A hemorragia pulmonar induzida por exercício (HPIE) ocorre com freqüência em cavalos atletas acarretando prejuízo econômico. O presente estudo foi compreendido em duas etapas, tendo como objetivo na primeira, avaliar a performance dos cavalos levando em consideração a colocação nos páreos e administração da furosemida, no período de setembro de 2005 a julho de 2006, sendo analisados os resultados de 824 eqüinos no Jockey Clube de Porto Alegre. Dos eqüinos que participaram do primeiro estudo, 389 não foram medicados e 435 foram submetidos à medicação prévia com furosemida. Foi observado que nos animais tratados previamente o medicamento influencia positivamente o desempenho do animal, com uma redução de 2,9% no tempo final. A segunda etapa foi desenvolvida durante a campanha de 2007, onde foram examinados 146 eqüinos, 15 minutos após o final da prova. Os animais foram submetidos a um exame endoscópico em que foram observadas as possíveis alterações do trato respiratório anterior do animal, sendo a principal delas a hemorragia pulmonar induzida por exercício. Estes achados foram relacionados com sua performance e com a administração de furosemida. Foi observado que a furosemida não interfere no sangramento. Não se observou influência do sexo na incidência de HPIE, entretanto observou-se aumento de hemorragia com o aumento da idade. De um modo geral, não se observou correlação positiva entre a HPIE e as alterações das vias aéreas superiores e traquéia. Conclui-se que a aplicação de furosemide diminuiu o tempo final empregado em corrida, mas não preveniu a incidência e severidade da HPIE. A incidência de HPIE aumenta com a idade. / Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) commonly occurs in athletic horses causing economic losses. The present study was set in two trials. The first of them aimed to evaluate the performance of horses taking into account their ranking and furosemide administration, in the period of September 2005 to July 2006, being analysed the results from 824 horses, were analysed at the Porto Alegre Jockey Club. From the equines these, 389 were not treated and 435 were submitted to previous furosemide treatment. On treated animals, it was observed that the medicine affects animal performance, and also a reduction of 2.9% at the final time. The second trial was developed during 2007, where 146 equines were examined, 15 minutes after the race. The animals were submitted to an endoscopic exam in which there were observed possible abnormalities of the upper respiratory tract, being the main one the exerciseinduced pulmonary hemorrhage. These findings were related to their performance and furosemide administration. It was observed that the furosemide does not interfere on EIPH incidence. Gender did not influence the HPIE incidence; however it was observed an increase in the pulmonary bleeding with the increase of age. . Generally, it was not observed a positive correlation between EIPH and the upper respiratory tract and windpipe abnormalities, and only 15.25% of the cases related to the presence of EIPH with dorsal dislocation of the soft palate, being not statistically significant. I was concluded that the use of Furosemide enhancest the performance time, but did not prevent the incidence and the degree from EIPH. The incidence of EIPH increases with age.

A capacidade aeróbica dos equinos atletas pode ser explica, em partes, pelo seu desenvolvimento cardíaco associado ao treinamento físico. O exame ecocardiográfico de equinos atletas permite a visualização destas alterações e da função cardíaca destes animais. Buscou-se avaliar ecocardiograficamente equinos de diferentes modalidades esportivas, para verificar se o tipo de atividade física desempenhada por cada grupo de animais promove diferenças estruturais ou funcionais cardíacas. 196 equinos foram submetidos à avaliação ecocardiográfica em repouso, sendo divididos em três grupos: grupo Polo, 44 equinos participantes de provas de Polo; grupo QM, 49 equinos da raça Quarto de Milha, participantes de provas de baliza e tambor, e grupo PSI, 103 equinos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês participantes de provas de corridas. Foram avaliados os seguintes índices cardíacos: SIV, DIVE e PLVE em sístole e diástole, AE em sístole, Ao em diástole, relação AE:Ao, FEj, VEj, VSFVE, VDFVE, FS%, E-S, TEVE, DC e FC. Os animais do grupo PSI apresentaram os maiores volumes de ventrículo esquerdo, tendo apresentado proporcionalmente menor eficiência quando analisado o VEj. Os animais do grupo Polo e QM apresentaram melhores valores quando analisadas as variáveis de função cardíaca. A atividade física mais intensa desempenhada pelos animais do grupo QM e Polo permitiu melhor desenvolvimento funcional do coração destes animais, tendo o grupo PSI, apresentado valores que sugerem que sua capacidade aeróbica ainda pode ser melhor explorada através de melhor orientação de seu treinamento físico. / The aerobic capacity of equine athletes may be explained, in part, by its cardiac development associated with physical training. Echocardiographic examination of equine athletes allows the visualization of these changes and cardiac function of these animals. We aimed to evaluate echocardiographically horses of different sports to see if the type of physical activity performed by each group of animals promotes structural or functional cardiac differences. 