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Development of an external cavity diode laser for application to spectroscopy and laser cooling and trapping of rubidiumBotha, G. N. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / In the presented study a diode laser was characterised and used for spec-
troscopy, measuring the resonance lines of atomic rubidium. The characteristics
of diode lasers and external cavity diode lasers (ECDL) for the purposes of ab-
sorption spectroscopy were investigated and an experimental setup for tunable
diode laser spectroscopy using an ECDL was developed. In external cavity diode
lasers, the advantages of low cost, small size and e ciency of a diode laser is
combined with tunability and a narrow frequency bandwidth. The ECDL was
applied in experimental setups for absorption spectroscopy and saturated ab-
sorption spectroscopy. Measurement of the absorption of atomic rubidium's D2
line near 780 nm is discussed. The Doppler broadened, as well as the Doppler
free spectrum of the ne and hyper ne structure of the D2 line were measured
and is discussed. Finer control of the ECDL's stability and frequency, using a
servo circuit, were investigated and tested. An overview is given of laser cool-
ing and trapping of neutral rubidium atoms, which is the main application the
ECDL were developed for.
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A path integral approach to the coupled-mode equations with specific reference to optical waveguidesMountfort, Francesca Helen 03 1900 (has links)
MSc / Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / The propagation of electromagnetic radiation in homogeneous or periodically modulated media can
be described by the coupled mode equations. The aim of this study was to derive analytical expressions
modeling the solutions of the coupled-mode equations, as alternative to the generally used numerical
and transfer-matrix methods. The path integral formalism was applied to the coupled-mode equations.
This approach involved deriving a path integral from which a generating functional was obtained. From
the generating functional a Green’s function, or propagator, describing the nature of mode propagation
was extracted. Initially a Green’s function was derived for the propagation of modes having position
independent coupling coefficients. This corresponds to modes propagating in a homogeneous medium
or in a uniform grating formed by a periodic variation of the index of refraction along the direction of
propagation. This was followed by the derivation of a Green’s function for the propagation of modes having
position dependent coupling coefficients with the aid of perturbation theory. This models propagation
through a nonuniform inhomogeneous medium, specifically a modulated grating.
The propagator method was initially tested for the case of propagation in an arbitrary homogeneous
medium. In doing so three separate cases were considered namely the copropagation of two modes in
the forward and backward directions followed by the counter propagation of the two modes. These more
trivial cases were used as examples to develop a rigorous mathematical formalism for this approach. The
results were favourable in that the propagator’s results compared well with analytical and numerical
solutions.
The propagator method was then tested for mode propagation in a periodically perturbed waveguide.
This corresponds to the relevant application of mode propagation in uniform gratings in optical fibres.
Here two case were investigated. The first scenario was that of the copropagation of two modes in a long
period transmission grating. The results achieved compared well with numerical results and analytical
solutions. The second scenario was the counter propagation of two modes in a short period reflection
grating, specifically a Bragg grating. The results compared well with numerical results and analytical
solutions. In both cases it was shown that the propagator accurately predicts many of the spectral
properties of these uniform gratings.
Finally the propagator method was applied to a nonuniform grating, that is a grating for which the
uniform periodicity is modulated - in this case by a raised-cosine function. The result of this modulation
is position dependent coupling coefficients necessitating the use of the Green’s function derived using
perturbation theory. The results, although physically sensible and qualitatively correct, did not compare
well to the numerical solution or the well established transfer-matrix method on a quantitative level at
wavelengths approaching the design wavelength of the grating. This can be explained by the breakdown
of the assumptions of first order perturbation theory under these conditions.
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Strange particle production via the weak interactionAdera, Gashaw Bekele 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / In this thesis a general relativistic formalism for neutrino-induced weak production of strange
particles is presented. In our formalism it is shown that the differential cross section is
constructed as a contraction between a leptonic tensor and a hadronic tensor. The electroweak
theory of Glashow, Salam and Weinberg is used to calculate the leptonic tensor exactly. The
hadronic current is determined from the newly derived general form of the weak hadronic
current which is expressed in terms of eighteen invariant amplitudes that parametrize the
hadron vertex. The Born diagram is used to approximate the unknown hadronic vertex and
the numerical calculation is made by evaluating the tree diagrams in terms of standard weak
form factors and the strong coupling constants in the framework of the Cabibbo theory and
SU(3) symmetry. The investigation is made for charged current reactions in terms of the
angular distribution of the differential cross section with respect to the outgoing kaon angle
and the results are discussed.
