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Towards a distributed real-time system for future satellite applicationsRozendaal, A. (Abraham) 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Linux operating system and shared Ethernet are alternative technologies with the potential to
reduce both the development time and costs of satellites as well as the supporting infrastructure.
Modular satellites, ground stations and rapid proto typing testbeds also have a common
requirement for distributed real-time computation. The identified technologies were investigated
to determine whether this requirement could also be met.
Various real-time extensions and modifications are currently available for the Linux operating
system. A suitable open source real-time extension called Real-Time Application Interface
(RTAI) was selected for the implementation of an experimental distributed real-time system.
Experimental results showed that the RTAI operating system could deliver deterministic realtime
performance, but only in the absence of non-real-time load.
Shared Ethernet is currently the most popular and widely used commercial networking
technology. However, Ethernet wasn't developed to provide real-time performance. Several
methods have been proposed in literature to modify Ethernet for real-time communications. A
token passing protocol was found to be an effective and least intrusive solution. The Real-Time
Token (RTToken) protocol was designed to guarantee predictable network access to
communicating real-time tasks. The protocol passes a token between nodes in a predetermined
order and nodes are assigned fixed token holding times. Experimental results proved that the
protocol offered predictable network access with bounded jitter.
An experimental distributed real-time system was implemented, which included the extension of
the RTAI operating system with the RTToken protocol, as a loadable kernel module. Real-time
tasks communicated using connectionless Internet protocols. The Real-Time networking (RTnet)
subsystem of RTAI supported these protocols. Under collision-free conditions consistent
transmission delays with bounded jitter was measured. The integrated RTToken protocol
provided guaranteed and bounded network access to communicating real-time tasks, with limit
overheads. Tests exhibited errors in some of the RTAI functionality. Overall the investigated
technologies showed promise in being able to meet the distributed real-time requirements of
various applications, including those found in the satellite environment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Linux bedryfstelsel en gedeelde Ethernet is geïdentifiseer as potensiële tegnologieë vir
satelliet bedryf wat besparings in koste en vinniger ontwikkeling te weeg kan bring. Modulêr
ontwerpte satelliete, grondstasies en ontwikkeling platforms het 'n gemeenskaplike behoefte vir
verspreide intydse verwerking. Verskillende tegnologieë is ondersoek om te bepaal of aan die
vereiste ook voldoen kan word.
Verskeie intydse uitbreidings en modifikasies is huidiglik beskikbaar vir die Linux bedryfstelsel.
Die "Real-Time Application Interface" (RTAI) bedryfstelsel is geïdentifiseer as 'n geskikte
intydse uitbreiding vir die implementering van 'n eksperimentele verspreide intydse stelsel.
Eksperimentele resultate het getoon dat die RTAI bedryfstelsel deterministies en intyds kan
opereer, maar dan moet dit geskied in die afwesigheid van 'n nie-intydse verwerkingslas.
Gedeelde Ethernet is 'n kommersiële network tegnologie wat tans algemeen beskikbaar is. Die
tegnologie is egter nie ontwerp vir intydse uitvoering nie. Verskeie metodes is in die literatuur
voorgestelom Ethernet te modifiseer vir intydse kommunikasie. Hierdie ondersoek het getoon
dat 'n teken-aangee protokol die mees effektiewe oplossing is en waarvan die implementering
min inbreuk maak. Die "Real-Time Token" (RTToken) protokol is ontwerp om voorspelbare
netwerk toegang tot kommunikerende intydse take te verseker. Die protokol stuur 'n teken tussen
nodusse in 'n voorafbepaalde volgorde. Nodusse word ook vaste teken hou-tye geallokeer.
Eksperimentele resultate het aangedui dat die protokol deterministiese netwerk toegang kan
verseker met begrensde variasies.
