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A review of developments in the nature and law of maritime piracy.Surbun, Vishal. January 2008 (has links)
No abstract available. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.
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The Influence of Government policy of sentences in Magistrates' courts : as reflected in sentences relatng to certain sections of the Immorality Act 23 of 1957, dealing in and possession of dagga in contravention of the Abuse of Dependence-producing Substances and Rehabilitation Centres Act 41 of 1971 and the Stock Theft Act 57 of 1959.Dlodlo, Andreas. January 1987 (has links)
No abstract available. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of Natal, Durban,1987.
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The recognition, transfer and extinction of maritime liens in South African law.Barge, Robert James. January 1994 (has links)
No abstract available. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1994.
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The right of access to health care services and the quality of care afforded to rural communities in South Africa within the confines of the state's resources.Khumalo, Nondumiso Beatrice. January 2001 (has links)
No abstract available. / Thesis (LL.M)-University of Durban-Westville, 2001.
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"A review of measures to combat illicit drug trafficking and trade : a domestic maritime perspective"Dedekind, Amy Paula. January 2012 (has links)
From a survey of media reports and other documentary sources, illicit drug
trafficking and trade seems to be a prevalent problem in South Africa today. Drugs
are being shipped undetected in containers, which poses a significant threat to
maritime security. The drug trade is also having a negative impact upon one of South
Africa's valuable resources, abalone. It appears that there is a substantial nexus
between the poaching of abalone and the illicit drug trade in South Africa. Abalone is
considered to be a delicacy in the East and research shows that a substantial amount
of drugs in South Africa has originated from the illicit trade of abalone.
v
This dissertation will examine illicit drug trafficking and trade with particular reference
to the maritime industry which facilitates this illicit trafficking and trade through
ineffective security measures governing containerisation; and also through the abalone
trade. A survey of media reports, articles, reviews, Institute for Security Studies papers,
books and the World Drug Report 2012 set the scene of illicit drug trafficking and trade
in South Africa as being prevalent and damaging to the country's security measures.
A review of South Africa's domestic legislation and the international conventions to
which it is party is necessary to determine whether the law governing illicit drug
trafficking and trade is adequate to address the issues highlighted above. The focus of
this dissertation will then shift to wards the issues surrounding implementation and
enforcement of these laws.
The enforcement and implementation of the law seems tainted by corruption, lack of
skills and morale and inexperience and therefore these issues need to be addressed in
order to fully combat illicit drug trafficking and trade in South Africa's maritime
industry. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.
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An assessment of constitutional guarantees of religious rights and freedoms in South AfricaGildenhuys, J. L. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The central issue which is considered in this thesis is the meaning of the constitutional
guarantees of religious rights and freedoms in South Africa. In other words, it is concerned
with the functions of the state, through its laws or conduct, in respect of religion and with its
relationship towards the institutional church or religious community.
It is argued that religious freedom is, in fact, a bundle of rights and freedoms. The "essential
rights and freedoms of religion" which constitute this "bundle" are identified in the context of
the historical development of religious rights. It is shown that religious rights theories have
developed in the West which include concepts of freedom of conscience, the right to freely
exercise religion, accommodation of pluralism of a confessional and institutional nature,
equality of all religions before the law, nondiscrimination on the grounds offaith, institutional
separation of church and state and some separation of state (or law) and religion.
It is maintained that no single principle could by itself guarantee religious freedom and that
these rights and freedoms are mutually. supportive of and mutually subservient to the highest
goal of guaranteeing religious freedom. These essential rights and freedoms are therefore
treated as constituting minimum standards for the protection of religious freedom and it is
argued that religious freedom as protected in the South African Constitution should be
interpreted to incorporate these multiple principles.
It is shown that, prior to the promulgation of the interim Constitution the essential rights and
freedoms of religion were not adequately protected in South Africa and that the constitutional
entrenchment of these essential religious rights was necessitated by various factors in the
preconstitutional South African society.
