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Yes / To develop potential next-generation metal anticancer agents, we designed and synthesised five Cu(II) 2-pyridine-thiosemicarbazone complexes by modifying the hydrogen atom at the N-4 position of ligands, and then investigated their structure-activity relationships and anticancer mechanisms. Modification of the N-4 position with different groups caused significant differences in cellular uptake and produced superior antitumor activity. Cu complexes arrested the cell cycle at S phase, leading to down-regulation of levels of cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinases and up-regulation of expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Cu complexes exerted chemotherapeutic effects via activating p53 and inducing production of reactive oxygen species to regulate expression of the B-cell lymphoma-2 family of proteins, causing a change in the mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c to form a dimer with apoptosis protease activating factor-1, resulting in activation of caspase-9/3 to induce apoptosis. In addition, Cu complexes inhibited telomerase by down-regulating the c-myc regulator gene and expression of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase. / Natural ScienceFoundation of China (31460232, 21431001, 21561017, 21462004),the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (2017GXNSFEA198002,AD17129007), IRT_16R15, Guangxi“Bagui”scholar program to HBSun, and High-Level Innovation Team and Distinguished Scholarprogram of Guangxi universities to F Yang.

No presente trabalho, foram estudadas duas series de complexos mistos de cobre (II). A primeira serie de complexos, constituída pelos ligantes 3-hidroxipicolinato e 2-acetilpiridinatiossemicarbazona N(4) substituída, sendo o substituinte variado pelos grupos ciclohexil, etil e fenil, ou o 2-acetilpiridinabenzilditiocarbazato. A segunda serie, constituída pelas mesmas tiossemicarbazonas e ditiocarbazato, com o ligante 2-hidroxinicotinato no lugar do 3-hidroxipicolinato. Com a finalidade de avaliar a atividade contra Mycobacterium tuberculosis. <br /> Os complexos obtidos foram caracterizados em estado sólido, pelo ponto de fusão e por meio espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho e difração de raios X em monocristais. Em solução foi utilizada a técnica de espectroscopia eletrônica. <br /> Foi feito o estudo da atividade biológica dos 8 compostos obtidos contra o Mycobacterium tuberculosis, sendo todos eles candidatos ativos e promissores no combate à bactéria, já que apresentam todos valores baixos de concentração inibitória mínima. Sendo que os complexos 2 ,3, 4 e 6 apresentam atividade melhor do que alguns dos fármacos já usados no tratamento como ciprofloxacino, ácido p-aminosalicílico, cicloserina, gentamicina, etambutol, kanamicina, tobramicina, claritromicina e tiacetazona. / In the present work were investigated two series of mixed complexes of coppe (II). The first of them is constituted by the ligands 3-hydroxypicolinate and 2-acetylpyridinedithiosemicabazate or 2-acetylpyridinethiossemicrzones N(4) substituted, were the substituted groups consist on cyclohexyl, ethyl and phenyl. The second series is formed by the same thiosemicarbazones and dithiocarbazate, but with the ligand 2-hydroxynicotinate, instead of 3-hydroxypicolinate. This, in order to evaluate the activity against Mycobaterium tuberculosis. <br /> The synthetized complexes have been characterized in solid state through the melting point and infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction on single crystals. The characterization in solution was done by electronic spectroscopy. <br /> Assays were performed to determine the biological activity of the eight compounds synthetized against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All complexes have shown low minimal inhibitory concentration, being promising candidates for successive tests. It is observed that complex 2, 3, 4 and 6 exhibit better activity than some of the drugs used in the treatment such as ciprofloxacin, p-aminosalicylic acid, cycloserine, gentamicin, ethambutol, kanamycin, tobramycin, thiacetazone and clarithromycin.