'n Eksperimentele verspreide intydse stelsel is geïmplementeer. Dit het ingesluit die uitbreiding
van die RTAI bedryfstelsel met die RTToken protokol; verpak as 'n laaibare bedryfstelsel
module. Intydse take kan kommunikeer met verbindinglose protokolle wat deur die "Real-Time
networking" (RTnet) substelsel van RTAI ondersteun word. Onder ideale toestande is konstante
transmissie vertragings met begrensde variasies gemeet. Die integrasie van die RTToken
protokol het botsinglose netwerk toegang aan kommunikerende take verseker, met beperkte
oorhoofse koste as teenprestasie. Eksperimente het enkele foute in die funksionaliteit van RTAI
uitgewys. In die algemeen het die voorgestelde tegnologieë getoon dat dit potensiaal het vir
verskeie verspreide intydse toepassings in toekomstige satelliet en ook ander omgewings.
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A reusable signal processing architecture for satellite based communication systemsBotha, Jakobus Stephanus 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Keywords: digital signal processing, embedded systems, telecommunications,
satellite technology.
The rapid growth of the telecommunications industry is a worldwide phenomenon
with people and computers generating and transmitting more and
more information daily. Despite this growth, there are still areas in South
Africa which lack terrestrial communications coverage. People inhabit these
rural areas and their essential communication needs are not met. Satellite
based communication coverage can provide a valuable service in these circumstances.
In this thesis, the design of a satellite-based communications payload
which makes use of software de ned radio techniques is presented in terms
of the Open Systems Interconnect layer structure. A robust hardware platform
using a space-quali ed on-board computer, a Xilinx Virtex-5 Field Programmable
Gate Array (FPGA) and a Freescale digital signal processor (DSP)
is designed, implemented and thoroughly tested. A device driver is designed
for hardware and rmware components. A prototype ground station is also
designed and constructed using a low-power PC, a Xilinx Spartan-3E FPGA,
a Freescale DSP and radio frequency hardware.
A wide range of testing methodologies were successfully utilised to deploy
a functional system which is critically evaluated in the last chapter. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sleutelwoorde: syferseinverwerking, toegewyde stelsels, telekommunikasie,
satelliettegnologie.
Die vinnig groeiende telekommunikasieindustrie is 'n wêreldwye verskynsel
waarin mense en rekenaars daagliks meer en meer data genereer. Ten spyte
van die groei, is daar nog steeds gebiede in Suid-Afrika wat aan 'n gebrek van
aardse kommunikasiedekking lei. Mense bewoon dié areas maar daar word nie
aan hul noodsaaklike kommunikasiebehoeftes voldoen nie. Satelliet-gebaseerde
kommunikasiedekking kan 'n waardevolle diens in hierdie omstandighede wees.
Hierdie tesis beskryf die ontwerp van 'n ruimtegebaseerde kommunikasieloonvrag
wat gebruik maak van sagteware-gede nieerde radiotegnieke aangebied
in terme van die Open Systems Interconnect laagstruktuur. 'n Robuuste
apparatuurplatform wat gebruik maak van 'n ruimte-gekwali seerde rekenaar,
'n Xilinx Virtex-5 Veldprogrameerbare Hek-Skikking (VPHS) en 'n Freescale
syferseinverwerker is ontwerp, geïmplementeer en deeglik getoets. 'n Toestelbestuurder
moes ontwerp word vir die apparatuur- en fermatuur-komponente.
'n Prototipe grondstasie is ook ontwerp en gebou met behulp van' n lae-krag
PC, 'n Xilinx Spartan-3E VPHS, 'n Freescale seinverwerker en radiofrekwensie
apparatuur.
'n Wye verskeidenheid van toetsmetodes is suksesvol benut om 'n funksionele
stelsel te ontwikkel wat krities geëvalueer word in die laaste hoofstuk.
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Control of surfaces in confined spaces : Tab-aileron control system developmentRupert, Francois Johannes 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis forms part of the Control Surfaces in Confined Spaces (CoSICS) project conducted
at Stellenbosch University. The aim of this project is reduction of control surface
actuator footprints on the existing wing structures of commercial airliners such as the
Airbus A320 and A330. This is achieved by reducing control surface hinge moments
through the application of trailing edge tabs. This results in smaller actuator requirements.
The first tier of the project focussed on the geometric optimisation of the tab
applied to an aileron. This thesis focusses on the development of dynamic control of the
aileron through either tab-only or concurrent tab and aileron actuation.
