Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-09T15:01:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Pereira Moraes - 2013.pdf: 2375025 bytes, checksum: edebdd82c526094db969a19e855e1017 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-09T15:30:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Pereira Moraes - 2013.pdf: 2375025 bytes, checksum: edebdd82c526094db969a19e855e1017 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T15:30:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Pereira Moraes - 2013.pdf: 2375025 bytes, checksum: edebdd82c526094db969a19e855e1017 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-03 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The use of natural products and their synthetic derivatives has been a relevant strategy in the development of novel medicines. Phytochemical studies and synthesis of natural-product-based libraries are primordial in the search for therapeutic agents. Previous phytochemical studies of genus Psychotria (Rubiaceae) have resulted in the identification of polypyrrolidine indole and monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, which present a broad range of biological activities, such as antifungal and inhibition of monoamine oxidases (MAOs) A e B, that are related to neurodegenerative diseases. This study aims to evaluate the phytochemical composition of the aerial parts of Psychotria sp. collected in Brazilian Cerrado. Fractionation of the crude extract by column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex led to isolation of three known indole alkaloids: bahienoside A, desoxycordifoline and desoxycordifolinic acid. Additionally, thiohydantoins and thioureas were synthesized from amino acids and R- (+)-limonene, in order to assess the cooperative effect of indole nucleus combined with terpene, thiourea and thiohydantoin units. Preliminary tests showed that desoxycordifoline, hydantoin (20) and thiohydantoin necrostatin-1 (14) inhibit the enzyme MAO-A higher than 80% at concentrations of 175 mM, 100 mM, 386 mM, respectively. Also, the polar extracts of the leaves of Psychotria sp. showed antioxidant activity with IC50 < 50 mg.mL-1 measured by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. / O uso de produtos naturais e seus derivados sintéticos tem sido uma relevante estratégia no desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos. Estudos fitoquímicos e derivatização de produtos naturais são fundamentais na busca por protótipos de fármacos. Estudos fitoquímicos anteriores do gênero Psychotria (Rubiaceae) resultaram na identificação de alcaloides indólicos monoterpênicos e pirroloindólicos. Essas classes de compostos são associadas a um amplo espectro de atividades biológicas, tais como antifúngica e de inibição de enzimas monoaminoxidases A e B (MAOs) relacionadas a doenças neurodegenerativas. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o estudo fitoquímico das partes aéreas de Psychotria sp., presente no cerrado goiano. O fracionamento do extrato bruto por cromatografia em coluna em sílica gel e Sephadex resultou no isolamento de três alcaloides indólicos conhecidos: bahienosida A, desoxicordifolina e ácido desoxicordifolínico. Neste trabalho, tiohidantoínas e tioureias derivadas do R-(+)-limoneno e de aminoácidos, tais como o triptofano, foram sintetizadas, com o intuito de avaliar o efeito cooperativo do núcleo indólico combinado com as unidades terpênica, tioureia e tiohidantoína na ação antifúngica e de inibição das enzimas MAOs. Testes preliminares mostraram que desoxicordifolina, hidantoína (20) e tiohidantoína necrostatina-1 (14) inibem a enzima MAO-A acima de 80% nas concentrações de 175 μM, 100 μM, 386 μM, respectivamente. Ainda, os extratos polares das folhas de Psychotria sp mostraram atividade antioxidante com CI50 < 50 mg.mL-1 pelo método de captura dos radicais DPPH.