The position with regard to religious rights and freedoms in post-Constitutional South Africa
is considered by briefly sketching the broader constitutional context and by assessing the
constitutional clauses protecting religious rights to determine whether the essential rights are
protected. The religious rights provisions in the Constitution are analysed in detail in order to
determine how they should be interpreted and implemented to ensure adequate protection of
the essential rights and freedoms of religion in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die sentrale vraagstuk wat in hierdie proefskrif ondersoek word is die betekenis van
godsdiensregte en vryhede wat in die Grondwet verskans word. Dit ondersoek die funksie van
die staat, hetsy deur wetgewing of staatsoptrede, ten opsigte van godsdiens en ten opsigte van
kerke of godsdiensgroepe.
Daar word geargumenteer dat godsdiensregte inderdaad uit 'n aantal regte, oftewel, 'n bondel
regte, bestaan. Die essensiële regte en vryhede van godsdiens wat hierdie bondelopmaak word
geïdentifiseer met verwysing na die historiese ontwikkeling van godsdiensregte. Teorieë van
godsdiensregte het in die Weste ontwikkel wat die volgende essensiële regte en vryhede
insluit: vryheid van gewete, die reg om godsdiens vrylik te beoefen, akkommodasie van
pluralisme, gelykheid van alle godsdienste en nie-diskriminasie op grond van godsdiens,
institusionele skeiding van kerk en staat en gedeeltelike skeiding van staat en godsdiens.
Die argument lui verder dat 'n enkele beginsel nie opsigself godsdiensvryheid kan waarborg
nie en dat hierdie regte en vryhede mekaar wedersyds ondersteun en tesame die doel van
godsdiensvryheid dien. Die essensiële regte en vryhede van godsdiens word daarom behandel
as minimum standaarde vir die beskerming van godsdiensvryheid en daar word 'n saak
uitgemaak dat godsdiensvryheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet geïnterpreteer behoort te
word as synde hierdie veelvuldige beginsels in te sluit.
Die proefskriftoon dat die essensiele regte en vryhede nie voor die inwerkingtreding van die
interim Grondwet in Suid-Afrika genoegsame beskerming geniet het nie en dat die
konstitusionele verskansing daarvan deur verskeie faktore in die pre-konstitusionele Suid-
Afrika genoodsaak is.
Die posisie na die inwerkingtreding van die Grondwet word geëvalueer deur kortliks die breë
grondwetlike konteks te skets en vas te stelof die artikels in die Grondwet wat met godsdiens
handel, inderdaad die essensiele regte en vryhede van godsdiens beskerm. Hierdie artikels
word in diepte geanaliseer ten einde te bepaal hoe hulle geïnterpreteer en geïmplementeer
behoort te word ten einde die essensiele godsdiensregte en vryhede genoegsaam te beskerm.
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The meaning of public purpose and public interest in Section 25 of the ConstitutionNginase, Xolisa Human 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis discusses the meaning of public purpose and public interest in s 25 of the
Final Constitution. The main question that is asked is: how does ‘public purpose’
differ from ‘public interest’, and what impact did the Final Constitution have on the
interpretation and application of the public purpose requirement in expropriation law
in South Africa? This question is investigated by looking at how the courts have dealt
with the public purpose requirement, both before and during the first years of the
constitutional era in South African law, and also with reference to foreign law.
The thesis shows that the position has not changed that much yet because the
interpretation of this requirement has not received much attention in constitutional
case law. The main focus is to show that the reason for the interpretation problems
surrounding this requirement is the apparent conflict between the formulation of the
public purpose requirement in the Final Constitution and in the current Expropriation
Act of 1975. It is pointed out that the efforts that were made to resolve the problem
failed because the Expropriation Bill 2008 was withdrawn. Consequently, it is still
unclear how the public purpose requirement has been changed by s 25(2) of the
Constitution, which authorises expropriation for a public purpose or in the public
interest. This apparent lack of clarity is discussed and analysed with specific
reference to the different types of third party transfers that are possible in
expropriation law.