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Monte Carlo simulation of direction sensitive antineutrino detectionBlanckenberg, J. P (Jacobus Petrus) 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:
Neutrino and antineutrino detection is a fairly new eld of experimental physics,
mostly due to the small interaction cross section of these particles. Most of
the detectors in use today are huge detectors consisting of kilotons of scintilator
material and large arrays of photomultiplier tubes. Direction sensitive
antineutrino detection has however, not been done (at the time of writing of
this thesis). In order to establish the feasibility of direction sensitive antineutrino
detection, a Monte Carlo code, DSANDS, was written to simulate the
detection process. This code focuses on the neutron and positron (the reaction
products after capture on a proton) transport through scintilator media. The
results are then used to determine the original direction of the antineutrino,
in the same way that data from real detectors would be used, and to compare
it with the known direction. Further investigation is also carried out into the
required amount of statistics for accurate results in an experimental eld where
detection events are rare. Results show very good directional sensitivity of the
detection method. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:
Neutrino en antineutrino meting is 'n relatief nuwe veld in eksperimentele sika,
hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die klein interaksie deursnee van hierdie deeltjies. Die
meeste hedendaagse detektors is massiewe detektors met kilotonne sintilator
materiaal en groot aantalle fotovermenigvuldiger buise. Tans is rigting sensitiewe
antineutrino metings egter nog nie uit gevoer nie. 'n Monte Carlo kode,
DSANDS, is geskryf om die meet proses te simuleer en sodoende die uitvoerbaarheid
van rigting sensitiewe antineutrino metings vas te stel. Hierdie kode
fokus op die beweging van neutrone en positrone (die reaksie produkte) deur
die sintilator medium. Die resultate word dan gebruik om die oorspronklike
rigting van die antineutrino te bepaal, soos met data van regte detektors gedoen
sou word, en te vergelyk met die bekende oorspronklike rigting van die
antineutrino. Verder word daar ook gekyk na die hoeveelheid statistiek wat
nodig sal wees om akkurate resultate te kry in 'n veld waar metings baie skaars
is. Die resultate wys baie goeie rigting sensitiwiteit van die meet metode.
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Measurement and extraction of the Giles parameters in Ytterbium-doped fibreHendriks, Adriaan Jacobus 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / The role fulfilled by theoretical models is rapidly increasing due to lasers becoming appli-
cation driven to satisfy certain criteria and demands. Construction of high precision lasers
requires good theoretical models and consequently good approximations of the parameters
that such models are based upon. Despite the di erent model formalisms, most share a com-
mon set of input parameters, including fibre waveguiding properties, input powers, transition
cross-sections and overlaps between guided modes and the dopand distribution.
Experimental and numerical work which was aimed at obtaining the wide-band emission
and absorption cross-sections of fibre indirectly by means of the Giles parameters was done.
The Giles parameters were used rather than the well known ionic cross-sections primarily
because of the convenient encapsulation of the cumbersome overlap factors and the ionic
cross-sections within the Giles parameters. The wide band spectral characteristics of the
Giles parameters are indispensable in the design of fibre lasers and amplifiers, as they form
the key parameters for laser models.
These parameters are normally obtained utilizing absorption spectroscopy to obtain the
absorption cross-sections and models such as the Fuchtbauer Ladenberg relation, the Mc-
Cumber relation or uorescence spectroscopy to obtain the emission cross-sections. Recent
research however indicates that these methods are inaccurate in certain spectral regions. An
investigation was launched to extract the Giles parameters from measurements of the ampli-
fied spontaneous emission (ASE) and pump absorption in ytterbium-doped fibre for several
lengths of fibre and subsequent computer simulations, utilizing an ampli
fier model. The
Giles parameters are extracted with a fitting algorithm that adjusts the relevant numerical
values to minimize the least square difference between the numerical data obtained from the
amplifier model and the measured data.