Nesta dissertação o processo de adsorção da tiossemicarbazona do formilferroceno (TFF) em eletrodos de prata e ouro, em soluções aquosas 0,1 mol.L-1 de KCl e de acetonitrila. 0,1 mol.L-1 de NaClO4, foi caracterizado através da técnica espectroscópica SERS. Verificou-se através das variações espectrais que a adsorção da TFF ocorre através dos átomos N1 do grupo imínico e do S do grupo tiocarbonílico. Os processos faradáicos do TFF foram monitorados pela técnica SERS e de absorção no UV-visível. Os espectros SERS para potencial de -1,4 V (Ag/AgCl) sugerem a formação de um novo composto, produto de redução da TFF, o aminometilferroceno. Através da técnica de absorção no UV-visível verificou-se, neste potencial, o aparecimento no espectro de absorção de uma nova banda em 240 nm, atribuída à formação de tiouréia. A identificação deste dois produtos de redução indica que, para o composto TFF, o mecanismo geral de redução dos derivados de tiossemicarbazonas é obedecido. Nenhuma variação espectral, tanto utilizando a técnica SERS como a absorção no UV-visível, foi detectada durante o processo redox FeII/FeIII (E1/2=0,55 V). Os comportamentos de adsorção e faradáico da tiossemicarbazida (TSC), em eletrodo de prata em soluções aquosas neutra e ácida, foram estudados através da técnica SERS. Verificou-se que em meios neutro e ácido, a TSC está adsorvida na configuração cis para potenciais próximos de 0,0 V, interagindo com a superfície através do átomo de S do grupo tiocarbonílico e dos átomos de H ligados ao N1 hidrazínico, através da formação de pares iônicos com os ânions Cl- adsorvidos. Para potenciais mais negativos, os íons cloreto deixam a superfície e a TSC sofre reorientação, assumindo a conformação trans. Não foi observado através da técnica SERS nenhum processo faradáico em solução ácida para potenciais negativos, como havia sido proposto na literatura. A não redução do composto foi confirmada através da técnica de eletroforese capilar. Foi estudado o comportamento Raman ressonante da TFF, verificando-se a ocorrência de um mínimo no perfil de excitação experimental devido à interferência destrutiva das transições dos grupos tiossemicarbazona e ferrocenil. Os perfis de excitação teóricos foram calculados utilizando o método da transformada e os resultados dos ajustes obtidos indicam que existe considerável distorção dos modos do grupo ferrocenil na transição eletrônica em 312 nm, atribuída a n-p* do grupo tiossemicarbazona, caracterizando uma grande interação eletrônica entre os cromóforos da TFF. Para comparar o comportamento Raman ressonante do TFF com o do ferroceno, os espectros Raman ressonante deste composto foram obtidos. Verificou-se que o ferroceno apresenta, também, o efeito Raman anti-ressonante, mas as bandas vibracionais do ferroceno apresentam perfis distintos dos apresentados no composto TFF, indicando que a incorporação do grupo tiossemicarbazona no anel ciclopentadienil modifica a estrutura eletrônica do grupo ferrocenil. / In this dissertation, the adsorption process of the formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (TFF) at silver and gold surfaces in aqueous and in acetonitrile solutions has been characterized by using the SERS (Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering) technique. It has been verified that TFF adsorbs through N1’ and S atoms on the metallic surfaces. The faradaic processes of TFF have been monitored through the SERS and UV-visible absorption spectroscopies. The SERS spectra at -1,4 V (Ag/AgCl) suggest aminomethylferrocene as one of the reduction products of TFF. By using the UV-visible absorption technique, it has been verified, at this potential, a new band at 240 nm in the spectrum, which indicates the presence of thiourea. The observation of these two reduction products has confirmed that the general reduction mechanism for thiosemicarbazonas works for TFF. Neither SERS nor UV-vis spectral changes have been observed during the redox process of FeII/FeIII (E1/2= 0,55 V). The adsorption and faradaic processes of thisemicarbazide (TSC) at silver electrode have also been studied by SERS technique. It has been verified that, in acidic and neutral media, the TSC is adsorbed through a cis-configuration at a potential close to 0,0 V, showing an interaction of the S atom through bond formation with the surface and through the H atoms bonded to N1 via ion pair formation with the adsorbed Cl- anions. At more negative potentials, the chloride anions leave the electrode surface and the TSC changes to trans-configuration. No faradaic process has been observed as reported in the literature. This result has been confirmed by using the capillary electrophoresis technique. The resonance Raman effect of the TFF has been studied, and the excitation profiles of the bands have been shown as minimum, which indicates an electronic interaction between the two cromophores of the TFF (thiosemicarbazone and ferrocenyl). The theoretic excitation profiles have been calculated by using the transform method, and the results of the obtained adjustment has indicated that there has been a distortion of the ferrocenyl vibrational modes for an electronic transition at 312 nm, assigned to the n-p* of thiosemicarbazone moiety. This result has indicated a great interaction between the two cromophores of TFF. In order to compare the resonance Raman behavior of the TFF with that of the ferrocene, the resonance Raman spectra of the ferrocene have been obtained. It has been verified that the two compounds present an anti-resonant Raman effect, even though the bands have presented very different excitation profiles from those observed in the TFF, which indicates that the incorporation of the thiosemicarbazone group into the ciclopentadienyl has changed the electronic structure of the ferrocenyl group.

