The master´s thesis concentrates on a project of condensing steam turbine for existing heating plant with back pressure turbine. The master´s thesis subject consists in the thermodynamic calculation of regulating stage and turbine stages. Design documentation is worked up according to the calculated record. From calculated power of turbine is worked a basic project of gearbox and disposal arrangement system.

The master thesis deals with design and comparison of condensing steam turbine for steam-gas cycle for single-cylinder and double-cylinder body with air condenser at its end, one regulated take and ability to use additive steam. Thesis is based on the calculation of thermal scheme which is followed by a preliminary and subsequently a detailed design of steam turbine. Thermodynamic efficiency for single-cylinder turbine was calculated at 93,28 % with terminal power 136,2 MW. The design procedure was repeated for a double-cylinder body. Calculated terminal power for two-cylinder turbine was 134,4 MW with thermodynamic efficiency of 92.1%. By dividing turbine into two rotors resulting low-pressure turbine has a smaller rotor diameter, a longer blade and at the same time a larger number of stages. For double-cylinder turbine, it was necessary to consider twice the number of seals and radial bearings. Due to the increase in flow diameter of low-pressure turbine, losses related to the geometry of the stage increased. Thesis is supplemented by a section drawing of steam turbine with higher efficiency.

Ce travail traite du rôle des interactions entre les composés inorganiques (cendres) et les matériaux du lit pendant la gazéification de miscanthus en lit fluidisé. Les objectifs étaient :-1) de décrire la transformation des inorganiques à haute température ; -2) de comprendre leur rôle dans l’agglomération ; et -3) de proposer des recommandations. Les principaux éléments inorganiques présents dans le miscanthus sont K, Si Ca, Mg, P, S et Cl. Les cendres sont constituées de silice, de carbonates et de sels. Les carbonates et les sels se décomposent et se volatilisent à 700 °C. Les Ca et Mg silicates sont les phases solides majoritaires à haute température. La phase liquide est constituée de SiO2, K2O, CaO et MgO quel que soit la nature de l’atmosphère. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été comparés aux calculs thermodynamiques. Il apparait que les bases de données FToxid et FTsalt peuvent être utilisées pour prévoir les tendances des transformations de phases en température. Les interactions entre les cendres et les matériaux du lit ont été étudiées en conditions statiques et dynamiques. Les conclusions sont les suivantes : -1) la mouillabilité des cendres sur les matériaux du lit est un paramètre clé dans l’agglomération ; -2) l’adhésion augmente dans l’ordre suivant : silice → olivine → olivine calcinée ; -3) il y a peu de différences en atmosphère oxydante ou réductrice -4) la présence de deux liquides immiscibles est observée en atmosphère réductrice. Des traces de sulfures et de résidus carbonés ont aussi été observées. Des expériences ont été effectuées à haute température, en conditions dynamiques, avec un dispositif expérimental de laboratoire et avec un pilote de gazéification à lit fluidisé. En condition dynamique, la température est un paramètre très important. Le lavage de la biomasse et l’ajout de kaolin permettent de limiter l’agglomération. Dans le gazéifieur pilote, les gros agglomérats se retrouvent préférentiellement au niveau de la grille et limite la fluidisation. Les teneurs en Fe, Cr et Al de la phase liquide sont plus importantes que celles observées en laboratoire. / This work studies the role of inorganics in ash-bed material interaction during thermal conversion of miscanthus in fluidized bed. The objectives were (1) to describe the transformation of inorganics at high temperature, (2) to reveal their role in the agglomeration and (3) to provide recommendations for miscanthus gasification in fluidized bed. The main ash forming elements in miscanthus are K, Si, Ca, Mg, P, S and Cl. The ashes are composed of silica, carbonates and salts. The carbonates and salts decompose and volatilize at 700ºC, at elevated temperature the dominant solid phases are Ca and Mg silicates. The liquid phase is composed of SiO2, K2O, CaO, MgO regardless of the atmosphere. The accuracy of thermodynamic prediction tool was evaluated with the experimental results. In conclusion, FToxid and FTsalt databases can be used to follow the trends of the main phase transformations at high temperature. The ash-bed interaction was studied under static and dynamic conditions. We found that the wetting of bed material by molten ashes is the key parameter of the agglomeration. The adhesion of particles increases in the order of sand, olivine, calcined olivine. There is no significant difference in the agglomeration mechanism in oxidizing or reductive atmosphere. However, in reductive atmosphere, two immiscible liquid phases can occur and the presence of unburnt char and traces of sulphides was also observed. The ash-bed material interaction was studied under dynamic conditions in a bench scale device and in a fluidized bed gasifier pilot. The parametric investigation showed that the operating temperature has the most significant effect on the agglomeration ratio and the biomass pre washing or the addition of kaolin are the most effective tools to reduce agglomeration risks. During the trials in the gasification pilot the large agglomerates segregated on the grid accelerating the defluidization. Compared to the laboratory tests, the liquid phase is enriched in Fe, Cr and Al.