In the effort to develop dynamic control, a fully coupled generalised dynamic model of
the tab and aileron is derived and presented. Through linearisation of this model, linear
controllers are developed. Two distinctly different controllers are presented; the first
controller makes use of classical methods for control of the tab-only actuated aileron
and the second controller makes use of modern control techniques such as full state
feedback to facilitate controlled concurrent tab and aileron actuation. Each proposed
controller is evaluated in terms of dynamic performance, robustness, disturbance rejection
and noise immunity. Based on the controller development, a summary of dynamic
actuator requirements is given.
Practical verification of the model and the controller performance is then undertaken.
The development of the necessary hardware and software is also presented. The concept
of aileron control through tab-only actuation and concurrent tab and aileron actuation
is then validated. Conclusion are then drawn about the accuracy of the theoretical
model and the practical performance of the controllers.
The thesis is concluded with recommendations for future work to increase the fidelity
of the model. Important aspects about the practical implementation of the concept on
commercial jetliners are also summarised. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is deel van die Control Surfaces in Confined Spaces1 projek by Stellenbosch
Universiteit. Die doel van hierdie projek behels die verkleining van die aktueerder
spasie en ondersteunings struktuur vereistes, op die bestaande vlerk struktuur
van kommersiële vliegtuie soos die Airbus A320 en Airbus A330. Dit is bereik deur
die vermindering van die beheeroppervlak skarnier se draaimoment met behulp van
aerodinamiese hulpvlakke. Kleiner aktueerders word dus benodig. Die eerste stadium
van die projek fokus op die geometriese optimisering van die hulpvlak op ’n aileron. Hierdie
tesis fokus op die ontwikkeling van dinamiese beheer van die aileron deur middel
van hulpvlak aktueering alleenlik of met die gelyktydige aktueering van die hulpvlak en
aileron.
In die proses van onwikkeling is ’n volgekoppelde veralgemeende dinamiese model van
die hulpvlak en aileron afgelei en voorgelê. Deur middel van linearisasie van die model
is linieêre beheerders ontwikkel. Tans is twee verskillende beheerders ontwikkel. Die
eerste beheerder is gebaseer op die klassieke metodes en maak staat op die aktueering
van die hulpvlak alleenlik. Die tweede beheerder maak gebruik van moderne beheer
tegnieke soos vol toestand terugvoer om gelyktydige hulpvlak en aileron aktueering te
realiseer. Die beheerders is elk geëvalueer in terme van dinamiese gedrag, robuustheid,
versteurings verwerping en ruis verwerping. Die beheerstelsel ontwikkeling lei tot ’n
opsomming van die dinamiese aktueerder vereistes.
Dit word gevolg deur praktiese verifikasie van die model en die beheerstelsel gedrag. ’n
Opsomming van die ontwikkeling van nodige hardeware en sagteware word voorgelê.
In hierdie proses is die konsep van beide hulpvlak alleenlike aktueering en gelyktydige
hulpvlak en aileron aktueering bewys. Gevolgtrekkings word gemaak oor die akkuraatheid
van die model en die praktiese gedrag van die beheerders.
Die tesis word afgerond met voorstelle vir toekomstige werk wat die model se betroubaarheid
kan verbeter. Verder word belangrike punte oor die praktiese aspekte
van konsep implementering op kommersiële vliegtuie ook uitgelig.
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Automated reading of high volume water metersUlyate, Jessica 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Accurate water usage information is very important for municipalities in order to provide
accurate billing information for high volume water users. Meter reading are currently
obtained by sending a person out to every meter to obtain a manual reading. This is very
costly with regards to time and money, and it is also very error prone.
In order to improve on this system, an image based telemetry system was developed
that can be retrofitted on currently installed bulk water meters. Images of the meter dials
are captured and transmitted to a central server where they are further processed and
enhanced. Character recognition is performed on the enhanced images in order to extract
meter readings.
Through tests it was found that characters can be recognised to 100% accuracy for
cases which the character recognition software has been trained, and 70% accuracy for
cases which is was not trained. Thus, an overall recognition accuracy of 85% was achieved.
These results can be improved upon in future work by statistically analysing results and
utilizing the inherent heuristic information from the meter dials.