No presente trabalho, foram estudadas duas series de complexos mistos de cobre (II). A primeira serie de complexos, constituída pelos ligantes 3-hidroxipicolinato e 2-acetilpiridinatiossemicarbazona N(4) substituída, sendo o substituinte variado pelos grupos ciclohexil, etil e fenil, ou o 2-acetilpiridinabenzilditiocarbazato. A segunda serie, constituída pelas mesmas tiossemicarbazonas e ditiocarbazato, com o ligante 2-hidroxinicotinato no lugar do 3-hidroxipicolinato. Com a finalidade de avaliar a atividade contra Mycobacterium tuberculosis. <br /> Os complexos obtidos foram caracterizados em estado sólido, pelo ponto de fusão e por meio espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho e difração de raios X em monocristais. Em solução foi utilizada a técnica de espectroscopia eletrônica. <br /> Foi feito o estudo da atividade biológica dos 8 compostos obtidos contra o Mycobacterium tuberculosis, sendo todos eles candidatos ativos e promissores no combate à bactéria, já que apresentam todos valores baixos de concentração inibitória mínima. Sendo que os complexos 2 ,3, 4 e 6 apresentam atividade melhor do que alguns dos fármacos já usados no tratamento como ciprofloxacino, ácido p-aminosalicílico, cicloserina, gentamicina, etambutol, kanamicina, tobramicina, claritromicina e tiacetazona. / In the present work were investigated two series of mixed complexes of coppe (II). The first of them is constituted by the ligands 3-hydroxypicolinate and 2-acetylpyridinedithiosemicabazate or 2-acetylpyridinethiossemicrzones N(4) substituted, were the substituted groups consist on cyclohexyl, ethyl and phenyl. The second series is formed by the same thiosemicarbazones and dithiocarbazate, but with the ligand 2-hydroxynicotinate, instead of 3-hydroxypicolinate. This, in order to evaluate the activity against Mycobaterium tuberculosis. <br /> The synthetized complexes have been characterized in solid state through the melting point and infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction on single crystals. The characterization in solution was done by electronic spectroscopy. <br /> Assays were performed to determine the biological activity of the eight compounds synthetized against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All complexes have shown low minimal inhibitory concentration, being promising candidates for successive tests. It is observed that complex 2, 3, 4 and 6 exhibit better activity than some of the drugs used in the treatment such as ciprofloxacin, p-aminosalicylic acid, cycloserine, gentamicin, ethambutol, kanamycin, tobramycin, thiacetazone and clarithromycin.

Nesta dissertação o processo de adsorção da tiossemicarbazona do formilferroceno (TFF) em eletrodos de prata e ouro, em soluções aquosas 0,1 mol.L-1 de KCl e de acetonitrila. 0,1 mol.L-1 de NaClO4, foi caracterizado através da técnica espectroscópica SERS. Verificou-se através das variações espectrais que a adsorção da TFF ocorre através dos átomos N1 do grupo imínico e do S do grupo tiocarbonílico. Os processos faradáicos do TFF foram monitorados pela técnica SERS e de absorção no UV-visível. Os espectros SERS para potencial de -1,4 V (Ag/AgCl) sugerem a formação de um novo composto, produto de redução da TFF, o aminometilferroceno. Através da técnica de absorção no UV-visível verificou-se, neste potencial, o aparecimento no espectro de absorção de uma nova banda em 240 nm, atribuída à formação de tiouréia. A identificação deste dois produtos de redução indica que, para o composto TFF, o mecanismo geral de redução dos derivados de tiossemicarbazonas é obedecido. Nenhuma variação espectral, tanto utilizando a técnica SERS como a absorção no UV-visível, foi detectada durante o processo redox FeII/FeIII (E1/2=0,55 V). Os comportamentos de adsorção e faradáico da tiossemicarbazida (TSC), em eletrodo de prata em soluções aquosas neutra e ácida, foram estudados através da técnica SERS. Verificou-se que em meios neutro e ácido, a TSC está adsorvida na configuração cis para potenciais próximos de 0,0 V, interagindo com a superfície através do átomo de S do grupo tiocarbonílico e dos átomos de H ligados ao N1 hidrazínico, através da formação de pares iônicos com os ânions Cl- adsorvidos. Para potenciais mais negativos, os íons cloreto deixam a superfície e a TSC sofre reorientação, assumindo a conformação trans. Não foi observado através da técnica SERS nenhum processo faradáico em solução ácida para potenciais negativos, como havia sido proposto na literatura. A não redução do composto foi confirmada através da técnica de eletroforese capilar. Foi estudado o comportamento Raman ressonante da TFF, verificando-se a ocorrência de um mínimo no perfil de excitação experimental devido à interferência destrutiva das transições dos grupos tiossemicarbazona e ferrocenil. Os perfis de excitação teóricos foram calculados utilizando o método da transformada e os resultados dos ajustes obtidos indicam que existe considerável distorção dos modos do grupo ferrocenil na transição eletrônica em 312 nm, atribuída a n-p* do grupo tiossemicarbazona, caracterizando uma grande interação eletrônica entre os cromóforos da TFF. Para comparar o comportamento Raman ressonante do TFF com o do ferroceno, os espectros Raman ressonante deste composto foram obtidos. Verificou-se que o ferroceno apresenta, também, o efeito Raman anti-ressonante, mas as bandas vibracionais do ferroceno apresentam perfis distintos dos apresentados no composto TFF, indicando que a incorporação do grupo tiossemicarbazona no anel ciclopentadienil modifica a estrutura eletrônica do grupo ferrocenil. / In this dissertation, the adsorption process of the formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (TFF) at silver and gold surfaces in aqueous and in acetonitrile solutions has been characterized by using the SERS (Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering) technique. It has been verified that TFF adsorbs through N1’ and S atoms on the metallic surfaces. The faradaic processes of TFF have been monitored through the SERS and UV-visible absorption spectroscopies. The SERS spectra at -1,4 V (Ag/AgCl) suggest aminomethylferrocene as one of the reduction products of TFF. By using the UV-visible absorption technique, it has been verified, at this potential, a new band at 240 nm in the spectrum, which indicates the presence of thiourea. The observation of these two reduction products has confirmed that the general reduction mechanism for thiosemicarbazonas works for TFF. Neither SERS nor UV-vis spectral changes have been observed during the redox process of FeII/FeIII (E1/2= 0,55 V). The adsorption and faradaic processes of thisemicarbazide (TSC) at silver electrode have also been studied by SERS technique. It has been verified that, in acidic and neutral media, the TSC is adsorbed through a cis-configuration at a potential close to 0,0 V, showing an interaction of the S atom through bond formation with the surface and through the H atoms bonded to N1 via ion pair formation with the adsorbed Cl- anions. At more negative potentials, the chloride anions leave the electrode surface and the TSC changes to trans-configuration. No faradaic process has been observed as reported in the literature. This result has been confirmed by using the capillary electrophoresis technique. The resonance Raman effect of the TFF has been studied, and the excitation profiles of the bands have been shown as minimum, which indicates an electronic interaction between the two cromophores of the TFF (thiosemicarbazone and ferrocenyl). The theoretic excitation profiles have been calculated by using the transform method, and the results of the obtained adjustment has indicated that there has been a distortion of the ferrocenyl vibrational modes for an electronic transition at 312 nm, assigned to the n-p* of thiosemicarbazone moiety. This result has indicated a great interaction between the two cromophores of TFF. In order to compare the resonance Raman behavior of the TFF with that of the ferrocene, the resonance Raman spectra of the ferrocene have been obtained. It has been verified that the two compounds present an anti-resonant Raman effect, even though the bands have presented very different excitation profiles from those observed in the TFF, which indicates that the incorporation of the thiosemicarbazone group into the ciclopentadienyl has changed the electronic structure of the ferrocenyl group.

Le thiosemicarbazide et le 4-méthylthiosemicarbazide réagissent par condensation avec des dérivés benzaldéhyde pour donner des produits de type thiosemicarbazone pouvant jouer le rôle de ligands.Ces derniers peuvent conduire en milieu éthanolique à la formation de divers complexes en réagissant avec des sels métalliques comme les chlorures et/ou bromures de cuivre(II), de nickel(II), de zinc(II), de cobalt(II) et de cadmium(II). La structure de ces ligands et de leurs complexes a été déterminée par spectroscopie infrarouge, par des analyses élémentaires et par cristallographie. Les ligands se présentent tous sous forme thione à l’état solide tandis que les complexes obtenus peuvent revêtir différents états : soit monodentés, mononucléaire ou polynucléaire à deux atomes de soufre provenant du groupement thiosemicarbazone, comme l’étude cristallographique a pu le démontrer, soit bidentés avec des sites decoordination dont l’azote provenant du groupement imine et le soufre du groupement thiol. Les propriétés antifongiques de ces divers composés ont été testées vis-à-vis de champignons pathogènes de l’homme comme Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis et Exophiala dermatitidis. Seuls les complexes avec le cadmium ont montré des activités antifongiques significatives et le ligand de pdiméthylaminobenzaldéhyde thiosemicarbazone a inhibé presque totalement la croissance d’E. dermatitidis / Thiosemicarbazide and 4-methylthiosemicarbazide react with benzaldehyde derivatives by condensation to give different thiosemicarbazone ligands. The latter conduct in ethanolic medium to various complexes by reacting with chlorides and / or bromidesof copper (II), nickel (II), zinc (II), cobalt (II) and cadmium (II). The structures of the ligands and their complexes have been determined mainly by crystallography and by infrared spectroscopy, as well as by elementary analyzes. The ligands are in thion form in solid form.The complexes obtained are either monodentate, mononuclear or polynuclear complexes with two sulfur atoms of the thiosemicarbazone group, such as the determination of the crystal structure has shown either bidentate complexes with coordination sites, imine nitrogen and sulfur of the thio group. Their antifungal properties have been tested against human pathogenic strains: Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and Exophiala dermatitidis. Only thecomplexes with cadmium exhibited significant activities against the fungal species studied and the thiosemicarbazone of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ligand almost completely inhibited the growth of E. dermatitidis