Comparative case law from Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United
States of America and the European Convention on Human Rights is considered to
show how other jurisdictions deal with the public purpose requirement in their own
constitutions or expropriation legislation, with particular emphasis on how they solve
problems surrounding third party transfers. In the final chapter it is proposed that the
Expropriation Bill should be reintroduced to bring the formulation of the public
purpose requirement in the Act in line with s 25(2) and that expropriation for transfer
to third parties could be in order if it serves a legitimate public purpose or the public
interest (e g because the third party provides a public utility or for land reform), but
that expropriation for economic development should be reviewed strictly to ensure
that it serves a more direct and clear public interest than just stimulating the
economy or creating jobs. / AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis bespreek die betekenis van openbare doel en openbare belang in a 25
van die Finale Grondwet. Die belangrikste vraag is: hoe verskil ‘openbare doel’ van
‘openbare belang’, en watter impak het die Finale Grondwet op die interpretasie en
toepassing van die openbare doel-vereiste in die Suid-Afrikaanse onteieningsreg
gehad? Die vraag word ondersoek met verwysing na die howe se hantering van die
openbare doel-vereiste voor en gedurende die eerste jare van die nuwe grondwetlike
bedeling, asook met verwysing na buitelandse reg.
Die tesis toon aan dat die posisie nog min verander het omdat die interpretasie van
die vereiste in die grondwetlike regspraak nog nie veel aandag gekry het nie. Daar
word aangetoon dat interpretasieprobleme rondom hierdie vereiste ontstaan as
gevolg van die oënskynlike teenstrydigheid tussen die formulering van die openbare
doel-vereiste in die Finale Grondwet en in die huidige Onteieningswet van 1975.
Daar word geargumenteer dat pogings om die probleem op te los gefaal het omdat
die Onteieningswetsontwerp 2008 teruggetrek is. Dit is daarom steeds onduidelik
hoe die openbare doel-vereiste deur a 25(2) van die Grondwet, wat onteiening vir ‘n
openbare doel of in die openbare belang toelaat, verander is. Hierdie oënskynlike
gebrek aan sekerheid word bespreek met verwysing na die verskillende gevalle
waarin eiendom onteien en dan aan derde partye oorgedra word.
Regsvergelykende regspraak van Australië, Duitsland, die Verenigde Koninkryk, die
Verenigde State van Amerika en die Europese Konvensie op Mensregte word
oorweeg om te wys hoe ander regstelsels die openbare doel-vereiste in hulle
grondwette of onteieningswetgewing interpreteer, spesifiek ten aansien van die
oordrag van eiendom aan derde partye. In die laaste hoofstuk word aan die hand
gedoen dat die Onteieningswetsontwerp weer ter tafel geneem moet word om die
bewoording van die openbare doel-vereiste in die Onteieningswet in
ooreenstemming met a 25(2) te bring. Daar word ook aan die hand gedoen dat
onteiening vir oordrag aan derde partye in orde kan wees as dit ‘n geldige openbare
doel of die openbare belang dien (bv omdat die derde party ‘n openbare diens lewer
of in belang van grondhervorming), maar dat onteiening vir ekonomiese ontwikkeling
streng hersien moet word om te verseker dat dit ‘n meer direkte en duidelike
openbare belang dien as bloot om die ekonomie te stimuleer of om werk te skep.
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The consequences of contracts concluded by unassisted minors : a comparative evaluationWatt, Ilze Jr 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is a general principle of the law of South Africa that an unassisted contract of a
minor is unenforceable against the minor. Although it binds the other party, the minor
is not bound. The minor will only be bound if the contract is enforced by his guardian,
or if the contract is ratified by the child after attaining majority. This implies that the
other party is in a rather unfortunate position, since the effectiveness of the contract
will remain uncertain until the guardian of the minor decides to enforce or repudiate
the contract, or until the minor ratifies it after attaining majority. The other party may
not resile from the contract during this interim period.