196 horses underwent echocardiography at rest were divided into three groups: Polo group, 44 horses participating in tests of Polo; QM group, 49 horses of Quarter Horse, participants of barrel and pole bending events and PSI group, 103 horses of the breed Thoroughbred racehorses. We evaluated the following heart rates: IVS, LVD and LVFW in systole and diastole, LA in systole, Ao in diastole, mean LA: Ao, EF, EV, LVFSV, LVFDV, FS%, E-S, LVET, CO and HR. The PSI group animals showed higher left ventricular volumes and provided proportionately less efficiency when we analyzed EV. Animals in group Polo and QM showed higher values when variables such as cardiac function. The more intense physical activity performed by the animals of group QM and Polo provided better functional development of the heart of these animals, and the PSI group, presented figures suggesting that aerobic capacity can still be better exploited through better targeting of their physical training.

Upper airway endoscopy at rest has been the diagnostic method of choice for diagnosing equine upper respiratory tract (URT) disease since its development in the 1970´s. The development of high-speed treadmill endoscopy (HSTE) improved the sensitivity of URT endoscopy by allowing the examiner to observe the horse’s nasopharynx and larynx during exercise. However, the level of exertion achieved during HSTE may not always represent that achieved during normal exercise as surface, rider, tack, and environmental variables are altered. Recently, the development of dynamic overground endoscopy (DOE) has addressed some of those shortcomings. A retrospective study was undertaken to describe the upper airway abnormalities detected during DOE in horses presenting with poor performance and/or abnormal respiratory noise in South Africa. Patient records of Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing DOE from November 2011 to August 2012 by the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital were reviewed. Data collected included signalment, primary complaint, distance exercised, maximum speed attained, and dynamic airway abnormalities detected. XIII A second study was carried out to evaluate agreement within and among examiners of three grading systems for laryngeal function at exercise. The grading systems assessed were an existing system for grading axial deviation of aryepiglottic folds (ADAF), a modified system for grading recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) at exercise, and a proposed system for grading vocal cord collapse (VCC). For investigation of intra-observer variability, recordings were watched by two of the investigators at the same time, on two different occasions, in real time, slow motion, and at frame-by-frame speed. To evaluate inter-observer variability, recordings were watched by four investigators on one occasion, as described for investigation of intra-observer variability, and scoring sheets completed. Kappa agreement was calculated for both intra- and inter-observer sessions. Fifty-two horses that underwent DOE for investigation of poor performance and/or abnormal respiratory noise were identified. The main abnormalities detected included dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) (13/52 horses, 25%); recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) (17/52 horses, 33%); axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (ADAF) (21/52 horses, 40%) and vocal cord collapse (VCC) (18/52 horses, 35%). A total of 40 horses presented one or more abnormalities of the URT (77%). Fifteen horses (29%) had a single abnormality, and 25 horses (48%) had multiple abnormalities. Results at frame-by-frame speed from the intra-observer evaluations for all the conditions showed substantial agreement for RLN by both observers (K = 74 - 80). Intra-observer evaluations for VCC were moderate to substantial (K 53 – 63). ADAF was the most difficult URT abnormality to assess for both observers, and agreement within observers was only fair to moderate (K = 36 - 52). Inter-observer evaluations for RLN showed substantial to moderate agreement (K = 62). Inter-observer evaluations for VCC showed moderate agreement (K = 47 – 54), and inter-observer evaluations for ADAF showed only slight to fair agreement and were the lowest for all the conditions (K = 14 – 22). This study showed that DOE is a useful technique for providing valuable information about disease of the URT. Finding multiple abnormalities in 48% of horses examined using DOE suggests that DOE may be indicated even for those horses with an obvious abnormality found during resting endoscopy. The intra-observer evaluations showed that RLN had higher agreement values than those for ADAF and VCC at all speeds, and that ADAF had lower agreement values than those for VCC and RLN at all speeds. Inter-observer agreement was less than intra-observer agreement, presumably because more observers were involved in the inter-observer assessment. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / unrestricted