Using the model devised in this project on literature data, the Giles parameters were
extracted and compared to the Giles parameters extracted in literature on the same data.
This comparison conforms the extraction of the Giles parameters, utilizing the model devised
in this project, as successful.
Subsequently the model devised in this project was applied to extract the Giles parameters
from experimental data measured at Stellenbosch, using a double cladding ytterbium-doped
fibre. Finally a fibre laser was built utilizing the double cladding ytterbium-doped fibre and
the output was measured. The Giles parameters extracted were then used in a fibre laser
model to calculate the output and compare it to the measurements taken. This served as
suffcient verification that the Giles parameters extracted can be used to model a fibre laser
effciently.
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Laser induced chlorphyll fluorescence of plant materialOmbinda-Lemboumba, Saturnin 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Imaging and spectroscopy of laser induced chlorophyll fluorescence (LICF) are emerging as
useful tools in plant physiology and agriculture since these methods allow an early detection
of plant stress and transformation of plant tissue, before visual symptoms appear. Chlorophyll
fluorescence is governed by photosynthetic efficiency and it depends on the plant species
and physiological state. In addition, the laser induced fluorescence of chlorophyll molecules
in the red and far red spectral range is also used to study basic processes and phenomena in
photo-excited molecules. In the work reported here experimental setups used for laser induced
chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy techniques were developed to investigate
chlorophyll fluorescence under constant illumination and also to detect green-fluorescent protein
(GFP) by looking at the chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum and image. He-Ne (wavelength
632 nm), tunable argon ion (wavelength 455 nm), and excimer (wavelength 308 nm) lasers were
used as excitation sources. An Ocean Optics spectrometer was used to record the spectrum
of the chlorophyll fluorescence and the variation of the chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum with
time. The chlorophyll fluorescence spectrum of tobacco leaves expressing GFP was compared
to that of control leaves. A charge-coupled device (CCD) camera was used to image the fluorescence
from GFP expressing and control tobacco leaves to investigate the effect of GFP genes
on chlorophyll fluorescence in relation to the state of the plant material. The spectral analysis
technique and image processing procedures were elaborated in order to obtain better information
on chlorophyll fluorescence. The results of this work show that the experimental setups
and analytical procedures that were devised and used are suitable for laser induced chlorophyll
fluorescence analysis. Fluorescence bleaching could be obtained from the time variation of the
fluorescence spectrum, and plant expressing GFP can be distinguished from control plants by
differences in the laser induced chlorophyll fluorescence.
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The investigation of resveratrol with conventional and ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy techniquesGriessel, Annelle 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / An ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy experiment was developed in order to investigate
the fast photoinduced isomerization reaction of the molecule resveratrol.
Characteristics of the resveratrol molecule are discussed, including the photoisomerization
reaction from trans- to cis-resveratrol. The experimental setup for the
conventional spectroscopy measurement was developed and characterized in order
to investigate and understand the conventional absorption and uorescence spectroscopy
of resveratrol thoroughly. The absorption spectra for both trans- and
cis-resveratrol, as well as the uorescence spectra were measured, discussed and explained.
This therefore forms a foundation and serves as an initial step to develop
a pump-probe spectroscopy experiment for resveratrol.
A general overview of ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy is presented, as well
as an explanation of the nal developed experimental setup. The principles and
characteristics of the chirped pulse ampli cation (CPA) femtosecond laser source
and the tunable noncollinear optical parametric ampli er (NOPA) employed as the
pump pulse are discussed. The process of white light continuum (WLC) generation
was investigated to utilize as the ultrashort probe pulse. Two white light continuum
generation experimental setups were developed and characterized for WLC generation
in a transparent medium with the fundamental CPA laser light at 775 nm
(in sapphire) and with the second harmonic (SH) of the CPA light at 387 nm (in
quartz).