Should it be established that the contract has failed, the question arises to what
extent the parties are obliged to return performances made in purported fulfilment of
the contract. In terms of the law of South Africa, the prevailing view is that these claims are based
on unjustified enrichment. However, the extent of these claims differs. In principle,
both parties’ liability will be limited to the amount remaining in its estate, according to
the defence of loss of enrichment. But the application of the defence is subject to an
exception that does not apply equally to the parties. Had the other party known or
should the other party have known that the enrichment was sine causa, yet
continued to part with it, he will be held liable for the full enrichment. However, this
exception does not apply to the enrichment liability of minors. In other words,
whether the minor knew or should have known that the enrichment was sine causa,
he would still be allowed to raise the defence of loss of enrichment. Furthermore, the
rules applicable to minors’ enrichment liability applies to all minors, and no scope is
left to consider the specific circumstances of each minor.
It is accepted that there are two competing principles relating to minors’ unassisted
contracts. On the one hand, the law must protect the minor from his immaturity and
lack of experience. On the other hand, the law must protect the interests of the other
party. It will be seen throughout this study that the determination of how to balance
these competing principles is not an easy task. The key aim of this thesis is to investigate the principles governing the unwinding of
unassisted minors’ contracts in South Africa. A comparison will be made with the principles applied in other legal systems, in order to identify similarities and
differences in the approaches and, to establish what underlies the differences in the
various approaches.
Germany, England and Scotland have been chosen for comparison for various
reasons. First, they share some historical roots, and they represent three major legal
traditions, namely the civil law, common law and mixed legal systems, of which
South Africa also forms part. Secondly, both England and Scotland have
experienced recent legislative reform in this regard, which implies that their
respective legal systems should be in line with modern tendencies, and
consequently they may provide a valuable framework for possible reform in South
Africa. In Germany, although mainly regulated by rather older legislation, there have
been interesting developments in the determination of consequences of failed
contracts. Hellwege has argued that the unwinding of all contracts should be treated similarly,
regardless of the unwinding factor. He has also suggested that in order to prevent
the accumulation of risk on one party, and to ensure that the risk is placed on the
person who is in control of the object, the defence of loss of enrichment should not
be available to any party. His reasoning and suggestions is dealt with in more detail
in this thesis.
This study argues that the current strict approach applied under South African law
regarding minors’ unassisted contracts needs to be re-considered. The current
approach is dated and is not in line with modern tendencies and legislation. No
proper consideration is given to minors’ development into adulthood or personal
circumstances of the parties. It is submitted that in the process of re-consideration,
some form of acknowledgement must be given to minors’ development towards
mature adults. It is submitted that this would be possible by introducing a more
flexible approach to regulate the enforceability and unwinding of minors’ unassisted
contracts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING Dit is ‘n algemene beginsel van die Suid-Afrikaanse reg dat ‘n kontrak aangegaan
deur ‘n minderjarige sonder die nodige bystand van sy ouer of voog onafdwingbaar
is teenoor die minderjarige. Die minderjarige sal slegs gebonde wees indien die
kontrak afgedwing word deur sy voog, of indien die minderjarige self die kontrak
ratifiseer nadat hy meerderjarig word. Dit impliseer dat die ander party in ‘n
ongunstige posisie is, aangesien die werking van die kontrak onseker is totdat die
voog besluit om die kontrak af te dwing of te repudieer, of totdat die minderjarige dit
ratifiseer nadat hy meerderjarig word. Gedurende hierdie interim periode mag die
ander party nie terugtree uit hierdie kontrak nie.