This dissertation describes the epidemiological investigation and management of the first outbreak of Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) reported in South Africa. In addition, the subsequent implementation of a nationwide quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)- based stallion screening programme and traceback of exposed animals to define the spread of CEM in South Africa is described. The first South African outbreak of CEM caused by the bacterium, Taylorella equigenitalis was reported on the 9th May 2011 to the World Health Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The outbreak was recognized subsequent to the importation of a young Warmblood stallion from Germany. The outbreak initially appeared confined to a single index property (focus property), an equine breeding facility in Midrand, Gauteng, South Africa with a single confirmed case of transmission involving the index stallion and a Thoroughbred mare. The initial response was rapidly instituted following the suspicion of T. equigenitalis on the index property. This included an inspection of the index property and its records. A riskclassification of in-contact animals allocated them to “high,” “moderate” or “low”-risk categories. The classification was dependent on the temporal relationship of their presence on the index property relative to the period of residence of the index cases. After T. equigenitalis infection was confirmed from both index cases, the breeding facility was placed under state– administered quarantine and all exposed mares and the index cases were transferred to a quarantine facility. The animals were re-tested by genital swabbing for bacterial culture following a standard protocol according to internationally-accepted practice (OIE Terrestrial Manual on Contagious Equine Metritis). Additional duplicate swabs were obtained for real time qPCR. None of the mares were shown to be positive on either bacterial culture or qPCR. All animals were however treated according to an accepted protocol for T. equigenitalis infection (Luddy and Kutzler, 2010, UK Horseracing Betting Levy Board (HBLB) Code of Practice, 2011). All stallions that had been present on the index property and undergone semen collection on the same day as the index stallion were classified as “moderate risk” and were similarlytested. This identified two additional T. equigenitalis-positive stallions, which were confirmed on bacterial culture (World Organization for Health (OIE) Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (Chapter 2.5.1, Contagious Equine Metritis version adopted 20/10/2011) and which were subsequently quarantined and successfully treated. Following recognition of this outbreak, the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) in consultation with the Equine Research Centre (ERC) of the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Pretoria promulgated a nationwide qPCR-based screening programme that aimed to establish the prevalence and distribution of T. equigenitalis in South Africa. This required certification of all South African stallions used for breeding either by natural cover or assisted reproductive techniques. The compliance for certification was based on submission of two sets of genital swabs that both tested negative for T. equigenitalis on qPCR-testing. The process was coordinated by a web-based platform (http://wto the prescribed World Organisation for Health (OIE) method (Terrestrial Manual on Contagious Equine Metritis). All stallions apart from one could be linked to the index property. As of 31st October 2013, two additional T. equigenitalis-positive females have been identified, following a traceback of all identified potentially-exposed mares and their offspring that was instituted in September 2012. An “exposed mare” was defined as a mare that had been bred, either by natural breeding or assisted breeding techniques to the index stallion or any other T. equigenitalis-positive stallion. These mares were distributed across five provinces of South Africa at the time the traceback was initiated. During the nationwide traceback, a subpopulation focus was identified when 24 of the 33 resident stallions at the South African Lipizzaner Centre, Midrand, Gauteng tested positive for T. equigenitalis. Six of these stallions had visited the index property for semen collection over the course of several years prior to the arrival of the index stallion. This suggested the possible albeit undetected presence of T. equigenitalis on these premises prior to the arrival of the first reported index case. We strongly suspected that there may have been undetected CEM incursions into South Africa in the past. The