A spectrometer was designed, built and characterized in conjuction with a line
focus, for simultaneous measurement of the absorption in the pumped, unpumped
and reference regions in the sample. In this way the photoisomerization of resveratrol
could be measured with temporal resolution as a transient absorption signal.
A 420 μg/ml resveratrol solution in ethanol was investigated in this pump-probe
spectroscopy experiment and the results obtained are discussed accordingly.
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Gaussian and non-Gaussian-based Gram-Charlier and Edgeworth expansions for correlations of identical particles in HBT interferometryDe Kock, Michiel Burger 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / Hanbury Brown-Twiss interferometry is a correlation technique by which the size and shape
of the emission function of identical particles created during collisions of high-energy leptons,
hadrons or nuclei can be determined. Accurate experimental datasets of three-dimensional
correlation functions in momentum space now exist; these are sometimes almost Gaussian
in form, but may also show strong deviations from Gaussian shapes. We investigate the
suitability of expressing these correlation functions in terms of statistical quantities beyond
the normal Gaussian description. Beyond means and the covariance matrix, higher-order
moments and cumulants describe the form and di erence between the measured correlation
function and a Gaussian distribution. The corresponding series expansion is the Gram-
Charlier series and in particular the Gram-Charlier Type A expansion found in the literature,
which is based on a Gaussian reference distribution. We investigate both the Gram-Charlier
Type A series as well as generalised forms based on non-Gaussian reference distributions,
as well as the related Edgeworth expansion. For testing purposes, experimental data is
initially represented by a suite of one-dimensional analytic non-Gaussian distributions. We
conclude that the accuracy of these expansions can be improved dramatically through a
better choice of reference distribution, suggested by the sign and size of the kurtosis of
the experimental distribution. We further extend our investigation to simulated samples
of such test distributions and simplify the theoretical expressions for unbiased estimators
(k-statistics) for the case of symmetric distributions.
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Short-pulse generation in a diode-end-pumped solid-state laserNgcobo, Sandile 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis consists of two parts; the first part is a discussion on the detailed history of the
development of different types of modelocked lasers, especially the neodymium-doped
lasers. The second part describes the design and development of a modelocked
diode-end-pumped solid state Nd:YVO4 laser using Semiconductor Saturable Absorbers.
The first part of this work will cover the history of modelocking where different types of
lasers were used to generate ultrashort pulses. The discussion will mainly focus on
neodymium-doped lasers such as Nd:YVO4, where we will look at the spectral properties
such as energy levels, absorption and emission wavelengths of such a laser.
The discussion will also look at different types of optical pump sources; such as diode
lasers and flashlamps, where we will see the advantages of using diode lasers as pump
sources due to their better operating conditions and efficiency. We will also look at two
different types of diode pumping setup schemes, which are end-pumping and side
pumping; where we will discover that diode-end-pumping is a better scheme for laser
mode matching resulting in high efficiency and very good beam quality when compared
to side pumping.
The gain bandwidth of the laser material will also be discussed showing that a laser
material with a very large gain bandwidth and broad emission bandwidth is suitable for
generating ultrashort pulses, such as Ti:Sapphire crystal. The discussion will also cover
ultrafast lasers that have a small amplification bandwidth suitable for diode-end-pumping
and that produce high average output power. Ultrafast lasers with low amplification
bandwidth such as Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO4 will be discussed showing that they can
generate very short pulses with durations of down to 19 ps and 20 ps respectively and
average output powers of 27 W and 20 W.
The technique of creating ultrashort pulses which is called modelocking will be
discussed, where passive modelocking will be shown to be more suitable for creating
ultra short pulses in the femtosecond region and active modelocking in the picosecond region. The discussion will also cover saturable absorbers for passive modelocking where
we will discuss the use of semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors to generate reliable
self starting modelocked pulses. We will also cover the instabilities associated with using
saturable absorbers where we will discuss different methods for reducing the instabilities
by using gain media with the smallest saturation fluence.