Overall the feasibility of the approach was demonstrated and a way forward was indicated. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is belangrik vir munisipaliteite om akkurate water verbruikingssyfers te hê sodat hulle
akkurate rekeninge aan hoë volume water gebruikers kan stuur. Tans besoek ’n persoon
fisies elke meter om meterlesings te verkry. Dit is egter baie oneffektief ten opsigte van
tyd en geld. Die metode is ook baie geneig tot foute.
Ten einde te verbeter op hierdie stelsel was ’n beeld gebaseerde telemetrie stelsel
ontwerp wat geïnstalleer word op huidig geïnstalleerde hoë volume water meters. Beelde
van die meters word na ’n sentrale bediener gestuur waar dit verwerk word en die beeld
kwaliteit verbeter word. Karakter herkenning sagteware word gebruik om die meter lesings
te verkry vanuit die verbeterde beelde.
Deur middel van toetse is gevind dat karakters herken kan word tot op 100% graad
van akkuraatheid in gevalle waar die karakter herkenning sagteware opgelei is, en 70%
akkuraatheid vir gevalle waarvoor dit nie opgelei was nie. Dus was ’n algehele herkennings
akkuraatheid van 85% behaal. Hierdie resultate kan verbeter word in die toekoms deur
die resultate statisties te analiseer en die inherente heuristieke inligting van die meter
syfers te benutting.
Ten slotte, in die tesis was die haalbaarheid van die benadering gedemonstreer en ’n
weg vorentoe vir toekomstige werk aangedui.
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An unmanned aircraft system for maritime search and rescueMeredith, Andre Paul 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Search and Rescue is an essential service provided by States and Militaries to
search for, locate and rescue survivors of accidents and incidents. Civil Search and
Rescue utilizes a system of well-trained professionals or volunteers, an effective
Search and Rescue organization, supported by industry and other providers of
infrastructure and assets. The service is rendered to save the lives of civilian
individuals in imminent danger of losing their lives. Military (Combat) Search and
Rescue is provided by militaries to save the lives of military practitioners in a similar
predicament. In addition, Search and Rescue is performed over land and over the
sea.
All forms of Search and Rescue rely on capable, specialized assets for efficiency en
affectivity. Assets are specified and chosen on the grounds of various factors,
amongst others operating environment, operational profile, performance and special
abilities.
This thesis has determined the need for a Search and Rescue asset, capable of
performing effective and efficient Search and Rescue over the entire national
maritime Search and Rescue Region, up to the Region extremities. An analysis was
performed to prove this deficit, and quantify the key performance and special
equipment requirements for such an asset. An analysis was also performed which
proves that an Unmanned Aircraft System should be an ideal choice to meet this
need. Finally, an Unmanned Aircraft System concept was specified that could
potentially meet this need. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soek en Redding is ‘n essentiële diens wat deur State en militêre organisasies
gebied word om oorlewendes van ongelukke en insidente te soek, op te spoor en na
veiligheid te bring. Siviele Soek en Redding maak gebruik van ‘n stelsel van goedopgeleide
professionele persone, sowel as vrywilligers, asook ‘n effektiewe Soek en
Reddingsorganisasie, ondersteun deur die industrie en ander voorsieners van
infrastruktuur en toerusting. Derglike dienste word daargestel om die lewens van
siviele persone, wie se lewens in gevaar is, te red. Militêre Soek en Redding word
deur militêre organisasies daargetel om die lewens van militêre persone, wie in
gevaar is, te red. Soek en Redding word oor land sowel as oor die see uitgevoer.
Alle vorms van Soek en Redding maak staat op die beskikbaarheid van
gespesialiseerde toerusting met gespesialiseerde gebruiksaanwending, vir
maksimale effektiwiteit en doeltreffendheid. Toerusting word gekies op grond van
verskeie faktore, onder meer die gebruiksomgewing, operasionele profiele, verlangde
prestasie en spesiale vermoëns.
Hierdie tesis het die behoefte aan ‘n gespesialiseerde Soek en Redding platform, wat
die vermoë het om effektiewe en doeltreffende Soek en Redding uit te voer oor die
hele nationale Soek en Redding Gebied, tot en met die ekstreme daarvan, vasgestel.