Sou dit bepaal word dat die kontrak misluk het, ontstaan die vraag tot watter mate
die partye verplig word om prestasies wat reeds gemaak is, terug te gee. In terme van die Suid-Afrikaanse reg is die meerderheidsopinie dat hierdie eise
gebaseer is op onregverdige verryking, maar die omvang van die partye se eise
verskil. In beginsel is beide partye se aanspreeklikheid beperk tot die bedrag wat
steeds in sy boedel beskikbaar is, weens die beskikbaarheid van die verweer van
verlies van verryking. Maar die toepassing van die verweer is onderworpe aan ‘n
uitsondering wat nie op beide partye geld nie. Indien die ander party geweet het of
moes geweet het dat die verryking sine causa was, maar steeds afstand gedoen het
van die verryking, sal hy aanspreeklik gehou word vir die volle verryking. Hierdie reel
is egter nie van toepassing op die minderjarige se verrykingsaanspreeklikheid nie.
Met ander woorde, indien die minderjarige geweet het of moes geweet het dat die
verryking sine causa was, en steeds afstand gedoen het van die verryking, sal hy
steeds die verweer van verlies van verryking kan opper. Bowendien, die reels van
toepassing op minderjariges se verrykingsaanspreeklikheid is van toepassing op alle
minderjariges, en geen ruimte word gelaat om die spesifieke omstandighede van
elke minderjarige in ag te neem nie. Wanneer ons kontrakte aangegaan deur minderjariges sonder die nodige bystand,
oorweeg, word dit algemeen aanvaar dat daar twee kompeterende beginsels van
belang is. Aan die een kant moet die reg die minderjarige beskerm teen sy
onvolwassenheid en gebrek aan ondervinding. Aan die ander kant moet die reg ook
die belange van die ander party beskerm. Dit sal deurlopend in hierdie studie gesien word dat die behoorlike balansering van hierdie twee beginsels nie ‘n maklike taak is
nie.
Die hoofdoel van hierdie tesis is om die beginsels wat die afdwingbaarheid en
ontbinding van minderjariges se kontrakte in Suid-Afrika, wat aangegaan is sonder
die nodige bystand van ‘n voog, te ondersoek. ‘n Vergelyking sal getref word met die
beginsels wat in ander regstelsels toegepas word, om sodoende die ooreenkomste
en verskille te identifiseer, asook om te bepaal wat hierdie verskille onderlê.
Duitsland, Engeland en Skotland is gekies as vergelykende jurisdiksies vir verskeie
redes, naamlik hulle historiese gebondenheid en die feit dat hulle drie groot
regstradisies (die kontinentale regstelsel, die gemenereg en die gemengde
regstelsel) verteenwoordig. Bowendien het beide Engeland en Skotland onlangse
wetgewende hervorming ondergaan in hierdie sfeer van die reg, wat impliseer dat
hierdie regstelsels waarskynlik in lyn sal wees met moderne tendense. Gevolglik kan
hulle ‘n waardevolle raamwerk skep waarbinne moontlike hervorming in Suid-Afrika
mag plaasvind. Alhoewel Duitsland grotendeels nog deur ouer wetgewing gereguleer
word, het dit ook ‘n reeks interessante verwikkelinge ondergaan in die bepaling van
die gevolge van kontrakte wat misluk het. Hellwege argumenteer dat die ontbinding van alle kontrakte dieselfde hanteer moet
word, ongeag die onderliggende ontbindende faktor. Hy stel ook voor dat om te
verhoed dat die risiko op slegs een party geplaas word, en om te verseker dat dit
eerder gedra word deur daardie party wat beheer het oor die voorwerp, die verweer
van verlies van verryking nie vir enige party beskikbaar moet wees nie. Sy
redenering en voorstelle word in meer besonderhede in hierdie studie bespreek.
Hierdie studie argumenteer dat die huidige streng benadering wat in Suid-Afrika
toegepas word met betrekking tot kontrakte aangegaan deur minderjariges sonder
die nodige bystand van ‘n voog, heroorweeg moet word. Die huidige benadering is
verouderd en is nie lyn met moderne tendense en wetgewing nie. Bowendien word
geen behoorlike oorweging gegee aan minderjariges se ontwikkeling tot
volwassenheid nie, en die partye se persoonlike omstandighede word ook nie in ag
geneem nie. Daar word argumenteer dat in die proses van heroorweging, ‘n mate
van erkenning gegee moet word aan minderjariges se persoonlike ontwikkeling.
