The top of this thesis is design and implementation of software product for PDA's. It allows navigation with the support of internet maps, communication between participants and recording of expert information. The target platform is the Windows Mobile 6 with .NET Framework.

Konformen har tidigare under arkitekturhistorien ofta använts för att skapa rum enligt en cellulär logik. Projektet ämnar ompröva användandet av konformen för att organisera rum, i det här fallet applicerat på en konsthall i Solna, genom att gå utanför enbart ett repetitivt arrangemang av vertikala koniska moduler för att uppnå en variation av skalor och riktningar som spänner från stora horisontella koniska rum till mer intima småskaliga vertikala rumsbildningar. Rummen skapas genom en adderande process där koner genomskärs med varandra och med plana element som adderas i operationen. Detta tillåter på så sätt en samexistens av två olika rumsliga logiker vilket leder till en komplex och tillåtande arkitektur som kan svara mot behoven i programmet och som även lyfter fram och förstärker formen hos byggnaden. Projektet utforskar även möjligheterna med att använda konen i egenskap av att vara en enkelkrökt yta och dess betydelse för digital modellering, ritningar och konstruktion. / The cone in architecture has often been used to shape and generate space with a cellular structural logic. This project reconsiders the use of the cone for organizing space, in this case applied on an Art Centre in Solna, going beyond the mere repetitive logic of conic modules, to allow for a variety of scales and directions, ranging from large span horizontal conic spaces to more intimate smaller scaled vertical conic rooms. The spaces are created through an additive process of intersecting cones with planar elements added into the operation, thus allowing the coexistence of two spatial logics, leading towards a manifold and allowing architecture that can handle the requirements of the program and that reinforces the perception of the shape. The project also explores the possibilities of the cone as a single curved unfoldable surface and it’s implications on digital model making, drawing and physical construction.

The work consists of four chapters dedicated to selected aspects of research in architecture and interior fittings of houses of late medieval and early modern villages and small towns in the 2nd mid-15th in the 16th century. The first chapter deals with the occurrence of late Gothic and Renaissance architectural elements in the estates. It is conceived as a set of model clauses coherent analysis of material and written sources. In the end, there are social groups defined by the acquirers. The second chapter presents a balance of knowledge about the application of late Gothic and Renaissance tiles in the environment of farms and rural parishes. At the forefront are questions about the chronology of this phenomenon, the possibility of reconstruction of heating equipment, the confrontation with the results of research remaining buildings and comparison with a higher social milieu (manor houses). The third chapter presents the results of two-conceived interdisciplinary studies on collective findings of unusual types of tiles in a rural context. The aim of the analysis of written and material sources is an attempt to answer the question whether the tiled stove conveys the social status of the customer. The fourth chapter in the example of mass set of tiles from a small town (Sedlcany) shows the possibilities and...

The aim of the presented thesis is to cover the topic of one of the first archaeological research explorations of the originally middle-age fortified manor in Martinice u Votic, Czechoslovakia, done in years 1951 and 1954 and led by an archaeologist Květa Reichertová, an employee of the former State Institute of Archaeology in Prague. The knowledge obtained during this research became a regular part of our archaeological literature. The author of the thesis provides a detailed reconstruction of the research, essential for the interpretation of the findings and the construction development of the stronghold. She also tries to explain the strongholdin Martinice u Votic in the broader context of all the retrievable writtensources that mentionthe strongholdor its owner and presents a broad and by far not yet exhausted collection - mainly ceramic tableware, embossed tiles,and metallic objects - which are indicative of the state of the stronghold as well as of the lifestyle, social class and views of the owners. The author concentrates mainly on the iconographically rich set of embossed tiles from the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. The tiles are presented in a detailed catalogue accompanied by texts and pictures. Iconographic motives are compared mainly with the findings from neighbouring...

The technology of production of ceramic roof tiles on the basis of low-melting red-burning clay, namely on the basis of clay from the Sadovoye deposit of the Sverdlovsk region, is proposed. Samples of ceramic roof tiles, molded by plastic and semi-dry way, were obtained with properties that meet the requirements of Russian standards and correspond to the quality of Röben ceramic roof tiles. The production technology involves the use of high-speed burning way in the temperature range of 1150–1200 °С. / Предложена технология производства керамической черепицы на основе легкоплавких красножгущихся глин, а именно на основе глины Садового месторождения Свердловской области. Получены образцы керамической черепицы со свойствами удовлетворяющими требования российских стандартов и соответствующих по качеству керамической черепице производства Roben. Водопоглощение таких изделий составляет 6,2–6,9 %, кажущаяся плотность – 2,19–2,31 г/см3, изделия водонепроницаемы более 4 ч и выдерживают морозостойкость более 150 циклов.