‘n Analise is uitgevoer om hierdie tekortkoming uit te wys, asook om die sleutel
prestasie- en gespesialiseerde toerustingbehoeftes vir so ‘n platform te kwantifiseer.
‘n Verdere analise is uitgevoer om te bewys dat ‘n Onbemande Vliegtuig die beste
opsie sou wees vir ‘n platform om aan hierdie behoeftes te voldoen. Ten slotte is ‘n
konsep vir ‘n Onbemande Vliegtuig Stelsel voorgetsel wat potensieël hierdie
behoefte sou kon vervul.
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Control allocation as part of a fault-tolerant control architecture for UAVsBasson, Lionel 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The development of a control allocation system for use as part of a fault-tolerant control
(FTC) system in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is presented. This system plays a
vital role in minimising the possibility that a fault will necessitate the reconfiguration of
the control, guidance or navigation systems of the aircraft by minimising the difference
between the desired and achievable aircraft performance parameters. This is achieved
by optimising the allocation of control effort commanded by the virtual actuators to the
physical actuators present on the aircraft.
A simple general six degree of freedom aircraft model is presented that contains all of
the relevant terms needed to find the trim biases of the aircraft actuators and evaluate
the performance of the virtual actuators. This model was used to develop a control
allocation formulation that optimises the performance of the virtual actuators of the
aircraft while minimising adverse effects and avoiding actuator saturation. The resulting
problem formulation was formulated as a multi-objective optimisation problem which was
solved using the sequential quadratic programming method.
The control allocation system was practically implemented and tested. A number of
failure categories of varying severity were defined and two aircraft with different levels
of actuator redundancy were used to test the system. The control allocation algorithm
was evaluated for each failure category, aircraft test case and for a number of differing
control allocation system configurations. A number of enhancements were then made
to the control allocation system which included adding frequency-based allocation and
adapting the algorithm for an unconventional ducted-fan UAV.
The control allocation system is shown to be applicable to a number of different conventional
aircraft configurations with no alterations as well as being applicable to unconventional
aircraft with minor alterations. The control allocation system is shown to
be capable of handling both single and multiple actuator failures and the importance of
actuator redundancy is highlighted as a factor that influences the effectiveness of control
allocation. The control allocation system can be effectively used as part of a FTC system
or as a tool that can be used to investigate control allocation and aircraft redundancy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwikkeling van ’n beheertoekenning sisteem vir gebruik as deel van ’n fout verdraagsame
beheersisteem in onbemande lugvaartuie word voorgelê. Hierdie sisteem speel
’n essensiële rol in die vermindering van die moontlikheid dat ’n fout die herkonfigurasie
van die beheer, bestuur of navigasiesisteme van die vaartuig tot gevolg sal hê, deur die
verskil te verminder tussen die verlangde en bereikbare werkverrigtingsraamwerk van die
vaartuig. Dit word bereik deur die optimisering van die toekenning van beheerpoging
aangevoer deur die virtuele aktueerders na die fisiese aktueerders teenwoordig op die
vaartuig.
’n Eenvoudige algemene ses grade van vryheid lugvaartuig model word voorgestel wat
al die relevante terme bevat wat benodig word om die onewewigtigheid verstelling van
die vaartuig se aktueerders te vind en die werksverrigting van die virtuele aktueerders
te evalueer. Hierdie model is gebruik om ’n beheer toekenning formulering te ontwikkel
wat die werkverrigting van die virtuele aktueerders van die vaartuig optimiseer terwyl
nadelige gevolge verminder word asook aktueerder versadiging vermy word. Die gevolglike
probleem formulering is omskryf as ’n multi-doel optimiserings probleem wat opgelos is
deur gebruik van die sekwensiële kwadratiese programmerings metode.
Die beheertoekenning sisteem is prakties geïmplementeer en getoets. ’n Aantal fout kategorieë
van verskillende grade van erns is gedefinieer en twee vaartuie met verskillende
vlakke van aktueerder oortolligheid is gebruik om die sisteem te toets. Die beheer toekenning
algoritme is geëvalueer vir elke fout kategorie, vaartuig toetsgeval, asook vir ’n aantal
verskillende beheertoekenning sisteem konfigurasies. ’n Aantal verbeterings is aangebring
aan die beheertoekenning sisteem, naamlik die toevoeging van frekwensie gebaseerde
toekenning en wysiging van die algoritme vir ’n onkonvensionele onbemande geleide waaier
lugvaartuig.