Daar word verder argumenteer dat ‘n meer buigsame benadering toegepas moet word ten opsigte van die regulering van die afdwingbaarheid en ontbinding van
hierdie kontrakte.
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The Constitutional Property Clause and Immaterial Property InterestsKellerman, Mikhalien 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The question that this dissertation addresses is which immaterial property interests may be
recognised and protected under the constitutional property clause and if so, under which
circumstances. The question originated in the First Certification case 1 where the court held
that the constitutional property clause is wide enough to include property interests that
require protection according to international norms. The traditional immaterial property
interests or intellectual property rights (patents, copyright, designs and trademarks) are
protected as property in private law on a sui generis basis. Since it is generally accepted that
the property concept in constitutional law includes at least property rights protected in private
law, it is relatively unproblematic to include intellectual property rights under the
constitutional property clause. In Laugh It Off v SAB International,2 the Constitutional Court
explicitly balanced the right to a trademark with the right to freedom of expression, which is
accepted as authority that at least trademarks may be recognised and protected as
constitutional property. The other intellectual property rights may most likely be recognised
and protected by analogy. Foreign law as well as international law also indicates that
intellectual property should be recognised and protected as constitutional property. However,
there are other, unconventional immaterial property interests that are not protected as
property in private law. Some are protected in private law, but not as property; others
originate in public law; and yet others are not protected yet at all. In terms of the
Constitution, South African courts may consider foreign law, but must consider international
law. This dissertation determines when these interests may be protected as constitutional
property by reference to foreign cases from German, American, Australian and Irish law;
regional international law, namely European Union cases; and international law. The
conclusion is that unconventional immaterial property interests may generally be protected if
they are vested and acquired in terms of normal law, have patrimonial value and serve the
general purpose of constitutional property protection. Property theories are also useful to
determine when immaterial property interests deserve constitutional protection, although
other theories may be more useful for some of the unconventional interests. The German
scaling approach and the balancing of competing interests is a useful approach for South
African courts to help determine the appropriate level of protection for specific immaterial
property interests without excluding some at the outset. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vraag waarmee hierdie verhandeling handel is of belange in immateriële goedere erken
en beskerm kan word in terme van die grondwetlike eiendomsklousule en indien wel, onder
watter omstandighede. Die vraag het sy ontstaan in die First Certification saak,3 waar die
Grondwetlike Hof beslis het dat die eiendomsklousule se omvang wyd genoeg is om belange
in eiendom in te sluit wat volgens internasionale norme beskerming verg. Sekere regte in
immateriële goedere word op ’n sui generis basis in die privaatreg beskerm, naamlik die regte
in tradisionele immaterieelgoederereg kategorieë of intellektuele eiendom (patente, kopiereg,
ontwerpe en handelsmerke). Dit is 'n algemene beginsel van grondwetlike eiendomsreg dat
die konsep van eiendom minstens belange insluit wat as eiendom in die privaatreg beskerm
word. In Laugh It Off v SAB International4 het die Grondwetlike Hof 'n handelsmerkreg
opgeweeg teen die reg op vryheid van uitdrukking en hierdeur implisiet erken dat minstens
handelsmerke en dalk ook ander intellektuele eindemsregte deur die eiendomsklousule erken
en beskerm kan word. Buitelandse reg sowel as internasionale reg dui aan dat intellektuele
eiendom grondwetlike beskerming behoort te ontvang. Buiten hierdie belange is daar ook
immaterieelgoederereg belange wat nie onder eiendomsreg beskerm word in die privaatreg
nie. Sommige van hierdie belange word wel in die privaatreg beskerm, maar dan onder ander
areas van die reg as eiendom; ander het hul oorsprong in die publiekreg; en die res word tans
glad nie beskerm nie. Die Grondwet bepaal dat howe buitelandse reg in ag kan neem en dat
hulle internasionale reg moet oorweeg. Die verhandeling se vraag word beantwoord met
verwysing na sake uit die Duitse, Amerikaanse, Australiese en Ierse grondwetlike reg;
streeks-internasionale reg van die Europese Unie; en internasionale reg. Die onkonvensionele
immaterieelgoederereg belange kan oor die algemeen beskerm word as eiendom indien daar
'n gevestigde reg is, die reg in terme van gewone reg verkry is en die belang die algemene
oogmerke van die grondwetlike klousule bevorder. Die teorieë oor die beskerming van
eiendom is van nut om te bepaal watter belange beskerm kan word, alhoewel sekere
onkonvensionele belange beter geregverdig kan word deur ander tipes teorieë. Die Duitse
metode om belange op te weeg kan van besonderse nut wees vir Suid Afrikaanse howe om te
bepaal watter vlak van beskerming spesifieke belange in immaterieelgoedere behoort te
geniet.
