This study reviews the literature and updates qualitative and quantitative impacts based on new research and applies a partial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cost benefit analysis to the Three Gorges Dam Project (TGDP) in China. The results of CBA suggested a 22.305 billion dollars net present value (using Nordhaus’s 2007 optimal carbon price trajectory with assumed average social discount rate (SDR) of 4% assumptions) and a 440.324 billion dollars net present value (based on Nordhaus’s Model using Stern’s assumption with 1% SDR). This sensitivity analysis indicates that social discount rates highly affect the final results. This study extends the GHG emissions impact component by updating carbon prices and calculation methods, thereby updating the GHG component of Morimoto and Hope’s 2004 study. Although the CBA is limited to the GHG component, a review of recent literature and preliminary impact analysis provides the groundwork for a more comprehensive analysis for future study.

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Yes / The Three Gorges Dam (TGD) constructed at the Yangtze River, China represents a revolutionary project to battle against the mage-scale flooding problems while improving the local economy at the same time. However, the large-scale fine-size sediment and pollutant material transport caused by the TGD operation are found to be inevitable and long-lasting. In this paper, a multi-fluid Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) model is used to simulate the multi-fluid flows similar to the fine sediment materials transport (in muddy flows) and water flow mixing process. The SPH method is a mesh-free particle modeling approach that can treat the free surfaces and multi-interfaces in a straightforward manner. The proposed model is based on the universal multi-fluid flow equations and a unified pressure equation is used to account for the interaction arising from the different fluid components. A Sub-Particle-Scale (SPS) turbulence model is included to address the turbulence effect generated during the flow process. The proposed model is used to investigate two cases of multi-fluid flows generated from the polluted flow intrusions into another fluid. The computations are found in good agreement with the practical situations. Sensitivity studies have also been carried out to evaluate the particle spatial resolution and turbulence modeling on the flow simulations. The proposed ISPH model could provide a promising tool to study the practical multi-fluid flows in the TGD operation environment. / The Major State Basic Research Development Program (973 program) of China (No. 2013CB036402) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51479087).

Since the establishment of People's Republic of China in 1949, Chinese think tanks have experienced significant development during the transformative process of China's political reform and modernization, and their influence has become more notable than before. However, think tanks historically have been given little attention by the public as well as social scientists in China, so scholarly study on Chinese think tanks is limited. This thesis explores the political roles and characteristics of Chinese think tanks by investigating the transformation and classification of Chinese think tanks from 1949 to the present. Furthermore, through a case study of one of the significant projects in contemporary China—the Three Gorges Project—this thesis examines the performance and influence of three Chinese nonpolitical think tanks—the Chinese Academy of Social Science (CASS), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) on the process of government policy-making in China. Based on this analysis of Chinese think tanks, I draw the conclusion that professionalism and institutionalization are very urgent requirements for contemporary China's think tanks. / Master of Arts

This paper examined the complex factors involved in China's Three Gorges Dam (TGD) project from a political ecological perspective, focusing on the social and environmental impacts of the project, as well as national ambitions and local realities, within 20 years after its completion.  This study fills in the gap in understanding socio-political implications of large water conservancy facilities in the context of non-Western capitalism in China, especially under its centralized system. It offers TGD as an important case for the study of political ecology in Asia. The paper mainly analyzes the impact of TGD project ecologically and socially over the 20 years following the construction, from both the perspectives of the state and the migrants. Furthermore, in the context of the larger historical evolution, the dynamic relationship between the role and power of the government in China as a hydraulic society in the 21st century is examined.   To achieve this goal, the study employed qualitative research methods, including semi-structured interviews, context analysis, and social impact assessments. The main findings are reflected in a twofold narrative: the state highlighted the environmental and economic benefits of the TGD project, which has boosted the country's development. However, the displaced migrants have faced material and spiritual challenges for 20 years. The whole process has also revealed the imbalance between central decision-making and local implementation, resulting in corruption and credibility problems for governments, as well as economic losses for migrants.  In general, this paper offers a detail understanding of the government role and resource management strategies in China, by applying political ecology and hydraulic society theory in TGD project. At the same time, it contributes to the global discussion on the development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR). It also provides a new discussion on the complex relationship between the social background and the natural environment of large-scale water conservancy facilities. Ultimately, the article enriches the field of political ecology with an in-depth case study of TGD, highlighting the unique aspects of dam construction within China’s political framework. / Detta examensarbete analyserar Kinas största vattendamsprojekt Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Genom att kombinera ett politiskt-ekologiskt perspektiv med kvalitativa forskningsmetoder så bidrar examensarbetet till forskning för att förstå sociopolitiska implikationer av storskaliga vattenkraftsprojekt och bidrar mer specifikt med en fallstudie från Kina som ett icke-västligt land med centraliserat beslutssystem. Fokus var på TGDs sociala och miljömässiga effekter 20 år efter det att det slutförts och inkluderade analyser av statliga ambitioner, lokala realiteter, samt erfarenheter från de miljontals migranter som projektet gav upphov till. Regeringens roll och makt i Kina tolkas dessutom baserat på teorin kring ”hydrauliska samhällen” för att fånga in statens roll i att kontrollera vatten och studien bidrar därmed till att placera TGD som central inom Kinas bredare historiska och moderna utveckling. Studien använde kvalitativa forskningsmetoder, inklusive (i) kontextanalys av dokument från staten, kommunistpartiet, nyhetsmedia och organisationer; (ii) metoder från social konsekvensbedömning av stora projekt; samt (iii) semistrukturerade intervjuer av migranter. De viktigaste resultaten återspeglas i en dubbel berättelse: staten lyfte fram de miljömässiga och ekonomiska fördelarna med TGD-projektet som den menar har stärkt landets utveckling. De fördrivna migranterna har dock stått in förmateriella och personliga utmaningar under de 20 år som gått vilket inte uppmärksammats inom staten eller knappt i media. Hela processen, från planering till idag, avslöjar obalansen mellan centralt beslutsfattande och lokalt genomförande, vilket resulterat i korruption och trovärdighetsproblem för staten, såväl som ekonomiska förluster för migranter. Baserat på politisk ekologi och teorier kring hydrauliska samhällen, så ger examensarbetet således en detaljerad förståelse av regeringens roll och resursförvaltningsstrategier i Kina. Samtidigt bidrar det till internationella diskussioner kring hur storskaliga projekt bidrar till vad vissa kallar ”utvecklingsinducerad migration” (Eng. development-induced displacement and resettlement, DIDR). Arbetet bidrar också till diskussioner kring hur samhälle och miljö sammanflätas på komplexa sätt genom storskaliga dammar och vattenkraftsanläggningar. Examensarbetet berikar fältet politisk ekologi med en djupgående fallstudie av TGD och lyfter fram Kinas unika aspekter som land och politisk ekonomi.