Die beheertoekenning sisteem is van toepassing op ’n aantal verskillende konvensionele
vaartuig konfigurasies met geen verstellings asook van toepassing op onkonvensionele
vaartuie met geringe verstellings. Die beheertoekenning sisteem kan beide enkel- en
veelvoudige aktueerder tekortkominge hanteer en die belangrikheid van aktueerder oortolligheid is beklemtoon as ’n faktor wat die effektiwiteit van beheertoekenning beïnvloed.
Die beheertoekenning sisteem kan effektief geïmplementeer word as deel van ’n fout verdraagsame
beheersisteem of as ’n werktuig om beheertoekenning en vaartuig oortolligheid
te ondersoek.
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Markerless augmented reality on ubiquitous mobile devices with integrated sensorsVan Wyk, Carel 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The computational power of mobile smart-phone devices are ever increasing and high-end
phones become more popular amongst consumers every day. The technical speci cations of
a high-end smart-phone today rivals those of a home computer system of only a few years
ago. Powerful processors, combined with cameras and ease of development encourage an
increasing number of Augmented Reality (AR) researchers to adopt mobile smart-phones as
AR platform.
Implementation of marker-based Augmented Reality systems on mobile phones is mostly
a solved problem. Markerless systems still o er challenges due to increased processing requirements.
Some researchers adopt purely computer vision based markerless tracking methods
to estimate camera pose on mobile devices. In this thesis we propose the use of a hybrid
system that employs both computer vision and integrated sensors present in most new smartphones
to facilitate pose estimation.
We estimate three of the six degrees of freedom of pose using integrated sensors and
estimate the remaining three using feature tracking. A proof of concept hybrid system is
implemented as part of this thesis. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die berekeningskrag van nuwe-generasie selfone neem elke dag toe en kragtige "slim-fone"
word al hoe meer populêr onder verbruikers. Die tegniese spesifikasies van 'n nuwe slim-foon
vandag is vergelykbaar met die van 'n persoonlike rekenaar van slegs 'n paar jaar gelede.
Die kombinasie van kragtige verwerkers, kameras en die gemaklikheid waarmee programmatuur
op hierdie toestelle ontwikkel word, maak dit 'n aantreklike ontwikkelingsplatform
vir navorsers in Toegevoegde Realiteit.
Die implimentering van 'n merker-gebaseerde Toegevoegde Realiteitstelsel op selfone is
'n probleem wat reeds grotendeels opgelos is. Merker-vrye stelsels, aan die ander kant,
bied steeds interessante uitdagings omdat hulle meer prosesseringskrag vereis. 'n Paar navorsers
het reeds rekenaarvisie-gebaseerde merker-vrye stelsels aangepas om op selfone te
funksioneer. In hierdie tesis stel ons die ontwikkeling voor van 'n hibriede stelsel wat gebruik
maak van rekenaarvisie sowel as geintegreerde sensore in die foon om die berekening
van kamera-orientasie te vergemaklik.
Ons gebruik geintegreerde sensore om drie uit ses vryheidsgrade van orientasie te bereken,
terwyl die oorblywende drie met behulp van rekenaarvisie-tegnieke bepaal word. 'n Prototipe
stelsel is ontwikkel as deel van hierdie tesis.
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A study of radio astronomy principles and SKA pathfinder system designs with pulsar scienceOtto, Sunelle 14 March 2011 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is an international project to build the world’s largest and most sensitive
radio telescope interferometer. It will consist of thousands of antennas distributed over many kilometers,
with the hosting country being either South Africa or Australia. Various pathfinders have been initiated to
demonstrate the technologies needed to implement the SKA. The astronomy community has defined five
Key Science Projects (KSP), which are the drivers for the SKA. The science goals determine the technical
requirements needed to design SKA systems. Many years of planning and development are still needed in
order to meet to the requirements of such a large and complex project.