Reaction of the thiosemicarbazone ligands, [4-(p-bromophenyl)thiosemicarbazone of salicylaldehyde (H2L1), 4-(p-X-phenyl)thiosemicarbazone of o-vanillin {X = F (H2L2), X = Cl (H2L3) and X = OMe (H2L4)}, 4-(p-bromophenyl)thiosemicarbazone of 5-bromosalicylaldehyde (H2L5), and 4-(p-chlorophenyl)thiosemicarbazone of o-hydroxynaphthaldehyde (H2L6)] with [MoO2(acac)2] afforded a series of new oxidomolybdenum(VI) complexes [Mo(VI)O2L1–6(solv)] (1–6) {where solv (solvent) = DMSO (1, 3, 5 & 6) and H2O (2 & 4)}. The molecular structures of 2 and 3 were determined by X-ray crystallography, demonstrating the dibasic tridentate behavior of ligands. The cyclic voltammogram pattern is similar for 1–6, which includes two irreversible reduction processes within the potential window −0.71 to −0.66 V and −0.92 to −0.85 V corresponding to the metal centered reduction from Mo(VI)/Mo(V) and Mo(V)/Mo(IV) respectively. Catalytic potential of 1–6 was tested for the oxidation of styrene and cyclohexene. The effect of various parameters such as the amount of catalyst, oxidant, NaHCO3, and solvent was checked to optimize the conditions for the best performance of the catalyst. 100% product selectivity for the formation of cyclohexene oxide from cyclohexene and ∼98–99% product selectivity for the oxidation of styrene to styrene oxide was observed.

Transition metal bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes have been of great interest in the last five decades. One of the most striking features of these complexes is that they possess a wide range of biological properties including antimalarial, antibacterial and anticancer activity. Zinc and copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes have recently attracted attention due to their intracellular fluorescence and anticancer activity, respectively. The present work “Targeting Cancer Cells and Live Cell Imaging Using Bis(thiosemicarbazone) Complexes of Copper and Zinc” is an effort to target cancer cells using folic acid or biotin linked anticancer active copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes. Interestingly, bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands form zinc complexes that could be used to image cancer cells and one of the ligands could be used for imaging zinc in the cells. Chapter 1, provides a brief introduction to metal complexes in medicine. Different classes of metallodrugs and their mechanism of action are listed. A short discussion on different types of diagnostic drugs and transition metal complexes possessing anticancer activity is presented. An overview of the strategies available to target cancer cells is included. Furthermore, the use of thiosemicarbazone compounds for anticancer activity is reviewed in detail. Recent examples of bis(thiosemicarbazone) compounds in medicinal studies is briefly mentioned. This section ends with the scope of the present work which involves bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes of zinc and copper. Chapter 2, “Zinc bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes for live cell imaging and anticancer activity” deals with the synthesis and characterization of a series of mononuclear and binuclear zinc bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes by varying substituents at the diketone moiety or at the thiosemicarbazide fragment of the ligand. The crystal structures of mononuclear ligand benzil-bis(4-pyrrolidine-3-thiosemicarbazone) (BTSCH2), zinc glyoxal-bis(4-methyl-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone) [Zn(GTSC)]3 and [Zn(BTSC)(DMSO)] complexes were determined using single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Here, the mononuclear zinc complexes were utilized as live cell imaging agents whereas binuclear zinc complexes proved to be anticancer agents. Among the many mononuclear complexes prepared, the trimeric zinc complex derived from glyoxal- bis(4-methyl-4-phenyl-3¬thiosemicarbazone) was found to be the most fluorescent complex owing to its unique structure. This permitted live cell imaging in a number of cancer cell lines. In comparison with the well studied zinc biacetyl-bis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone) Zn(ATSM) complex, which was used as a reference, [Zn(GTSC)]3 had a 2.5 fold higher fluorescence quantum yield in DMSO. The cellular fluorescence was measured in collaboration with Prof. K.Somasundaram’s laboratory at MCBL using flow cytometry. It was observed that [Zn(GTSC)]3 had 3 to 12 fold higher fluorescence than Zn(ATSM) in various cell lines (n = 9) of different tissue origin. Confocal fluorescence microscopy studies established that [Zn(GTSC)]3 localizes in the nucleus of human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells within 30 minutes of addition. Moreover, [Zn(GTSC)]3 showed relatively less cytotoxicity compared to the Zn(ATSM) complex in all the cancer cell lines tested. DNA interaction studies such as binding and cleavage showed that [Zn(GTSC)]3 was less harmful to DNA as well. All these features make [Zn(GTSC)]3 a good fluorescent imaging agent for live cells. Binuclear zinc bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes were also synthesized and their cytotoxicity was evaluated in different cancer cells. One of the ligands, 1,3-bis{biacetyl-2′-"-N-pyrrolidinethiosemicarbazide)-3′-(4"-N-thiosemicarbazide)} propane (ProBATpyrH4), and its zinc complex were found to show excellent anticancer activity against human hepatocellular cancer (HepG2) cell line. However, the cellular uptake studies as followed by flow cytometry revealed that these compounds do not fluoresce inside the cells. However, the DNA interaction studies using ethidium bromide displacement assay revealed that these complexes have better binding ability to DNA than mononuclear zinc complexes and the viscometric titrations suggested the binding mode to DNA is through partial intercalation. Apparently, these complexes do not induce DNA cleavage as evident from the cleavage experiments performed on pBR322 DNA. It is likely that their anticancer activity is due to unique DNA binding properties. Imaging zinc is important in the field of metallomics as alteration of zinc concentration in cells is associated with, or attributed to various diseases. In this regard, bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands are useful. Chapter 3, “Imaging intracellular zinc using glyoxal-bis(4-methyl-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone) ligand” deals