Cette thèse examine la relation entre paysage et imaginaire national dans le contexte du paysage transformé des Trois Gorges du fleuve Yangzi en République Populaire de Chine à travers l’exploration de trois types de dimensions du paysage : politique, poétique et économique. Tout d’abord, l’étude des dimensions politiques met en évidence la marchandisation du paysage des Trois Gorges réalisée par l’Etat à travers l’invisibilisation de la disparition du paysage, ainsi que l’absence massive d’agentivité du peuple dans sa relation au paysage national, concluant ainsi à l’épuisement de l’appréciation paysagère. Ensuite, l’étude des dimensions poétiques analyse le livre Three Gorges Diary de Yan Changjiang 颜长江, journal intime littéraire et photographique décrivant les dernières années du paysage fluvial avant sa submersion et exprimant une intense émotion de regret menant à un sursaut de résistance. Puis, l’étude des dimensions économiques considère l’intérieur du paysage fluvial avec une étude ethnographique menée dans un village situé à l’entrée de la Gorge Qutang et s’interroge sur la question de l’absence du paysage due à un manque d’extériorité et donc de distanciation, et la question de l’apparition économique du paysage liée à la relation entre paysage et droits fonciers ruraux et à l’événement national de la traversée de la Gorge Qutang par un funambule canadien en 1995. Enfin, prenant pour bornes temporelles l’année 1994 avec le début de la construction du Barrage des Trois Gorges et l’année 2014 avec la gratuité de l’entrée au site touristique du barrage accordée à tous les visiteurs « chinois » (distingués en terme de définition raciale étendue au-delà de la Chine continentale), cette thèse se termine sur une longue conclusion en forme d’essai sur la question de la kitschification de la réalité dans le contexte de la postmodernité dans les années 2010 et sur le potentiel subversif de l’imagination d’une nouvelle appréciation paysagère dans l’opposition à la marchandisation de la réalité. / This thesis examines the relation between landscape and the national imaginary in the context of the Yangzi’s Three Gorges transformed riverscape in the People’s Republic of China through the exploration of three kinds of landscape dimensions: political, poetic and economic. First, the study of the political dimensions highlights the commodification of the Three Gorges landscape performed by the State through the invisibilisation of the landscape’s disappearance, as well as the massive absence of agency from the people in its relating to the national landscape, thus concluding in the exhaustion of landscape appreciation. Second, the study of the poetic dimensions analyses Yan Changjiang 颜长江’s book Three Gorges Diary, a literary and photographical diary recounting the last years of the riverscape before its submersion and expressing an intense emotion of regret leading to a burst of resistance. Third, the study of the economic dimensions considers the inside of the riverscape with an ethnographic study carried out in a village located at the entrance of the Qutang Gorge and reflects upon the issue of the absence of landscape due to the lack of distancing exteriority, and the issue of the economic appearance of landscape related to the question of the relation between landscape and rural land rights and to the context of the national event of the tightrope walk over the Qutang Gorge that took place in 1995. Finally, starting in 1994 with the beginning of the construction of the Three Gorges Dam and ending in 2014 with the free entrance to the Three Gorges Dam touristic spot granted to all the “Chinese” visitors (with a racial definition extended to non-mainlanders), this thesis ends on a long conclusion in the form of an essay on the question of the kitschification of reality in the context of postmodernity in the 2010’s and on the subversive potential of the imagining of a new landscape appreciation in opposing the commodification of reality.

In recent times, increasing instances of population displacement from many large dam construction projects have led to increase in anti-dam protest movements. But some of these protest movements are more successfully mobilized than others. The differences in success are largely due to the kind of political system they are based in. Studies show that formation and mobilization patterns of the protest movements are largely determined by the nature of state and its political system. However, there is lack of comparative study in this regard especially in the field of anti-dam protest movement. This thesis aims to fill that knowledge gap by comparing the anti-dam protest mobilization in Sardar Sarovar Dam, India and Three Gorges Dam, China. The Study finds that political structures have significant impact on anti-dam protest mobilization and citizens of democracy enjoy more freedom in anti-dam protest mobilization than those in authoritarian polity.