This thesis aims to present the various SKA pathfinder systems in terms of their application to the SKA
key science projects, with main focus that of pulsar observations. In order to achieve this, a thorough overview
of basic radio astronomy principles and techniques is presented, followed by a detailed look at the various
pathfinders. Throughout the work, aspects of pulsar observations are given particular attention with the goal of
designing optimal systems for the SKA. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is ’n internasionale projek om die wêreld se grootste en mees sensitiewe
radio teleskoop interferometer te bou. Dit sal bestaan uit duisende antennas versprei oor etlike kilometers, met
die gasheer land óf Suid-Afrika óf Australië. Verskeie koersbepalers is geïnisieer om die tegnologie te demonstreer
wat benodig is om die SKA te implementeer. Die astronomie gemeenskap het vyf sleutel wetenskap
projekte (KSP) gedefinieër wat dien as die drywers vir die SKA. Die wetenskap doelwitte bepaal die tegniese
vereistes wat nodig is om SKA stelsels to ontwerp. Talle jare van beplanning en ontwikkeling word steeds
benodig om te voldoen aan die vereistes van so ’n groot en komplekse projek.
Hierdie tesis het ten doel die aanbieding van verskeie SKA koersbepaler stelsels in terme van hulle aanwending
tot die SKA sleutel wetenskap projekte, met hoof fokus op die van pulsar waarnemings. Om dit te
behaal, word ’n deeglike oorsig van basiese radio astronomie beginsels en tegnieke aangebied, gevolg deur ’n
gedetailleerde kyk na die verskeie koersbepalers. Regdeur die werk word spesifieke aandag gegee aan aspekte
van pulsar waarnemings met die doel om optimale stelsels vir die SKA te ontwerp.
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Development of attitude controllers and actuators for a solar sail cubesatMey, Philip Hendrik 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: CubeSats are small, lightweight satellites which are often used by academic institutions
due to their application potential and low cost. Because of their size and weight, less
powerful attitude controllers, such as solar sails, can be used.
In 2010, the Japanese satellite, Ikaros, was launched to illustrate the usage of solar sails
as a propulsion system. Similarly, by exploiting the solar radiation pressure, it is possible
to use a solar sail, together with three magnetorquers, to achieve 3-axis attitude control
of a 3-unit CubeSat.
Simulations are required to demonstrate the attitude control of a sun-synchronous, low
Earth orbit CubeSat using a solar sail. To allow the adjustment of the solar sail, and its
resulting torque, a mechanical structure is required which can be used to position the
sail within two orthogonal axes. Although the magnetorquers and solar sail are sufficient
to achieve 3-axis attitude control, the addition of a reaction wheel can be implemented
in an attempt to improve this control. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: CubeSats is klein, ligte satelliete wat dikwels deur universiteite gebruik word weens hul
lae koste en groot toepassings potensiaal. As gevolg van hulle gewig en grootte, kan
minder kragtige posisie beheerders, soos byvoorbeeld sonseile, gebruik word.
Die Japannese satelliet, Ikaros, was in 2010 gelanseer om die gebruik van ’n sonseil as
aandrywingstelsel te illustreer. Net so is dit moontlik om die bestraling van die son te
gebruik, met behulp van ’n sonseil, en drie magneetstange om 3-as posisiebeheer op ’n
3-eenheid CubeSat te bekom.
Simulasies word benodig om die posisie beheer van ’n sonsinkrone, lae-aard wentelbaan
CubeSat met ’n sonseil te demonstreer. ’n Meganiese struktuur word benodig vir die
posisionering van die sonseil in twee ortogonale asse sodat die sonseil, en dus die geassosieerde
draaimoment, verskuif kan word. Alhoewel die magneetstange en sonseil
voldoende is om 3-as posisiebeheer te bekom, kan ’n reaksiewiel bygevoeg word om
hierdie beheer te probeer verbeter.
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Accurate autonomous landing of a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicleAlberts, Frederik Nicolaas 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents the analysis, design, simulation and practical implementation of a
control system to achieve an accurate autonomous landing of a fixed-wing unmanned
aerial vehicle in the presence of wind gust atmospheric disturbances.