index case in this outbreak may either have introduced a new infection or was infected by a pre-existing source of infection subsequent to his arrival. It is hoped that future strain-typing of the isolates from the positive cases identified during this intervention will further clarify this scenario. The use of qPCR-based screening proved to be a highly specific and sensitive method for detecting T. equigenitalis and helped to define the distribution and prevalence of T. equigenitalis in breeding stallions and exposed mares in South Africa. In addition, this method had significant practical advantages with respect to the associated costs, turn-around times and in-the-field application when compared with bacterial culture. The institution of a web-based platform from which the national screening programme was launched and coordinated proved to be indispensable in managing stakeholder access and information availability. To date, 31st October 2013, a total of 39 horses (36 males and 3 females) have been identified as T. equigenitalis-positive and have all subsequently been successfully treated. © Universityww.cemsa.co.za) As of 31st October 2013, an additional 33 carrier stallions have been identified by this screening programme. Of these stallions, 23 have been confirmed on bacteriology according to the prescribed World Organisation for Health (OIE) method (Terrestrial Manual on Contagious Equine Metritis). All stallions apart from one could be linked to the index property. As of 31st October 2013, two additional T. equigenitalis-positive females have been identified, following a traceback of all identified potentially-exposed mares and their offspring that was instituted in September 2012. An “exposed mare” was defined as a mare that had been bred, either by natural breeding or assisted breeding techniques to the index stallion or any other T. equigenitalis-positive stallion. These mares were distributed across five provinces of South Africa at the time the traceback was initiated. During the nationwide traceback, a subpopulation focus was identified when 24 of the 33 resident stallions at the South African Lipizzaner Centre, Midrand, Gauteng tested positive for T. equigenitalis. Six of these stallions had visited the index property for semen collection over the course of several years prior to the arrival of the index stallion. This suggested the possible albeit undetected presence of T. equigenitalis on these premises prior to the arrival of the first reported index case. We strongly suspected that there may have been undetected CEM incursions into South Africa in the past. The index case in this outbreak may either have introduced a new infection or was infected by a pre-existing source of infection subsequent to his arrival. It is hoped that future strain-typing of the isolates from the positive cases identified during this intervention will further clarify this scenario. The use of qPCR-based screening proved to be a highly specific and sensitive method for detecting T. equigenitalis and helped to define the distribution and prevalence of T. equigenitalis in breeding stallions and exposed mares in South Africa. In addition, this method had significant practical advantages with respect to the associated costs, turn-around times and in-the-field application when compared with bacterial culture. The institution of a web-based platform from which the national screening programme was launched and coordinated proved to be indispensable in managing stakeholder access and information availability. To date, 31st October 2013, a total of 39 horses (36 males and 3 females) have been identified as T. equigenitalis-positive and have all subsequently been successfully treated. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

The aim of this study was to evaluate temperature data collected from Thoroughbred foals between birth and shortly after weaning. It provides a valuable survey with epidemiological conclusions providing insight into the temperature trends and pyretic occurrences of Thoroughbred foals during this age period. Temperature data were collected using telemetry from temperature sensitive microchips implanted into newborn foals. The system of inputting and storing temperature data was completely electronic and this study evaluated this system. It was found that this system was stable and allowed the evaluation of large amounts of frequently acquired data with little human intervention. The data obtained resulted in the valuable evaluation of age associated body temperature trends within the foals as well as providing an indication of the extent and epidemiology of pyrexia within the study cohort. The system of evaluating temperatures based both on the individual day value as well as on each individual foals prior series of temperatures shows that the use of these two criteria can be utilised simultaneously. The study provides basic information which future researchers using similar systems can use to objectively set criteria for pyrexia. An outbreak of equine encephalosis also occurred during the study period and this provided much needed prospective epidemiological information for such an outbreak, something which has not previously been documented. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第18317号 / 農博第2042号 / 新制||農||1021(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H26||N4824(農学部図書室) / 31175 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 平井 伸博, 教授 今井 裕, 准教授 三宅 武 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Lesões musculoesqueléticas são a principal causa de perda econômica na indústria do cavalo de corrida. Levantamentos epidemiológicos sobre lesões e acidentes ocorridos durante a corrida e os treinamentos dentro dos Jockey Clubes e centros de treinamento têm sido realizados mundialmente. Em geral, encontram-se diferenças regionais nos padrões dessas lesões. O Serviço de Veterinária do Jockey Club do Rio Grande do Sul é responsável por realizar a avaliação e liberação clínica dos animais antes de cada prova. Animais não aptos a participar da corrida são submetidos ao “forfait” veterinário. Com o objetivo de identificar as principais alterações que afetaram os cavalos durante os treinamentos de corrida foi feita a avaliação dos registros veterinários de “forfait” do Jockey Club do Rio Grande do Sul. Além disso, objetivou-se também verificar a influência de fatores como idade e gênero do cavalo e a estação do ano sobre a frequência e distribuição das alterações musculoesqueléticas. Foram analisados 1940 registros de forfait veterinário entre os anos de 1999 e 2009. Realizou-se uma análise epidemiológica analítica descritiva através de uma estatística não paramétrica além de uma análise estatística de correspondência múltipla a fim de verificar a associação das variáveis envolvidas na frequência das lesões. Do total de alterações registradas, 69% (1338) estavam relacionadas ao sistema musculoesquelético e as afecções mais incidentes foram localizadas nos membros torácicos que corresponderam por mais de 79,23% do total enquanto que as alterações localizadas nos membros pélvicos responderam por 14,72% do total de alterações musculoesqueléticas. Alterações musculares e de coluna contribuíram com 6,05% do total. As afecções mais frequentes (p<0,05) foram as da articulação metacarpofalangeana, seguidas pelas afecções do carpo e casco. Houve significativa influência (p<0,05) da faixa etária na maior parte das alterações avaliadas, sendo o maior número de alterações observada em cavalos de 3 anos de idade. Foi constatado que o gênero também influiu significativamente em algumas alterações, sendo os machos mais acometidos. Por sua vez, as estações do ano também apresentaram diferenças significativas, sendo no inverno a maior ocorrência de “forfait” veterinário por alterações musculoesqueléticas. / Musculoskeletal injuries are the major cause of economic loss in the horse racing industry. Epidemiological surveys on injuries and accidents during the race and training within the Jockey Club and training centers have been conducted worldwide. In general, are regional differences in the patterns of these lesions. There are some peculiarities in the training of race horses as the work on the lane, early in the life of animals and intensity of athletic training. The Veterinary Service Commission Racing of the Jockey Club of Rio Grande do Sul is responsible for performing the clinical evaluation and release of animals prior to each event. Animals not able to participate in the race are subject to "forfait" veterinarian. In order to identify the main changes that affected horses during training race was made the evaluation of veterinary records of "forfait" the Jockey Club of Rio Grande do Sul also aimed to also check the influence of factors such as age, gender of the horse and the season on the frequency and distribution of musculoskeletal abnormalities. We analyzed 1940 records of veterinary “forfait” between the years 1999 and 2009. There was a descriptive analysis by analytical epidemiological a non-parametric statistics and a statistical analysis of multiple correspondence to verify the association of the variables involved in the frequency of lesions. The total changes recorded, 69% (1338) were related to musculoskeletal disorders and more incidents were found in the forelimbs, which corresponded for more than 79% of the total while the localized changes in the hindlimbs accounted for 14% of total musculoskeletal abnormalities. Muscle disorders and column contributed 6% of the total. The most frequent diseases (p <0.05) were the metacarpophalangeal joint, followed by disorders of the carpus and hull. There was a significant influence (p <0.05) of age most of the changes evaluated, with the largest number of changes observed in horses 3 years old. It was found that gender also significantly influenced in some changes, with males being more affected. In turn, the seasons also showed significant differences, and in winter the greater occurrence of "winter holidays" vet for musculoskeletal abnormalities.

