The ultrasonic nondestructive technique is mainly used to evaluate interior defect, material properties and outside dimensions by measuring the transmitting and reflecting sound waves. Generally, the evaluation of the ultrasonic testing depends on the amplitudes and delay time of the received signals; however, this research is focused on the analysis of the phase differences of the received signals. The leakage phenomenon of surface waves propagating at the liquid-solid interface has been studied for more than fifty years. The main characteristic of this phenomenon is the 180-degree phase difference between the reflected and leaky ultrasound when a bounded ultrasonic beam is incidented. And the null zone caused by the interference of these two waves is appearing in the reflected field. The phase difference is changed as the surface condition altered, including surface roughness and layered structures. The normal-mode theory is used at this research to analyze the analytical model of the leaky surface wave in thin layered structures. In experiments, the measurements of the reflected field are proceeded by the scanning system, so as to analyze the phase difference between the reflected and leaky ultrasound and calculate the layer thickness by the phase difference. As a result of the surface roughness of the thin layers, the leakage is more serious when the ultrasound propagates with lower frequency. For the consideration of locating the null-zone in the reflected field, this research prefers using lower frequency as an initial frequency at the beginning of the testing, then increasing the frequency to achieve a better sensitive of the thickness.

Magistratūros baigiamajame darbe buvo analizuojamas jūrinio transportinio laivo korpuso korozinis dilimas ir jo priežastys, pateikiami defektacijos metodai, vertinami eksperimentinių matavimų metu gauti rezultatai. Baigiamasis darbas susideda iš teorinės, eksperimentinės ir praktinės dalies. Teorinėje dalyje apžvelgtos laivo korpuso nusidėvėjimo problemos, apžvelgti klasifikacinių bendrovių reikalavimai laivo korpuso būklei, išnagrinėtos laivo korpuso remonto technologijos. Eksperimentinėje dalyje pateiktos balkerio ,,LEDI CHRIS“ korpuso konstrukcijų liekamojo storio matavimo ultragarsiniu stormačiu rezultatai, palyginti matavimų duomenys, gauti laivo korpuso defektacijos tyrimo metu 2002, 2007 ir 2012 m., nustatytos labiausiai korozinio proceso paveiktos laivo konstrukcijos. Praktinėje baigiamojo darbo dalyje buvo atlikti skaičiavimai, siekiant nustatyti laivo korpuso lakštu stipruma po korozijos poveikio ir apskaičiuota tikimybes analize. / The master‘s thesis analyses the causes of the corrosive wear in marine transport ships. It is further followed by the examples of the flaw detection methods and the assessment of the results obtained through experimental measurements. The thesis has theoretical, experimental and practical parts to it. The theoretical part entails the review of the issues related to the depreciation of the ship‘s hull. Moreover, the theory includes the overview of the requirements imposed by the classification society in regards to the condition of the ship‘s hull. The thesis also brings forth the examination of the repair technology that is being used in connection to such issues. The experimental section of the thesis entails the residual thickness measurements of the hull structures obtained through the ultrasonic calipers that were applied on the bunker „LEDI CHRIS“. The comparison of the measurements‘results is also provided, based mainly on the data taken from the flaw detection test that was administered in the years 2002, 2007 and 2012. Additionally, the thesis identifies the structures of the ship that were impacted the most by the process of the corrosion. Last but not least, the practical part of the thesis presents calculations that were conducted in order to determine the durability of the ship‘s hull plating that was affected by the corrosion. The thesis concludes with the probability analysis of the corrosion causes.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, August, 1995. / Title from PDF t.p.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1996. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [133]-142).

Thèse (M.Eng.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2005. / La p. de t. porte en outre: Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en ingénierie. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. 138-144. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