Controllers which incorporate the concept of direct-lift control were designed based on
a study of the longitudinal dynamics of the UAV constructed as a testbed. Direct-lift
control offers the prospect of an improvement in the precision with which aircraft height
and vertical velocity can be controlled by utilising actuators which generate lift directly,
instead of the conventional method whereby the moment produced by an actuator
results in lift being indirectly generated. Two normal specific acceleration controllers
were designed. The first being a conventional moment-based controller, and the second
a direct-lift-augmented controller. The moment-based controller makes use of the aircraft’s
elevator while the direct-lift augmented controller in addition makes use of the
flaps of the aircraft which serve as the direct-lift actuator.
Controllers were also designed to regulate the airspeed, altitude, climb rate, and roll
angle of the aircraft as well as damp the Dutch roll mode. A guidance controller was implemented
to allow for the following of waypoints. A landing procedure and methodology
was developed which includes the circuit and landing approach paths and the concept of
a glide path offset to calibrate the touchdown point of a landing.
All controllers and the landing procedure were tested in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation
environment as well as practically in a series of flight tests. Five fully autonomous
landings were performed, three of these using the conventional NSA controller, and the
final two the direct-lift-augmented NSA controller.
The results obtained during the landing flight tests show that the project goal of a landing
within five meters along the runway and three meters across the runway was achieved
in both normal wind conditions as well as in conditions where wind gusts prevailed. The
flight tests also showed that the direct-lift-augmented NSA controller appears to achieve
a more accurate landing than the conventional NSA controller, especially in the presence
of greater wind disturbances. The direct-lift augmented NSA controller also exhibited
less pitch angle rotation during landing. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis verteenwoordig die analise, ontwerp, simulasie en praktiese implementering
van ’n beheerstelsel wat ten doel het om ’n akkurate en outonome landing van ’n
onbemande vastevlerk vliegtuig in rukwind atmosferiese toestande te bewerkstellig.
Gegrond op ’n studie van die longitudinale dinamika van die vliegtuig wat as proeftuig
gebruik is, is beheerders ontwerp wat die beginsel van direkte-lig insluit. Direkte-lig
beheer hou die potensiaal in om die vliegtuig se hoogte en vertikale snelheid akkuraat
te beheer deur gebruik te maak van aktueerders wat lig direk genereer in teenstelling
met die konvensionele metode waar die moment van die aktueerder indirek lig genereer.
Twee normaal-versnellings beheerders is ontwerp. Die eerste is ’n konvensionele
moment-gebaseerde beheerder wat gebruik maak van die hys-aktueerder van die vliegtuig,
en die tweede is ’n direkte-lig-bygestaande beheerder wat addisioneel gebruik maak
van die flappe van die vliegtuig wat as die direkte-lig aktueerder dien.
Vedere beheerders is ontwerp wat die lugspoed, hoogte, klimkoers, en rolhoek van die
vliegtuig reguleer asook die “Dutch roll” gedrag afklam. ’n Leiding-beheerder wat die
volg van vliegbakens hanteer, is ingestel. Die landingsprosedure en -metodologie is ontwikkel
wat die landingspad sowel as die sweef-pad bepaal en wat terselfdertyd ’n metode
daarstel om die posisie van die landingspunt te kalibreer.
Die beheerders en landingsprosedure is in ’n hardeware-in-die-lus omgewing gesimuleer
en deur middel van ’n reeks proefvlugte getoets. Vyf ten volle outonome landings is
uitgevoer waarvan drie van die konvensionele normaal-versnellings beheerder gebruik
gemaak het, en die laaste twee die direkte-lig-bygestaande normaal-versnellings beheerder.
Die vlugtoetsuitslae bevestig dat die navorsingsdoel om ’n landing binne vyf meter in
lyn met en drie meter dwarsoor die landingstrook te bewerkstellig, behaal is. Hierdie
akkuraatheid is verkry in beide goeie atmosferiese toestande sowel as toestande
met rukwinde. Volgens die vlugtoetse blyk dit dat die direkte-lig-bygestaande normaalversnellings
beheerder ’n meer akkurate landing kan bewerkstellig as die konvensionele
normaal-versnellings beheerder, veral dan in toestande met rukwinde. Die direkte-ligbygestaande
normaal-versnellings beheerder het ook ’n laer hei-hoek rotasie tydens die
landing vertoon.
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