with imaging zinc in live cells using the bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligand, GTSCH2. Since the trimeric zinc complex is fluorescent, the corresponding ligand, GTSCH2, was utilized to visualize the zinc present within cells. The ligand GTSCH2 is found to be a selective fluorescence “turn-on” sensor for zinc. This sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity towards zinc over other physiologically relevant cations. The binding affinity of GTSCH2 to zinc was estimated to be 0.59 nM in an aqueous MOPS (50 mM, NaCl; 100 mM; pH 7.3) buffer containing 30% DMSO, from competitive binding experiments carried out with ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA). The sensor displayed maximal fluorescence response to zinc ion when present in the ratio of 1:1 and displayed stable fluoresence in the pH range 5.0 to 7.8, which suggests that the probe may be suitable for imaging zinc in both normal and cancer cells. The potential of GTSCH2 to image zinc inside the cell has been demonstrated in two human breast cancer cell lines using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Unlike mononuclear zinc complexes, the mononuclear copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes are cytotoxic. Chapter 4, “Anticancer activity of copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes” deals with the synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity of mononuclear copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes. All of them were characterized by spectroscopic methods and in three cases by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The redox properties, studied by cyclic voltammetry, showed reversible one electron- reduction process that varied from –0.53 V to –0.18 V vsSCE. Anticancer activity for the synthesized complexes and their ligands were tested against many human cancer cell lines where the complexes Cu(GTSC) and Cu(GTSCHCl) derived from glyoxal-bis(4-methyl-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone) are found to be most cytotoxic (GI50 <0.1 µM to 2.1 µM) in five cancer cell lines tested. Moreover, the cytotoxicity is similar to that of adriamycin, a known anticancer drug, in all cell lines. However, it is less potent than a copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) analog, copper biacetyl-bis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone) Cu(ATSM), a well studied anticancer agent in many cell lines. Cellular studies were carried out for the selected complexes Cu(GTSC) and Cu(GTSCHCl) along with Cu(ATSM) on HCT116 colon cancer cells. The order of lipophilicity and cellular uptake as studied by ICP-OES are correlated with their cytotoxicity. Based on the interaction of these complexes with DNA using the ethidium bromide displacement assay, DNA -melting, -viscosity and -cleavage studies, it is suggested that these complexes intercalate partially with DNA. DNA cleavage studies using pBR322 DNA revealed that only Cu(GTSCHCl) complex cleaves DNA. Mechanistic discrimination studies suggest that the complex cleaves DNA through the hydrolytic pathway. Since the topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα), a nuclear enzyme resolving topological problems of DNA, is considered as one of the possible molecular targets for a number of anticancer drugs including some of the copper thiosemicarbazone complexes, Topo IIαinhibition studies were carried out in human Topo IIα. Interestingly, many copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes are able to inhibit Topo IIα activity by acting as Topo IIα poison. Cu(GTSCHCl) complex was found to be the most active in this series of complexes (90 % inhibition at 100 µM) and it inhibits the enzyme in a dose dependant manner. Based on the results, it was concluded that the cell death may be mediated, at least in part, through DNA cleavage and Topo IIαinhibition. Severe side effects, poor distribution profiles and or organ specific toxicity make the conventional chemotherapy of limited value with metal based drugs. Therefore, developing cancer-specific drug delivery systems is an urgent need in cancer therapy. Among the many strategies available to target cancer, targeting the receptors that are overexpressed in the cancer cell membrane is a novel strategy being used in recent studies. Therefore the last part my work, “Copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes linked to poly(ethylene glycol) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes for targeted delivery to cancer cells ” was designed to target cancer cells. Here, copper complexes (therapeutic molecule) were attached with PEG and MWCNT (carrier) along with folic acid or biotin (targeting molecule). First, CuATSM–A was functionalized with a disulfide linker and connected with folic acid via a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG600) linker. This was synthesized to target KB (human nasopharyngeal carcinoma) cells, a cell line that overexpresses the folate receptor on the cell surface. In order to investigate the targeting efficacy, the corresponding fluorescent labeled analogs and non-targeted PEG conjugates were synthesized. Flow cytometry studies with fluorescent marker (fluorescein isothiocyanate) labeled PEG analogs showed the targeting efficacy on KB cells. The copper complex, CuATSM–A, attached with biotin–PEG2000 also was synthesized to target high-biotin-using HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) cells. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were also used as nanocarriers. Here, the MWCNT was decorated with PEG600 diamine and then functionalized with the copper complex (therapeutic molecule), folic acid (targeting molecule), and FITC (fluorescent molecule). The conjugation of all the molecules with MWCNT is characterized by various spectroscopic techniques.

