在三維模型的建構上，對應點的選取和改善佔有相當重要的地位。對應點的準確性影響整個建模的成效。本論文中我們提出了新的方法，透過極線轉換法(epipolar transfer)在多視角影像中做可見影像過濾和對應點改善。首先，我們以Furukawa所提出的方法，建構三維補綴面並加以做旋轉和位移，或是單純在二維影像移動對應點兩種方式選取初始對應點。然後再以本研究所提出的極線轉換法找到適當位置的對應點。接下來我們將每個三維點的可見影像(visible image)再次透過極線轉換法去檢查可見影像上的對應點位置是否適當，利用門檻值將不合適的對應點過濾掉。進一步針對對應點位置的改善和篩選，期望透過極線幾何法來找到位置最準確的對應點位置。最後比較實驗成果，觀察到以本研究所提出的方法做改善後，對應點準確度提高近百分之十五。 / In the construction of three-dimensional models, the selection and refinement of the correspondences plays a very important rule. The accuracy of the correspondences affects modeling results. In this paper, we proposed a new approach, that is filtering the visible images and improving the corresponding points in multi-view images by epipolar transfer method. First of all, we use Furukawa proposed method to construct three-dimensional patches and making rotation and displacement, or simply move the corresponding points in two-dimensional images are two ways to select the initial corresponding points. And then to use epipolar transfer method in this study to find the appropriate location of the corresponding points. Next we will check the corresponding points on the each 3D point’s visible image again through the polar transformation method , and we use the threshold value to filter out the corresponding points. Further the location of the corresponding points for the improvement and screening, hoped that through the epipolar geometry method to find the most accurate corresponding points’ location. Experimental results are compared to observe the improvements that the method proposed in this study, the corresponding point accuracy by nearly 15 percent.

To analyse the influence of fractures on hydraulic andmechanical behaviour of fractured rock masses, it is essentialto characterise fracture geometry at exposed rock faces. Thisthesis describes three semi-automatic methods for measuring andquantifying geometrical parameters of fractures, and aims tooffer a novel approach to the traditional mapping methods. Three techniques, i.e. geodetic total station, close-rangephotogrammetry and 3-D laser scanner, are used in this studyfor measurement of fracture geometry. The advantages of thesetechniques compared with the traditional method are: i)fracture geometry is quantified semi-automatically in threedimensions; ii) fracture measurements are obtained withoutphysically touching the rock face; iii) the accuracy offracture measurements is improved comparing with thetraditional method; iv) both quantitative and spatial analysisof fracture geometry is possible; v) it offers a way todigitally record the rock surface in three dimensions and invisual format as a database for other applications. The common approach for fracture mapping by using the noveltechniques comprises three main steps: i) capturing 3-Dco-ordinates of target points; ii) quantifying geometricalparameters of fractures from the recorded co-ordinates; iii)documenting the results of fracture mapping. The details ofcapturing 3-D co-ordinates of target points are introduced. Anew algorithm is developed for computing orientation offracture planes. A multiple approach for documenting thefracture mapping results is presented. Application of thesetechniques for measuring and quantifying the geometricalparameters of fractures, such as orientation, trace length andsurface roughness, are demonstrated. The presented methods can greatly improve the quality offracture measurements and avoid the drawbacks inherent intraditional methods. However, it can not replace the humancapacity to filter out and interpret the large amount ofgeometrical information displayed on the rock faces. Themethods may offer an assistance to engineers or geologists inobtaining as much information as possible about the geometryand orientation of rock fractures for rock engineeringapplications. <b>Keywords:</b>3-D laser scanner, close-range photogrammetry,engineering geology, fracture geometry, fracture mapping, rockengineering, rock faces, rock mechanics, three-dimension, totalstation.

<p>To analyse the influence of fractures on hydraulic andmechanical behaviour of fractured rock masses, it is essentialto characterise fracture geometry at exposed rock faces. Thisthesis describes three semi-automatic methods for measuring andquantifying geometrical parameters of fractures, and aims tooffer a novel approach to the traditional mapping methods.</p><p>Three techniques, i.e. geodetic total station, close-rangephotogrammetry and 3-D laser scanner, are used in this studyfor measurement of fracture geometry. The advantages of thesetechniques compared with the traditional method are: i)fracture geometry is quantified semi-automatically in threedimensions; ii) fracture measurements are obtained withoutphysically touching the rock face; iii) the accuracy offracture measurements is improved comparing with thetraditional method; iv) both quantitative and spatial analysisof fracture geometry is possible; v) it offers a way todigitally record the rock surface in three dimensions and invisual format as a database for other applications.</p><p>The common approach for fracture mapping by using the noveltechniques comprises three main steps: i) capturing 3-Dco-ordinates of target points; ii) quantifying geometricalparameters of fractures from the recorded co-ordinates; iii)documenting the results of fracture mapping. The details ofcapturing 3-D co-ordinates of target points are introduced. Anew algorithm is developed for computing orientation offracture planes. A multiple approach for documenting thefracture mapping results is presented. Application of thesetechniques for measuring and quantifying the geometricalparameters of fractures, such as orientation, trace length andsurface roughness, are demonstrated.</p><p>The presented methods can greatly improve the quality offracture measurements and avoid the drawbacks inherent intraditional methods. However, it can not replace the humancapacity to filter out and interpret the large amount ofgeometrical information displayed on the rock faces. Themethods may offer an assistance to engineers or geologists inobtaining as much information as possible about the geometryand orientation of rock fractures for rock engineeringapplications.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>3-D laser scanner, close-range photogrammetry,engineering geology, fracture geometry, fracture mapping, rockengineering, rock faces, rock mechanics, three-dimension, totalstation.</p>