The topic of this diploma thesis is a condensing steam turbine with one regulated steam extraction. The first part contents design and balance of heat scheme. The heat scheme is the basis for the main part of this work, which is the thermodynamic design of the turbine with reaction blades. At the end, the characteristics of the turbine are created. Drawing of the turbine section is attached to this thesis.

The thesis is focused on designing of backpressure steam turbine to drive the crusher in the sugar factory having the power input of the 2 200 kW. Thermodynamic calculation of two conceptual variations is gradually implemented in the thesis with the aim to determine the steam mass flow through the turbine. In the first version the control stage is selected as an A-wheel and in the second version as a Curtis wheel. The stage part of both versions consists of series action stages. Furthermore, it contains basic design of the gland steam system and the nozzle control system. Both radial and thrust bearings are designed based on the acting forces. The thesis also includes strength calculation of the selected components. The final part deals with comparison and evaluation of the optimal solution. Due to the small difference in rotor weight (m =19,72 kg), and especially for the less steam consumption (M = 4,87 kg/s), the first version can be considered as an optimal solution. This thesis is amended by a mechanical drawing of the turbine cross section on a common frame with a gearbox.

Diploma thesis deals with the design of the condensing steam turbine with power output 23.63 MW at 5000 rpm and an efficiency of 84.17% after optimization. The turbine contains one controlled steam extraction and four bleeds. The steam mass flow required by controlled steam extraction is 0-75 t/h of a total mass flow to the turbine 105 t/h. Design of the steam turbine is preceded by calculation of heat balance of the cycle. Then the thermodynamic and strength calculation of regulation stage and reaction staging flow channel are made. Thermodynamic calculation of the flow channel consists of preliminary and detailed calculation. It is detailed calculation that leads to the turbine parameters optimization. The design also includes gland sealing system and balance piston calculation. In addition to the strength calculation there is bearings load calculation included. In the end, the consumption diagram is made, showing the interval by which the turbine can be safely operated. Integrated part of the thesis is conceptual drawing of steam turbine section.

The aim of this diploma thesis is a design of a condensing steam turbine based on technical specification of inlet steam - maximal mass flow 120 t/h, temperature 440 °C; on temperature in deaerator 125 °C; on mass flow 0 – 60 t/h and pressure 3,0 bar(a) of regulated steam extraction and on ambient temperature in the vicinity 25 °C. The result contains steam turbine with reaction blading, work output 28,76 MWe and efficiency 82 %.

The diploma thesis concentrates on a project of condensing steam turbine with uncontrolled extraction. These topics are analyzed in more detail: design of thermal diagram, thermodynamic calculation and turbine design concepts. First two topics are solved in the calculation section of the thesis. In the construction part are processed a third topic.

The diploma thesis concentrates on a project of backpreassure steam turbine. These topics are analyzed in more detail: design of balance schema, thermodynamic calculation, loss coefficient and its effect on the loss. Technical solutions are designed according to given details of a steam and chosen conditions of use.

The diploma thesis deals with preliminary design of condensing steam turbine with three unregulated steam outputs and its gland steam system particularly its description and design. The steam parameters in key outputs were determined in heat balance. The gland steam system parameters were calculated for different operating conditions. It also describes influence of pressure on performance of turbine in gland steam system. Finally, the inquiry sheet for gland steam system device was created based on calculated values.