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Contract formation and the Internet : an analysis of contract formation in English, South African and German law with special regard to the InternetHelmholz, Niels 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation examines the conclusion of contracts on the Internet in English and
South African law on the one hand, and German law on the other. Because these
legal systems have not developed specific rules for the formation of contracts by way
of this medium of communication, the question is whether the traditional doctrines are
adequate to the demands of tecnological innovation. The study accordingly
proceeds from a detailed discussion of the traditional rules of offer and acceptance
developed in each of the systems. To this end, the leading cases and of English and
South African law are considered with an emphasis on the points of difference
between the approach of the courts in these systems. Where there is uncertainty or
different points of view, regard is had to the critical points of view of English and
South African commentators. In respect of the codified German civil law, the
authoritative provisions of the general part of the civil code are discussed against the
background of the commentary of academic authors.
An investigation of the technical structure of the Internet and the various methods of
communication afforded by it, provides a foundation for an examination of the
application of the general principles of the various legal systems to contract formation
on the Internet. It is concluded that despite fundamental differences in the of
approach of the systems under consideration, the general principles of each system
are capable of application in the context of electronic contracting. The dissertation
endeavours to develop proposals regarding adequate solutions to the problems
typical of the process of contract formation on the Internet. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is afgestem op die hantering van kontraksluiting op die Internet in die
Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse Reg aan die een kant, en die Duitse Reg aan die ander
kant. Omrede geeneen van hierdie stelsels tot op hede spesifieke maatreëls
daargestel het vir kontraksluiting deur middel van hierdie kommunikasiemiddel nie, is
die vraag of tradisionele beginsels afdoende is met die oog op eise van die nuwe
tegnologie. Die ondersoek gaan derhalwe uit van 'n behandeling van die tradisionele
reëls van aanbod en aanname soos wat dit in elkeen van die stelsels ontwikkel het.
Met die oog hierop, word sleutelvonnisse van die Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse reg
ontleed, veral dan ook met klem op verskille in die benadering van die howe in
hierdie twee stelsels. In geval van onsekerheid en verskille van mening, word verwys
na die kritiese standpunte van Engelse en Suid-Afrikaanse kommentatore. Met
verwysing na die gekodifiseerde Duitse stelsel word die gesaghebbende bepalings
van die Burgerlike Wetboek behandel teen die agtergrond van die kommentaar van
Duitse akademiese skrywers.
'n Ontleding van die tegniese struktuur van die Internet en die verskillende
kommunikasiemetodes wat dit bied, verskaf die grondslag vir 'n ondersoek na die
toepaslikheid van die algemene beginsels aangaande kontraksluiting van die
onderskeie regstelsels in die konteks van elektroniese kontraktering. Die
gevolgtrekking is dat ten spyte van fundamentele verskille in benadering, die
algemene beginsels van die verkillende stelsels wel aanwendbaar is in die nuwe
omgewing. Die verhandeling poog om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die ontwikkeling van
aanvaarbare oplossings tot die probleme wat tipies is aan kontraksluiting deur middel
van die Internet.
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