peru, in Cuzco region, and between the Western Cordillera and the Coastal Cordillera in Nazca region. Our new mapping of active faults provides new insights into the Cenozoic to present-day crustal deformation of the Central Andean Western margin. Until now, apart from some local studies, the geomorphology of the Andean forearc has classically been presented as a remnant Miocene landscape with no significant active structures accommodating the Cenozoic deformation. Thanks to new high-resolution optical imagery, the well-preserved geomorphic surfaces developed within the forearc of southern Peru provide excellent regional markers to map patterns of deformation. Pertaining to the Cenozoic history, while the timing of uplift-related exhumation and Cenozoic exhumation has been studied in Colca and Cotahuasi canyons, it remain poorly constrained in the northern segment of the Central Andean forearc. I report new apatite (U–Th)/He (AHe) and fission track (AFT) ages from the western Cordillera between Cañete and Nazca along two new cross sections. The ages in Nazca region reflect relatively recent (since ~10Ma) relief creation along the western margin of the Altiplano, similar to what is described south in Colca region.The Quaternary tectonic history is revealed by the newly mapped fault segments affecting the Miocene deposits within forearc. Through field and remote mapping, I determined fault geometries and maximum ages for the activity of the faults systems based on stratigraphic relationships in order to assess the role of this tectonic activity in the Western Cordillera uplift and exhumation.To understand the Holocene tectonic history, we use in situ produced 10Be to determine the exposure ages of the free face and tectonic scarp of the Purgatorio Fault in order to map the temporal evolution of its seismotectonic activity. Our new results display evidence of transpression and the formation of meter-high coseismic scarps as well as very recent exposure ages indicating a youthful fault morphology and Mw6-7 earthquakes occurring along the Purgatorio fault segments. These new data are in contrast with some previous conclusions for this region which suggest extension and/or slow rates of deformation for this region and time period. Further, these new data not only suggest significant active deformation within the forearc, but also highlight a potential seismic hazard for the region that not take into account crustal forearc faults.While the general assumption is that active deformation is localized in the Subandean fold and thrust belt, or east of the Western Cordillera in the Altiplano, our data support a model where active deformation is occurring in the western margin as well, along the Incapuquio Fault and other neotectonic faults that accommodates the partitioning of the subduction oblique convergence.These crustal active faults and more precisely the “not migrating to the trench” Incapuquio fault zone reveal the rigid motion of the forearc. Our new model is nevertheless compatible with the recently published GPS data that measure a southeastward movement at 4–5 mm/yr relative to a stable South America reference frame. This rigid motion is in part due to the presence of the rigid Greenvillian accreted craton, that behave as a sliver, and rather tilt than deform through time.
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Long-term activity of shear zones in the Dom Feliciano Belt and associated terranes (South America)

Hueck, Mathias 23 July 2018 (has links)
No description available.

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