Lesões musculoesqueléticas são a principal causa de perda econômica na indústria do cavalo de corrida. Levantamentos epidemiológicos sobre lesões e acidentes ocorridos durante a corrida e os treinamentos dentro dos Jockey Clubes e centros de treinamento têm sido realizados mundialmente. Em geral, encontram-se diferenças regionais nos padrões dessas lesões. O Serviço de Veterinária do Jockey Club do Rio Grande do Sul é responsável por realizar a avaliação e liberação clínica dos animais antes de cada prova. Animais não aptos a participar da corrida são submetidos ao “forfait” veterinário. Com o objetivo de identificar as principais alterações que afetaram os cavalos durante os treinamentos de corrida foi feita a avaliação dos registros veterinários de “forfait” do Jockey Club do Rio Grande do Sul. Além disso, objetivou-se também verificar a influência de fatores como idade e gênero do cavalo e a estação do ano sobre a frequência e distribuição das alterações musculoesqueléticas. Foram analisados 1940 registros de forfait veterinário entre os anos de 1999 e 2009. Realizou-se uma análise epidemiológica analítica descritiva através de uma estatística não paramétrica além de uma análise estatística de correspondência múltipla a fim de verificar a associação das variáveis envolvidas na frequência das lesões. Do total de alterações registradas, 69% (1338) estavam relacionadas ao sistema musculoesquelético e as afecções mais incidentes foram localizadas nos membros torácicos que corresponderam por mais de 79,23% do total enquanto que as alterações localizadas nos membros pélvicos responderam por 14,72% do total de alterações musculoesqueléticas. Alterações musculares e de coluna contribuíram com 6,05% do total. As afecções mais frequentes (p<0,05) foram as da articulação metacarpofalangeana, seguidas pelas afecções do carpo e casco. Houve significativa influência (p<0,05) da faixa etária na maior parte das alterações avaliadas, sendo o maior número de alterações observada em cavalos de 3 anos de idade. Foi constatado que o gênero também influiu significativamente em algumas alterações, sendo os machos mais acometidos. Por sua vez, as estações do ano também apresentaram diferenças significativas, sendo no inverno a maior ocorrência de “forfait” veterinário por alterações musculoesqueléticas. / Musculoskeletal injuries are the major cause of economic loss in the horse racing industry. Epidemiological surveys on injuries and accidents during the race and training within the Jockey Club and training centers have been conducted worldwide. In general, are regional differences in the patterns of these lesions. There are some peculiarities in the training of race horses as the work on the lane, early in the life of animals and intensity of athletic training. The Veterinary Service Commission Racing of the Jockey Club of Rio Grande do Sul is responsible for performing the clinical evaluation and release of animals prior to each event. Animals not able to participate in the race are subject to "forfait" veterinarian. In order to identify the main changes that affected horses during training race was made the evaluation of veterinary records of "forfait" the Jockey Club of Rio Grande do Sul also aimed to also check the influence of factors such as age, gender of the horse and the season on the frequency and distribution of musculoskeletal abnormalities. We analyzed 1940 records of veterinary “forfait” between the years 1999 and 2009. There was a descriptive analysis by analytical epidemiological a non-parametric statistics and a statistical analysis of multiple correspondence to verify the association of the variables involved in the frequency of lesions. The total changes recorded, 69% (1338) were related to musculoskeletal disorders and more incidents were found in the forelimbs, which corresponded for more than 79% of the total while the localized changes in the hindlimbs accounted for 14% of total musculoskeletal abnormalities. Muscle disorders and column contributed 6% of the total. The most frequent diseases (p <0.05) were the metacarpophalangeal joint, followed by disorders of the carpus and hull. There was a significant influence (p <0.05) of age most of the changes evaluated, with the largest number of changes observed in horses 3 years old. It was found that gender also significantly influenced in some changes, with males being more affected. In turn, the seasons also showed significant differences, and in winter the greater occurrence of "winter holidays" vet for musculoskeletal abnormalities.