[pt] A deposição de parafina no interior de linhas de produção e transporte de petróleo é um dos problemas mais relevantes encontrados na indústria. A troca de calor entre o petróleo escoando nas linhas e o ambiente externo mais frio pode levar à deposição de parafina, causando o bloqueio parcial ou total com graves implicações econômicas. O monitoramento do crescimento dos depósitos no interior das linhas forneceria informação fundamental para a remoção periódica dos depósitos. As técnicas atualmente disponíveis para o monitoramento do crescimento de depósitos são limitadas e oferecem altos níveis de incerteza. No presente trabalho foi conduzido um estudo experimental com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização da técnica de ultrassom para a medição do crescimento de depósitos de parafina em linhas de petróleo. Foram propostos e avaliados quatro métodos de processamento do sinal ultrassônico: (i) reflexão do sinal na interface líquido-depósito, (ii) tempo combinado de propagação da onda nos meios líquido e no depósito, (iii) atenuação da amplitude do eco do sinal ultrassônico após a passagem no depósito, e (iv) atraso do sinal de eco após a passagem no depósito. Uma seção de testes foi especialmente projetada e construída para testes com formação do depósito de parafina de maneira controlada com monitoramento sincronizado entre uma câmera digital e as aquisições de ultrassom. Observou-se nos resultados que, o sinal não exibia a reflexão na interface solução-depósito, apenas atenuação das amplitudes e redução de seus tempos de propagação, impossibilitando o uso do primeiro método. Os demais métodos obtiveram resultados satisfatórios, quando comparados com as espessuras medidas opticamente, com destaque para o método da atenuação da amplitude do eco, que apresentou potencial para ser utilizado como ferramenta para monitorar a deposição de parafina em linhas de petróleo. / [en] Wax deposits in production and transportation lines is one of the most relevant problems for the industry. The heat exchange from the oil flowing through the lines with the colder outside environment may lead to wax deposition, causing partial or total blockage of the lines with severe economic consequences. The monitoring of the wax deposit growth in the interior of the lines would be a relevant piece of information for operational decisions regarding the frequency of wax removal. The techniques presently available for monitoring wax deposit growth display limited performance and offer high uncertainty levels. The present work conducted an experimental study with the objective of assessing the use of ultrasonic techniques for measuring wax deposit growth in pipelines. Four different techniques were proposed, namely, (i) a technique based on the reflection of the signal at the liquid-deposit interface, (ii) technique based on the combined propagation time of the ultrasound wave in the liquid and deposit phases, (iii) technique based on the amplitude attenuation of the ultrasonic echo after passing through the deposit, and (iv) a technique based on the delay of the ultrasonic echo after passing through the deposit. To this end, a test section was specially designed and constructed, allowing the controlled formation of wax the deposit from different wax solutions, which was monitored by a digital camera synchronized with the ultrasound data acquisitions. The results obtained indicated that, no reflection at the interface was detected, only the attenuation of the echo amplitudes and reduction in propagation time, precluding the use of the first technique. The remaining techniques presented satisfactory results when compared to the optically measured deposit thicknesses. The technique based on the attenuation of the echo amplitude presented to be potential tool to monitor wax deposit in petroleum lines.

No description available.

The internal combustion engine is still at the heart of the vast majority of vehicles manufactured worldwide today. For these applications reciprocating pistons are typically employed to convert the pressures generated by internal combustion into mechanical work required by the vehicle. Of the energy supplied to the engine as a whole approximately 17% is lost by means of mechanical friction. The piston ring - liner and piston skirt - liner conjunctions contribute approximately 30% of the overall friction losses in almost equal proportions. It is, therefore, important to note that reduction in piston assembly friction would have a significant effect on the fuel consumption and, therefore, performance of engines manufactured today. In order to reduce the effect of friction it is of critical importance that the model and predictions made alongside the design of engine components accurately represent the real incycle conditions encountered in practice. Much of the published research to date has excluded the effects of global thermo-elastic distortions on the lubrication of the piston skirt. In cases where this effect has been studied, it has been for relatively low engine speeds or loads on relatively stiff conjunctions. In motorsport applications the expected component lifespans are much shorter than in the usual OEM production vehicles. Reduction in component mass, particularly in reciprocating components has been at the centre of these recent gains. The effect of mass reduction coupled with the increased BMEP observed in high performance engines emphasises the importance of underlying mechanisms of lubrication. This thesis develops the modelling methodology for piston skirt-cylinder liner conjunction for the motorsport and high performance engine applications. It presents a multi-body, multiscale approach to the prediction of the lubrication conditions of the skirt-liner conjunction, incorporating realistic measured boundary conditions. It highlights the effect of inertial loading observed at high speeds in such applications. Using the methodology developed in this work, future improvements in friction may be accurately predicted though the use of the modular boundary and component contributions used throughout. Crucially though, the models created have been scrutinised and verified using instantaneous ultrasonic film thickness measurements non-invasively from the conjunction. One of the key findings of the thesis is that the component stiffness profiles have a significant effect on the dynamics of the piston assembly. The shape of the conjunction at a given instant, and thus the contact condition, is largely governed by the interaction between the themo-mechanical distortion of the contiguous solids, as well as changes in lubricant characteristic responses. The iso-viscous elastic mechanism of lubrication has been identified as being the dominant mechanism of lubrication.

This master thesis is about to investigate what opportunities we have with a impedance varying probe on different material under test. This report begins with a theory part with the focus on; electromagnetic principles, material characterizations and the principle behind the measurement setup. The methods is describing the sensor probes affection on the specimen, the induced currents location and the method for crack detection and lift-off measurements. The result chapter shows the measured impedance created by our setup, as well as the potential and the weak points of the system. In the conclusion and discussion chapter we will go through what modifications can be done to increase the quality of the measurements.

The employment of real time NDT systems has been spread widely last years. It is very important to control in real-time layer thicknesses of multi-layered materials during manufacturing process. In this work multi-layer thickness measurement digital signal processing methods are evaluated. Presented real-time nondestructive testing system and signal propagation model is a background for measurement algorithm analysis and development. In this work multi-layer thickness measurement problem is addressed with a different approach, by applying correlation functions on parts of the ultrasonic signal, thus reducing the overall computational complexity.