The second part of the work will deal with the design and development of SESAM
modelocked diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4 lasers. This part will include a discussion on
the resonator design criteria’s for achieving a stable modelocked diode-end-pumped
solid-state laser. The choice of using Nd:YVO4 as a gain medium will be shown to be
influenced by its large cross sectional area, which is useful in increasing the gain
bandwidth for possible ultrashort pulse generation. The resonator for high power
continuous wave (cw) output has been designed using simulation software developed at
St Andrews University. We will also discuss stability criteria such as the laser spot size
inside the crystal and on the end mirror and how they can be incorporated into the
resonator design software. The discussion will also include the pump setup design and
the efficient cooling method of the crystal using a copper heat sink.
The methodology of obtaining stable, thermal lens invariant, single transverse mode
operation during power scaling of Nd:YVO4 lasers will be discussed. A lens relay
approach is used to extend the cavity length so as to introduce spot size control in the
designed diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser that will be shown to produce a maximum
average output power of 10.5 W with an average beam quality factor M2 of 1.5. We will
also discuss the incorporation of a single quantum well SESAM within the extended
diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser resulting in cw-modelocked pulses at an average
output power of 2.8 W with pulse repetition frequency of 179 MHz, equivalent to the
cavity round trip time of 5.6 ns. The incorporation of the double quantum well SESAM
will also be shown to produce stable Q-switched modelocked pulses at an average output
power of 2.7 W with pulse repetition frequency of 208 KHz. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Hierdie tesis bestaan uit twee dele. Deel 1 is ‘n indiepte bespreking rondom die
ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis van Modusgebonde lasers, veral van Neodemiumdoteerde
lasers. Deel 2 beskryf die ontwerp en ontwikkeling van ‘n Modusgebonde diodeentgepompde
vastetoestand Nd:YVO4 laser deur van ‘n Halfgeleier Versadigbare
Absorbeerder (SESAM) gebruik te maak.
Die eerste afdeling fokus op Modusbinding om ultrakort pulse te ontwikkel in
verskillende tipes lasers. Die bespreking sentreer rondom Neodemiumdoteerde lasers
soos Nd:YVO4. In hierdie geval beskou ons ook die spektraaleienskappe van die laser vir
beide die absorpsie en emissie golflengtes. Verder word verkillende tipes pompbronne
ondersoek (soos diodelasers en flitslampe). Die voordele van diodelasers kom sterk na
vore a.g.v. beter werking en effektiwiteit. Verskillende pompopstellings word ook
ondersoek naamlik ent-en kantpomping. Entpomping kom hier na vore as die beter opsie
i.t.v. laser-moduspassing. Dit lei tot ‘n hoër effektiwiteit wat ‘n beter straalkwaliteit tot
gevolg het, in vergelyking met kantgepompde opstellings. Die versterkingsbandwydte
word ook bespreek: ‘n groot versterkingsbandwydte en breë emissiebandwydte is geskik
om ultrakort pulse te ontwikkel. Ti:Saffier is ‘n goeie voorbeeld. Ultravinnige lasers met
‘n klein versterkingsbandwydte word ook bespreek aangesien dit geskik is vir diodeentpomping
wat dan ‘n hoë gemiddelde uitsetdrywing lewer. Nd:YAG en Nd:YVO4 word
ondersoek en daar word getoon dat hul pulse van so kort as 19 ps en 20 ps onderskeidelik
teen ‘n gemiddelde uitsetdrywing van 27 W en 20 W kan lewer. Die tegniek waarmee
ultrakort pulse geskep word is Modusbinding: passiewe modusbinding is meer geskik vir
femtosekonde pulse en aktiewe modusbinding is meer geskik vir pikosekonde pulse.
Verder word versadigbare absorbeerders bespreek, vir hul gebruik in die betroubare
selfinisiërende modusgebonde pulse. Die onstabiliteite geassosieer met versadigbare
absorbeerders word ook bespreek asook verskillende metodes om dit te minimaliseer.