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-05T17:59:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_SINARA MONICA VITALINO DE ALMEIDA_FINAL UNIFICADO BIBLIOTECA.pdf: 9803056 bytes, checksum: 68bd08234fdac2b45bf400b3ebd62957 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-05T17:59:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_SINARA MONICA VITALINO DE ALMEIDA_FINAL UNIFICADO BIBLIOTECA.pdf: 9803056 bytes, checksum: 68bd08234fdac2b45bf400b3ebd62957 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-23 / CAPES, CNPq / O câncer é, sem sombra de dúvidas, a doença mais temida pela população, em razão da sua alta incidência e elevadas taxas de mortalidade para determinados tipos da doença. Nas últimas décadas, os pesquisadores têm obtido avanços significativos no entendimento da patogênese, nas características e nas terapias do câncer. A quimioterapia é frequentemente o tratamento escolhido para muitos tipos de câncer e por este motivo a pesquisa por novos agentes quimioterápicos constitui um dos alicerces na luta contra o câncer. Os intercaladores orgânicos são compostos poliaromáticos que podem se inserir entre pares de bases adjacentes da dupla fita de DNA e inibir a síntese de ácido nucléico in vivo, essa propriedade é comumente observada em drogas anticâncer usadas na terapia clínica. Por isto, a descoberta de novos intercaladores do DNA tem sido considerada uma abordagem prática e um número expressivo de moléculas tem sido avaliado quanto às suas propriedades intercaladoras. Neste trabalho foram sintetizados novos agentes anticâncer tendo como molécula de partida o anel acridina. Foram sintetizados e caracterizados oito novos derivados da série 2-acridin-9-il-metileno-N-fenil-hidrazina-carbotioamida (3a-3h) com diferentes substituintes na porção fenil (não substituídos ou com substituintes elétrondoadores ou elétron-retiradores) e dois novos derivados da série 3-(acridin-9-il)-n-benzilideno-2- cianoacrilohidrazidas (AMTAC-01 e AMTAC-02). Os compostos foram avaliados quanto às suas propriedades intercaladoras ao ctDNA in vitro e atividades antiproliferativas contra linhagens de células tumorais de mama (MCF-7), ovário resistente a múltiplas drogas (NCI-ADR/RES), pulmão (NCI-H460), próstata (PC-3), cólon (HT29), ovário (OVCAR-03), rim (786-0), leucemia (K562) e glioma (U251). Foram investigadas alterações morfológicas induzidas por tratamento de células MCF-7 com o composto mais ativo da série 2-acridin-9-il-metileno-N-fenil-hidrazinacarbotioamida (3a) através de microscopias eletrônicas de transmissão, varredura e da análise de exposição de fosfatidilserina e fragmentação de DNA. Além disso, a atividade de inibição da topoisomerase IIa dos derivados 3-(acridin-9-il)-n-benzilideno-2-cianoacrilohidrazidas foi verificada e a ligação com ctDNA foi estudada por meio de espectroscopia de absorção em fluorescência. Todos os derivados produzidos das duas séries apresentaram interação com o DNA. Após o contato com DNA foram verificados efeitos hipercrômicos e hipocrômicos, bem como mudanças para o vermelho ou azul nos espectros de absorbância. Essas modificações são preditivas de formação de complexo entre DNA e derivado. As constantes de ligação calculadas estão entre 1.74 x 104 e 1.0 x 106 M-1 para os derivados 3a-3h e entre 2.3-2.5 x 106 M-1 para os AMTAC’s. Estes valores indicam alta afinidade pelos pares de base do DNA. Da série 2-acridin- 9-il-metileno-N-fenil-hidrazina-carbotioamida o composto mais eficiente para ligação in vitro com o DNA foi o derivado cloro-substituído (3f), enquanto o composto mais ativo no teste antiproliferativo foi o derivado não substituído na porção tiossemicarbazona (3a). Os valores de concentração letal para 50 % do número inicial de células para o derivado 3a contra as linhagens NCI-H460, MCF-7, U251, NCI-ADR/RES, HT-29 e PC-3 foram 43.41, 60.26, 68.93, 70.2, 70.24 e 72.95 μM, respectivamente. As análises por microscopias eletrônicas de varredura e transmissão de células MCF-7 tratadas com 60 μM do derivado 3a demonstraram alterações ultramorfológicas indicativas de autofagia: vacúolos com dupla membrana. Além disso, os derivados