The thesis entitled ‘Chemistry of molybdenum xanthate (MoO2[Et2NCS2]2): Applications in organic synthesis’ is presented in 4 chapters. Molybdenum (IV and VI) oxo-complexes are the subject of significant interest due to their functional and structural similarities with several molybdo-enzymes.1 Literature survey suggests that, molybdenum (VI as well as IV) xanthate2 1 resembles the active sites of various molybdo-enzymes. Therefore, in the present thesis, we are presenting our attempts directed towards exploiting molybdenum xanthate 1 in developing various useful methodologies. Figure 1: Molybdenum xanthate Chapter 1 discloses the utility of molybdenum xanthate (1) in catalytic, aerobic oxidation of organic azides and alcohols as presented in part A and B. Part A: A mild molybdenum xanthate catalyzed, chemoselective oxidation of benzylic azides to the corresponding aldehydes3 under aerobic condition is described. This oxidation turned out to be a general method and a variety of benzylic azides were oxidized to the corresponding aldehydes. This oxidation protocol tolerates a variety of functional groups including alcohols, esters, ketones, halides and olefins. More importantly, the oxidation of azides stops at corresponding aldehyde stage without further oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acids. A few examples are presented in scheme 1. Part B: As our attempts to oxidize alcohols with molybdenum xanthate 1 were unsuccessful (Chapter 1, Part A), we have attempted supporting the reagent 1 and investigated its utility in the oxidation of alcohols. As a consequence, polyaniline supported molybdenum xanthate (MoO2[Et2NCS2]2) is designed and used in an aerobic and mild chemoselective oxidation of alcohols4 to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones. The scheme to use polyaniline as the support for molybdenum xanthate was derived from the fact that polyaniline is known to increase the redox activity of various metal complexes by coordinating to the metal centre.5 The present oxidation strategy tolerates a variety of functional groups such as olefin, ketones, sulfides, tertiary amines, propargyl group etc. This oxidation strategy also works very well for the oxidation of secondary benzylic alcohols. Interestingly, the supported catalyst can be filtered after the reaction and reused for further oxidation without loss of its activity. Some representative examples are presented in Scheme 2. Chapter 2 describes the chemoselective and efficient reduction of azides to the corresponding amines. In this chapter, we have shown that a catalytic amount of molybdenum xanthate (1, MoO2[S2CNEt2]2) with PhSiH3 is an effective catalyst for the reduction of azides to the corresponding amines.6 This reduction of azides by 1, was inspired by the reductive silylation of aldehydes through the activation of silanes.7 This reduction tolerates a variety of reducible functional groups such as olefin, aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides and ethers, acetals etc. This strategy was also extended to various aliphatic azides to synthesize amine and their N-Boc derivatives in good yields. Scheme 3 illustrates few examples. Chapter 3 discloses convenient methods for the synthesis of substituted thiourea derivatives as presented in part A and B. Part A: A convenient method for the synthesis of tri-substituted thiourea derivatives by the reaction of primary amines with molybdenum dialkyl dithiocarbamates is presented in Part A.8 Primary amines on reaction with molybdenum xanthate produce corresponding thioureas in moderate to good yields. Similar reactions with propargylamine and 2-aminoethanol produce cyclic thiaoxazolidine and oxazolidine derivatives respectively. This methodology has been successfully adopted for the synthesis of amino acids derived chiral thioureas. Some examples are presented in Scheme 4. Scheme 4: Molybdenum xanthate mediated synthesis of thioureas Part B: An efficient method for the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical substituted thiourea9 derivatives by simple condensation of amine and carbon disulfide in aqueous medium is extensively studied. Present method describes the involvement of amino dithiol moiety as an intermediate. Though this method is not successful with secondary amines and aryl amines, it works smoothly with aliphatic primary amines to afford various di- and tri-substituted thiourea derivatives. The present method is also useful in synthesizing various substituted 2-mercapto imidazole heterocycles in moderate yields. A few examples are seen in Scheme 5. Scheme 5: Synthesis of thiourea derivatives in aqueous medium Chapter 4 describes a chemoselective deprotection10 of terminal acetonides (isopropylidines) by using aqueous TBHP (70%). A variety of acetonide derivatives on reaction with aq. TBHP in water:t-BuOH (1:1) as solvent mixtures furnish the corresponding acetonide deprotected diol products in good yields. This unprecedented deprotection strategy, tolerates a variety of acid sensitive functional groups such as silyl ether, trityl, olefin, propargyl, methoxymethyl ether, N-Boc, lactones, esters etc. A few examples are documented in Scheme 6. Scheme 6: Chemoselective deprotection of acetonides (For structural formula pl see the pdf file)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work introduces the synthesis of two novel ligands belonging to the aroylbis(thiourea) class to study the spacer group influence in the complexes structure. Five membered rings were utilized as spacer groups such as pyrrole and furan. The presence of the hydrogen in the pyrrole s nitrogen restricts the complexes formation while the furan ring, in some cases, can coordinate its oxygen atom to coordination with specific metals. It was synthetized bi-, tri-, tetranuclear complexes with two metal, cadmium and lead. With cadmium there was the formation only of binuclear compounds. The influence of heteroatom in the cadmium complexes was seen in the metal coordination number and in the formation of a decomposition product. Instead the lead complexes show a big structural heteroatom influence. With the pyrrol ligand had the formation of the binuclear compound while the furan ligand was formed a tetranuclear compound. The PbII and furan ligand also can form a trinuclear compound in the presence of another divalent metal such BaII and MnII. This complexes look like the literature complexes, however the donation of furan s oxygen is weaker in comparison with the pyridine s nitrogen what results in a decrease of the simmetry of this compounds. / Este trabalho apresenta a síntese de dois novos ligantes pertencentes à classe das aroilbis(tioureias) para estudar a influência dos grupos espaçadores nas estruturas dos complexos. Utilizou-se como grupos espaçadores anéis de cinco membros contendo um heteroátomo como pirrol (NH) e furano (O). No caso do pirrol, a presença do hidrogênio ligado ao nitrogênio limita as estruturas dos seus complexos, enquanto que o anel furano, dependendo do caso, pode utilizar o seu oxigênio para coordenação com determinados metais. Com os ligantes 2,5-dicarbonilpirrolbis(N,N-dietiltioureia) (H2L1) e 2,5-dicarbonilfuranobis(N,N-dietiltioureia) (H2L2) foram sintetizados complexos bi-, tri- e tetranucleares com os íons metálicos CdII e PbII. No caso do CdII, houve a formação somente de compostos binucleares. Os heteroátomos tiveram a influência no número de coordenação do cádmio e na formação de um produto de decomposição do ligante. Já ao utilizar-se PbII observou-se uma grande influência do heteroátomo presente em cada ligante, o que resultou na formação de um complexo binuclear com o ligante derivado do pirrol, e de um composto tetranuclear com o ligante derivado do furano. Com PbII também foi possível a síntese de complexos trinucleares somente com o ligante derivado do furano quando na presença de outros metais como BaII e MnII. Estes complexos são semelhantes aos da literatura, porém, como a capacidade de doação do oxigênio do furano é menor em relação ao nitrogênio piridínico, foi necessária a coordenação de ligantes adicionais, o que ocasionou um decréscimo de simetria dos complexos.