Lesões musculoesqueléticas são a principal causa de perda econômica na indústria do cavalo de corrida. Levantamentos epidemiológicos sobre lesões e acidentes ocorridos durante a corrida e os treinamentos dentro dos Jockey Clubes e centros de treinamento têm sido realizados mundialmente. Em geral, encontram-se diferenças regionais nos padrões dessas lesões. O Serviço de Veterinária do Jockey Club do Rio Grande do Sul é responsável por realizar a avaliação e liberação clínica dos animais antes de cada prova. Animais não aptos a participar da corrida são submetidos ao “forfait” veterinário. Com o objetivo de identificar as principais alterações que afetaram os cavalos durante os treinamentos de corrida foi feita a avaliação dos registros veterinários de “forfait” do Jockey Club do Rio Grande do Sul. Além disso, objetivou-se também verificar a influência de fatores como idade e gênero do cavalo e a estação do ano sobre a frequência e distribuição das alterações musculoesqueléticas. Foram analisados 1940 registros de forfait veterinário entre os anos de 1999 e 2009. Realizou-se uma análise epidemiológica analítica descritiva através de uma estatística não paramétrica além de uma análise estatística de correspondência múltipla a fim de verificar a associação das variáveis envolvidas na frequência das lesões. Do total de alterações registradas, 69% (1338) estavam relacionadas ao sistema musculoesquelético e as afecções mais incidentes foram localizadas nos membros torácicos que corresponderam por mais de 79,23% do total enquanto que as alterações localizadas nos membros pélvicos responderam por 14,72% do total de alterações musculoesqueléticas. Alterações musculares e de coluna contribuíram com 6,05% do total. As afecções mais frequentes (p<0,05) foram as da articulação metacarpofalangeana, seguidas pelas afecções do carpo e casco. Houve significativa influência (p<0,05) da faixa etária na maior parte das alterações avaliadas, sendo o maior número de alterações observada em cavalos de 3 anos de idade. Foi constatado que o gênero também influiu significativamente em algumas alterações, sendo os machos mais acometidos. Por sua vez, as estações do ano também apresentaram diferenças significativas, sendo no inverno a maior ocorrência de “forfait” veterinário por alterações musculoesqueléticas. / Musculoskeletal injuries are the major cause of economic loss in the horse racing industry. Epidemiological surveys on injuries and accidents during the race and training within the Jockey Club and training centers have been conducted worldwide. In general, are regional differences in the patterns of these lesions. There are some peculiarities in the training of race horses as the work on the lane, early in the life of animals and intensity of athletic training. The Veterinary Service Commission Racing of the Jockey Club of Rio Grande do Sul is responsible for performing the clinical evaluation and release of animals prior to each event. Animals not able to participate in the race are subject to "forfait" veterinarian. In order to identify the main changes that affected horses during training race was made the evaluation of veterinary records of "forfait" the Jockey Club of Rio Grande do Sul also aimed to also check the influence of factors such as age, gender of the horse and the season on the frequency and distribution of musculoskeletal abnormalities. We analyzed 1940 records of veterinary “forfait” between the years 1999 and 2009. There was a descriptive analysis by analytical epidemiological a non-parametric statistics and a statistical analysis of multiple correspondence to verify the association of the variables involved in the frequency of lesions. The total changes recorded, 69% (1338) were related to musculoskeletal disorders and more incidents were found in the forelimbs, which corresponded for more than 79% of the total while the localized changes in the hindlimbs accounted for 14% of total musculoskeletal abnormalities. Muscle disorders and column contributed 6% of the total. The most frequent diseases (p <0.05) were the metacarpophalangeal joint, followed by disorders of the carpus and hull. There was a significant influence (p <0.05) of age most of the changes evaluated, with the largest number of changes observed in horses 3 years old. It was found that gender also significantly influenced in some changes, with males being more affected. In turn, the seasons also showed significant differences, and in winter the greater occurrence of "winter holidays" vet for musculoskeletal abnormalities.

Strategy is generally considered as one of the most important factors of organizations´ success. However, it can be supposed that this theory is applicable for all sectors. The diploma thesis focused on the perception of strategy, strategic planning cycle and its impact on the particular sports industry. This industry is Thoroughbred horse racing. The field of research was application of management theory in the particular horse racing club, its use and the impact on the clubs´ performance, which could lead to potential implementation of necessary changes. The research was conducted using qualitative approaches. Research was based on two pillar, in-depth interviews and participant observation. This approach increased the validity of the statements thanks the triangulation of sources. The findings discuss that the strategy seems to be unimportant for clubs´ managers, although they significantly work on some parts of the strategic planning cycle. However, this fact do not negatively affect the clubs´ performance. It is therefore desirable but not necessary, to make changes and create the strategy.