The Photovoltaic (PV) systems and the semiconductor PV technologies are heavily impacted by shading conditions; total or partial. Nearby residential buildings, commercial buildings, objects, etc. are likely to cause shade on the PV installations.  This study focuses on the evaluation of the effect of shading on thin-film PV modules, which were analyzed under two categories: single thin-film module and a string of modules installed at the University of Gävle, Sweden. The measurement was made by using METREL MI 3109 Euro test instrument. The study intends to help researchers to analyze the variation in the output performance parameters and behavior considering different types of shading on the thin-film modules. Experiments have been performed by creating full and partial shading (uniform and nonuniform) by using plastic foil, opaque board, wooden pole, and tape to emulate different types of natural shading conditions.  The findings show a loss in power due to shading. In the single thin-film modules, which do not have any diode between the cells; reverse breakdown, power dissipation and generation of hot spots are caused by the cells which are partially shaded.  In the string of modules installed at the University of Gävle, Sweden; under partial shading conditions the diodes are activated below certain voltage when current is high, leading to current bypass and therefore prevents the module from the damage caused by high heat generation. Under the condition of extremely low shading by a wooden pole, the diodes were not activated; however reverse breakdown was observed similar to the case of partial shading in single thin-film modules.

Σκοπός αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι να εμβαθύνουμε στη λειτουργία των φωτοβολταϊκών πλαισίων λεπτού φίλμ (και συγκεκριμένα των πλαισίων άμορφου πυριτίου - a-Si - και CIS) και μέσα από τα αριθμητικά δεδομένα, να αποφανθούμε πώς η λειτουργία σε πραγματικές συνθήκες μπορεί να επηρεάσει την παραγόμενη ισχύ τους. Στα πλαίσια αυτά, πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειραματικές μετρήσεις, στο χώρο της ταράτσας του κτιρίου του τμήματος των Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών, με φωτοβολταϊκά πλαίσια άμορφου πυριτίου και CIS ισχύος αιχμής 32 και 75 W αντίστοιχα. Οι μετρήσεις πραγματοποιούνταν μια φορά την εβδομάδα κατά τη διάρκεια ενός ημερολογιακού έτους (Μάιος 2009-Απρίλιος 2010) υπό διάφορες συνθήκες ακτινοβολίας και θερμοκρασίας και για αρκετές γωνίες κλίσης, με σκοπό να αποκτήσουμε μια ολοκληρωμένη εικόνα της ενεργειακής τους συμπεριφοράς. Οι μετρήσεις πραγματοποιήθηκαν με τη βοήθεια του μηχανήματος PVPM 2540C το οποίο αποτυπώνει τη χαρακτηριστική ρεύματος-τάσης του προς μέτρηση πλαισίου για μια χρονική στιγμή (σε χρόνο δυο δευτερολέπτων περίπου), ενώ επιπλέον σημειώναμε την ακτινοβολία, τη θερμοκρασία του περιβάλλοντος, καθώς και την κλίση τοποθέτησής τους. Επίσης μελετούσαμε πώς επηρεάζει τη χαρακτηριστική καμπύλη I-V, και κατά συνέπεια την απόδοση, τυχόν σκίαση από παρακείμενο αντικείμενο. Ο προσανατολισμός των πλαισίων ήταν πάντα προς το Νότο, ώστε να έχουμε περισσότερες ώρες ηλιοφάνειας, διότι η Ελλάδα είναι χώρα του βόρειου ημισφαιρίου. Κατά την επεξεργασία των μετρήσεων καταλήξαμε στην βέλτιστη κλίση τοποθέτησης των πλαισίων ανά εποχή καθώς και σε μία βέλτιστη κλίση τοποθέτησης για όλο τo χρόνο για την περιοχή της Πάτρας. Επιπλέον, υπολογίσαμε με τη μέγιστη δυνατή ακρίβεια την ετήσια ενεργειακή απόδοση του κάθε πλαισίου για όλο το έτος και συγκρίναμε τα παραγόμενα αποτελέσματα. Τέλος, με τη βοήθεια του προγράμματος PV*Sol, κάναμε μια μοντελοποίηση του χρησιμοποιούμενου συστήματος για να συγκρίνουμε μ’ αυτή τα πειραματικά μας αποτελέσματα. / The aim of this diploma thesis is to understand deeply the operation of thin-film (specifically amorphous silicon and CIS ) modules and through the numerical data of measurements and calculations, to make a conclusion considering how the operation in real conditions can influence their produced power. Measurements of current and voltage have been realized on the roof of the building of the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering using an amorphous silicon and a CIS photovoltaic module of 32 and 75 W peak power respectively. The measurements took place once a week during one a year (May 2009-April 2010) and our goal was to obtain measurements under various conditions of radiation and temperature and for some tilt angles so that we acquire enough knowledge on their energy behaviour. The measurements were taken by the “pve PVPM 2540C“ device, which plots the characteristic curve of current and voltage of a module (in space of two seconds) and we also noted down the radiation, the ambient temperature, as well as the tilt angle of the modules. Moreover, we have tested how a possible natural shading from an adjacent object influences the characteristic I-V curve, and as a result the efficiency of the module. The orientation of the module was always South, in order to gain more hours of sunlight, as Greece is a country of the northern hemisphere. While processing the measurements, we found the optimal tilt angle of the modules per season as well as per year for Patras area. Moreover, we tried to calculate with the maximum possible accuracy, the annual energy yield by the two different types of modules and compare the results. Finally, by using the computer modelling system “PV*sol”, we tried to simulate our photovoltaic system, in order to compare the measured results to the experimental.

The solar industry is one of the fastest-growing energy industries in the global market. The reason is a combination of the falling prices of modules and inverters and increased conversion to fossil-free energy production. When a photovoltaic module reaches the end of its life it needs to be replaced and discarded, which can create a sustainability problem depending on how this is managed. Today, less than 10% of the global photovoltaic waste is recycled. Only the European Union has implemented photovoltaic waste regulations in the form of the WEEE Directive, which requires that 85% of the waste is collected and at least 80% of waste collected must be prepared for reuse or recycling. This master thesis examines the energy technical, economic, and political conditions for a Swedish photovoltaic recycling plant. This is done through a literary study that is enhanced with calculations of future potential waste volumes and their economic value. As an alternative to a Swedish plant, the energy consumption for transporting waste to existing recycling plants in Europe is evaluated. The photovoltaic technologies included in this work are silicon-based mono-and polycrystalline modules, cadmium tellurium (CdTe) and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS). Based on the calculations and the literature study, the energy technical conditions are good and not a barrier for a potential facility, the political conditions are deficient, and regulations need further development. The economic conditions constitute the largest barrier as waste volumes are not large enough for a Swedish facility to be economically profitable until 2042. The energy consumption for transport to existing recycling plants in Europe was 22 MJ/module for silicon-based mono-and polycrystalline modules and 10 MJ/module for CdTe modules. Which is a good alternative to a Swedish plant as collection processes and recycling processes are already in place.