Die tweede afdeling behandel die ontwerp en ontwikkeling van ‘n SESAM
modusgebonde diode-entgepompde Nd:YVO4 laser. Die resonator ontwerpspesifikasies
vir stabiele werking word ook bespreek. Die keuse van Nd:YVO4 as versterkingsmedium is a.g.v. die groot deursnitarea wat die versterkingsbandwydte verhoog, om ultrakort
pulse te genereer. Die resonator vir hoë drywing kontinuestraal werking is ontwerp deur
van St Andrews sagteware gebruik te maak. ‘n Bespreking van stabiliteitsspesifikasies
soos die laser kolgrootte, binne die kristal asook op die entspieël volg, asook die
pompmetodiek en effektiewe verkoeling van die kristal. Die totale metodiek rondom die
verkryging van ‘n stabiele, termieselens invariante, enkele transversale modus laser word
bespreek met die oog op drywingsverhoging. Die geval onder bespreking is waar die
laser se kolgrootte beheer kan word op die entspieël deur die resonatorlengte aan te pas.
Dit word getoon dat dit ‘n kontinuestraal laser van 10.5 W drywing kan lewer teen die
maksimum gemiddelde straalkwaliteit van M2 = 1.5. Die byvoeging van ‘n enkele
kwantumput SESAM in die laser het modusgebonde pulse tot gevolg. Die gemete
waardes was 2.8 W gemiddelde drywing met ‘n pulsherhalingstempo van 179 MHz wat
in lyn is met die pulsbewegingstyd in die resonator van 5.6 ns. Deur van ‘n dubbele
kwantumput SESAM gebruik te maak word Q-geskakelde modusgebonde pulse verkry,
teen ‘n gemiddelde uitsetdrywing van 2.7 W en ‘n pulsherhalingstempo van 208 KHz.
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Fuel management study for a pebble bed modular reactor coreMovalo, Raisibe Shirley 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Physics))--Stellenbosch University, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation reports on the impact of a set of selected nuclear fuel management
parameters on reactor operations of the PBMR core. This is achieved by performing an
assessment of the impact of nuclear fuel management parameter variations on the most
important safety and economics issues for the PBMR core. These include the maximum
fuel temperature at steady state and during Depressurized Loss of Forced Cooling
(DLOFC) accident conditions. The reactivity worth of the Reactor Control System (RCS
which determines the shutdown capability of the reactor core and the average discharge
burn-up of fuel are also established. The fuel management parameters considered in this
study include different enrichment levels, heavy metal loadings and fuel sphere
circulation regimes. The impact and importance of these parameters on plant safety and
economics is assessed. The dissertation will report the effects on the standard core
physics parameters such as power peaking, multiplication factor, burn-up (safety and
economics) and derive the benefits and drawbacks from the results. Based upon the
findings from this study, and also experimental data, an optimum fuel management
scheme is proposed for the PBMR core. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verhandeling beskryf die uitwerking van ‘n gekose stel kernbrandstofparameters
op die bedryf van die PBMR reaktor. Die impak wat variasies in kernbrandstofparameters
op belangrike veiligheids- en ekonomiese oorwegings het, is tydens hierdie studie
ondersoek. Van die belangrikste oorwegings is die maksimum brandstoftemperatuur
tydens normale, konstante bedryf, asook gedurende ‘n “Depressurized Loss of Forced
Cooling (DLOFC)” insident waar alle verkoeling gestaak word. Ander belangrike fasette
wat ondersoek is, is die reaktiwiteitwaarde van die beheerstelsel (RCS), wat die aanleg se
vermoë om veilig af te sluit bepaal, asook die totale kernverbruik van die brandstof. Die
kernbrandstofparameters wat in ag geneem is, sluit die brandstofverryking,
swaarmetaalinhoud en die aantal brandstofsirkulasies deur die reaktorhart in. Die
belangrikheid en impak van elk van hierdie parameters is ondersoek en word in die
verhandeling beskryf . Daar word verslag gelewer oor die voor- en nadele, asook die
uitwerking van hierdie variasies op standaard reaktorfisika-parameters soos
drywingspieke in die brandstof, neutronvermenigvuldigingsfaktore en kernverbuik van
die brandstof, vanaf ‘n veiligheids- en ekonomiese oogpunt. Gebaseer op die
gevolgtrekkings van hierdie studie, tesame met eksperimentele data, word ‘n optimale
kernbrandstofbestuurprogram voorgestel.
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