Die fortschreitende Entwicklung auf dem Gebiet der kontrollierten Polymerisationstechniken ermöglicht heutzutage die Synthese definierter Makromoleküle. Durch das Design der Primärstruktur dieser Makromoleküle kann ein starker Einfluss auf die sich bildende Sekundärstruktur ausgeübt werden. Um den Grad der Kontrolle über den Polymerisationsprozess zu erhöhen sollten in dieser Arbeit photoschaltbare Azobenzolfunktionalitäten in Guanidin- und Thioharnstoffmotive integriert werden, so dass durch die reversibel photoschaltbare Ausbildung von Wasserstoffbrücken die vorliegenden Polymerisationsprozesse beeinflusst werden können. In einem Ansatz wurden dazu neuartige azobenzolverknüpfte Guanidin- und Thioharnstoffkatalysatoren für die Ringöffnungspolymerisation (ROP) von Lactid (LA) synthetisiert. Im Fall der photoschaltbaren Guanidinkatalysatoren wurde eine Synthesemethode entwickelt, welche die zu Beginn langwierige Aufreinigung der Katalysatoren bedeutend vereinfacht und somit die Darstellung mehrerer Katalysatorgenerationen ermöglichte. Die erste Guanidinkatalysatorgeneration zeigte keine katalytische Aktivität. Durch die Synthese von verschiedenen Referenzguanidinen und deren Einsatz in der ROP von LA konnten die aromatischen Substituenten der Guanidinfunktionalität als Ursache der katalytischen Inaktivität identifiziert werden. Daraufhin wurde eine mit zwei Alkylsubstituenten versehene zweite Generation synthetisiert und erfolgreich in der ROP von Lactid eingesetzt. In einem anderen Ansatz wurde versucht ein azobenzolverknüpftes Guanidinium-Carboxylat-Zwitterion so zu gestalten, dass es als photoschaltbares Monomer zur Bildung supramolekularer Polymere verwendet werden kann. Hierzu wurden zwei Generationen photoschaltbarer Zwitterionen synthetisiert. Die Eigenschaften der zweiten Generation wurden mit verschiedenen spektroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Dabei wurden Hinweise auf die Bildung eines supramolekualren Polymers gefunden. / Following the progressive development in the field of controlled polymerizations, it is now possible to synthesize well defined macromolecular structures. Controlling the primary structure in these macromolecules significantly influences the secondary structure, allowing the preparation of smart materials. In order to improve the achievable degree of control, this work aims to incorporate azobenzene functionalities into guanidine and thiourea moieties and, through the photo triggered reversible formation of hydrogen bridges, influence polymerization processes. Novel azobenzene substituted guanidine and thiourea catalysts for the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide were synthesized. In the case of the photoswitchable guanidine catalysts, a new synthetic protocol was developed to overcome the difficult purification of the catalysts, allowing the facile preparation of multiple catalyst generations. The first generation of photoswitchable guanidines showed catalytic activity. Synthesis of reference guanidine catalysts demonstrated a negative effect between aromatic guanidine substituents and the catalytic performance. Following this observation, a second generation of alkyl substituted guanidine catalysts was synthesized and applied successfully in the ROP of lactide. In a concurrent approach, a guanidinium carboxylate zwitterion was rendered photoswitchable by the incorporation of an azobenzene functionality and used as a monomer in supramolecular polymerization processes. The first generation of photoswitchable zwitterions showed promising photochemical properties, but its poor solubility in apolar, aprotic solvents prevented a final proof of the concept. To achieve this, a second generation of photoswitchable zwitterions was synthesized, incorporating solubilizing functionalities into the molecular design. The properties of the second generation zwitterion were examined by various spectroscopical methods, indicating the formation of supramolecular polymers.

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