AMTAC-01 e AMTAC-02 foram mais ativos contra as linhagens tumorais de próstata e melanoma, respectivamente. Ambos os derivados apresentaram atividade inibidora topoisomerase IIa na concentração de 50 μM. Os resultados indicam que uma ligação eficiente ao DNA é uma condição necessária para atividade antitumoral e que os novos derivados híbridos de acridina apresentaram promissoras atividades antiproliferativa, ligadora do DNA e inibição da topoisomerase. / People fear cancer more than any other serious illness which can be explained by the high incidence and mortality rates for some types of cancer. In the last decades, significant advances were obtained regarding cancer pathogenesis, features and therapies. Chemotherapy is often the treatment of choice for many types of cancer and the search for new chemotherapeutic agents still plays a major role in the fight against cancer. Organic intercalators are poliaromatic compounds that are able to insert into DNA double strands and inhibit in vivo acid nucleic synthesis. This characteristic is, in general, observed in anticancer drugs, hence the discovery and development of new DNA intercalators has been considered a practical approach and a number of intercalators have been recently reported. In this work, new anticancer agents were synthetized based on acridine nucleus for structural modification using substituted thiosemicarbazide moieties. It were synthetized eight new (Z)-2-(acridin-9- ylmethylene)-N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide derivatives (3a-3h) presenting different substituents on phenyl ring (non-substituted and electron-donating or -withdrawing) and two new 3-(acridin-9-yl)-N-benzylidene-2-cyanoacrilohydrazide derivatives (AMTAC-01 and AMTAC-02). In vitro ctDNA interaction was assayed and antiproliferative activity was evaluated against cancer cell lines of glioma (U251), breast (MCF-7), ovary expressing phenotype multiple drugs resistance (NCI-ADR/RES), kidney (786–0), lung (NCI-H460), prostate, (PC-3), ovary (OVCAR-03), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and chronic myeloid leukemia (K-562). It was investigated ultramorphological changes induced by 3a treatment on MCF-7 cells by transmission and scanning electron microscopies, besides the evaluation of phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA fragmentation. Topoisomerase IIa inhibitory activity of AMTAC’s was evaluated. ctDNA binding properties were performed with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) by electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. Both hyperchromic and hypochromic effects, as well as red or blue shifts were demonstrated by addition of ctDNA to the derivatives. These spectroscopic alterations indicated formation of derivative-DNA complex. The calculated binding constants ranged from 1.74 x 104 to 1.0 x 106 M-1 for 3a-3h derivatives and 2.3-2.5 x 106 M-1 for AMTAC’s compounds. These values mean that the new acridine derivatives have high affinity to ctDNA. From (Z)-2-(acridin-9- ylmethylene)-N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide serie, the most efficient compound in in vitro binding to ctDNA was 3f, while the most active compound in antiproliferative assay was 3a. Regarding lethal concentration (LC50), compound 3a was lethal to NCI-H460, MCF-7, U251, NCI-ADR/RES, HT-29 and PC-3 cells on the respective concentrations: 43.41, 60.26, 68.93, 70.2, 70.24 and 72.95 μM. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies revealed that treatment with 60 μM of 3a induces morphological changes in MCF-7 cells indicating autophagy, such as vacuole with double membrane. On the other hand, antiproliferative assay demonstrated that AMTAC-01 and AMTAC-02 were most active against prostate and melanoma tumor cell lines, respectively. Both derivatives displayed potent topoisomerase IIα inhibitory activity at 50 μM. Taking together, these results indicates that an efficient binding is a necessary condition for antiproliferative activity. The new acridine hybrid derivatives showed promising DNA binding, antiproliferative against cancer cells and inhibitory topoisomerase activity.