Les méthodes osseuses de diagnose sexuelle donnent d’excellents résultats, avec des taux de bonnes prédictions du sexe supérieurs à 90%. Néanmoins, les éléments osseux ne sont pas toujours disponibles et, lorsqu’ils le sont, selon les causes de la mort et/ou les conditions de conservation du corps, ils peuvent avoir été lourdement dégradés. Pour parvenir à déterminer le sexe d’un individu dans ces situations là, des techniques dentaires de diagnose sexuelle sont nécessaires.Contrairement à la détermination du sexe, la problématique de la détermination de l’âge a fait l’objet de nombreuses études et d’autant de propositions de techniques différentes, signe d’une insuffisance de l’ensemble de ces méthodes, que la littérature n’a pas manqué de mettre en exergue.Le premier objectif de ce travail est de proposer une technique dentaire de détermination du sexe simple et précise, de façon à pouvoir répondre à cette problématique anthropologique de façon fiable en l’absence d’autres éléments du squelette.Le second est de développer une méthode d’estimation de l’âge de mise en œuvre facile, rapide et ne nécessitant ni un plateau technique lourd, ni la détérioration du matériel, pour une application aussi bien anthropologique que médico-légale. L’échantillon d’apprentissage était composé de 210 scanners d’individus présentant chacun 4 canines saines. L’échantillon d’application était composé de 55 scanners d’individus, présentant chacun au moins 1 canine saine. Les volumes pulpaire et total de chaque dent ont été modélisés et calculés à l’aide du logiciel Mimics&#63720;. Une régression logistique binaire a été utilisée pour déterminer sept modèles de prédiction du sexe, en fonction du nombre et du type de canines exploitables. La comparaison des aires sous la courbe ROC a mis en évidence une plus grande performance du modèle utilisant les volumes des 4 canines. La méthode des moindres carrés pondérés a été utilisée pour déterminer les équations d’estimation de l’âge pour les sept mêmes modèles. Une plus grande performance du modèle utilisant les volumes des 2 canines maxillaires a été mise en évidence. Toutes ces régressions ont été testées sur l’échantillon d’application pour procéder à leur validation externe.Il s’avère que dans un contexte scientifique historique où les canines mandibulaires constituaient l’outil dentaire de référence dans la diagnose sexuelle, la modélisation tridimensionnelle souligne l’intérêt potentiel de leurs homologues maxillaires. Par ailleurs, il semblerait que l’évaluation de la réduction pulpaire physiologique, imputable à l’apposition naturelle de dentine secondaire sur les canines uniquement, soit un critère performant dans la détermination de l’âge.A défaut d’être parfaits, les modèles proposés à l’issue cette étude permettent donc toutefois de disposer d’éléments fiables, qui ont toute leur place dans l’indispensable faisceau de preuves, nécessaire à la détermination de l’âge et du sexe dans le cadre d’une identification estimative. / The bone methods of sexual diagnosis give excellent results, with rates of good predictions over 90%. Nonetheless, bones are not always available and, when they are, according to the causes of death and/or storage conditions of the body, they may have been severely degraded. To be able to determine the sex of an individual in these situations, dental techniques of sexual diagnosis are needed.In contrast to sex determination, the problem of age estimation has been the topic of many studies and so many different techniques, evidence of failure of all these methods, which the literature did not fail to highlight.The first aim of this work was to propose a simple and accurate dental technique for determining sex, in order to resolve this anthropological issue, reliably in the absence of other elements of the skeleton.The second was to develop a method for estimating the age of easy and fast implémentation, neither requiring a heavy technical support nor damage to material, for an application as well in forensics as in anthropology.The training sample consisted of 210 subjects’ CT-scans, each with four canines healthy. The validation sample was composed of 55 CT-scans, each with at least one healthy canine. Pulp and total volumes of each tooth were modeled and calculated using the software Mimics &#63720;. A binary logistic regression was used to determine seven prediction models of sex, according to the number and type of canine available in practice. The comparison of the areas under the ROC curve showed a greater performance of the model using the volumes of the four canines. The weighted least squares method was used to determine the equations for estimating the age for the same seven models. Greater performance of the model using the volumes of maxillary canines has been demonstrated. All these regressions were tested on the validation sample to perform their external validation.It turns out that in a scientific context where historical mandibular canines were the reference tool in the sex diagnosis, three-dimensional modeling emphasizes the potential value of maxillary counterparts. Moreover, it appears that the evaluation of the physiological pulp reduction, due to the natural apposition of secondary dentine on canines only, is a performance criterion in determining age.The models proposed in this study can therefore have reliable evidence, which all have all their place in the necessary body of evidence for determining age and sex, in estimating identification.