Since the arrival of DNA nanotechnology nearly 40 years ago, the field has progressed from its beginnings of envisioning rather simple DNA structures having a branched, multi-strand architecture into creating beautifully complex structures comprising hundreds or even thousands of unique strands, with the possibility to exactly control the positions down to the molecular level. While the earliest construction methodologies, such as simple Holliday junctions or tiles, could reasonably be designed on pen and paper in a short amount of time, the advent of complex techniques, such as DNA origami or DNA bricks, require software to reduce the time required and propensity for human error within the design process. Where available, readily accessible design software catalyzes our ability to bring techniques to researchers in diverse fields and it has helped to speed the penetration of methods, such as DNA origami, into a wide range of applications from biomedicine to photonics. Here, we review the historical and current state of CAD software to enable a variety of methods that are fundamental to using structural DNA technology. Beginning with the first tools for predicting sequence-based secondary structure of nucleotides, we trace the development and significance of different software packages to the current state-of-the-art, with a particular focus on programs that are open source.

The subject of this thesis is the preparation and organization of construction of residential buildings in Štětí. In the technological regulations deal with all the layers of flooring from the ceiling construction in residential buildings. The objects are hard floors. For floor coverings will be used PVC roofing, ceramic tiles and concrete coating. It will be used for machining of concrete. Next, I will discuss technological instruction, timing, valuation of all technological stages, construction site equipment, health and safety at work. Also here describe the proper allocation of construction processes into sub-processes to technological stage of completion of work most effectively achieve the objective.

<p>Proces pečenja u proizvodnji keramičkog crepa u većini slučajeva se izvodi u<br />oksidavionoj atmosferi. Dobijena mikrostruktura koja obezbeđuje najvažnije osobine<br />primene zavisi od mineralo&scaron;kog sastava polaznog materijala i temperature termičkog<br />tretmana.<br />Sa stanovi&scaron;ta proizvodnje glinenog crepa, sirovina sa značajnim sadržajem karbonata kao &scaron;to je kop gline u Kanjiži, predstavlja problem te se ne može koristiti u njenom prirodnom sastavu. U oksidacionom termičkom tretmanu, staklasta faza koja se formira razgradnjom lakotopivih glinenih minerala ne kvasi u dovoljnoj meri zemnoalkalne okside nastale razgradnjom karbonata. Očekivane nove kristalne faze, kao &scaron;to su gelenit i anortit, koje predstavljaju osnovu dobrih tehničkih osobina crepa, ne mogu nastati u potrebnoj količini. Jedno od re&scaron;enja ovog problema je pobolj&scaron;anje interakcije između silikata i CaO/MgO promenom kvaliteta atmosfere pečenja.<br />Cilj je bio da se dobije odgovor na pitanje, da li se mogu promenom tehnolo&scaron;kih<br />parametara pečenja pobolj&scaron;ati karakteristike finalnog proizvoda dobijenog od sirovinske sme&scaron;e sa visokim masenim udelom karbonata.<br />Dati su rezultati pečenja u oksidacionoj i redukcionoj atmosferi u pogledu fizičkomehaničkih karakteristika i nastanka novih kristalnih faza. U radu su primenjene metode 57Fe M&ouml;ssbauer spektroskopije, difrakcija X zraka i dilatometrijska analiza za<br />identifikaciju promena faza tokom pečenja u oksidacionoj i redukcionoj atmosferi<br />(CO/N2 atmosfera) na temperaturama od 700-1060&deg;C. Ove promene reflektuju<br />dehidroksilaciju glinenih minerala, dekompoziciju karbonata, denzifikaciju i formiranje<br />novih kristalnih faza (plagioklasi). U cilju analize industrijskih uzoraka, pored 57Fe<br />M&ouml;ssbauer spektroskopije, primenjene su i sledeće metode: skenirajuća elektronska<br />mikroskopija (SEM) sa EDS analizom, živina porozimetrija, fotoelektronska spektroskopija (XPS) i karakterizacija apsorbcije vode, otpornosti na mraz i nosivosti.<br />Primena redukujuće atmosfere pokazala se kao opravdana, dobijen je glineni crep<br />pobolj&scaron;anih karakteristika u odnosu na standardni proizvod pečen u oksidacionoj<br />atmosferi.</p> / <p>The firing process in clay roofing tile production is normally carried out in oxidizing<br />firing atmosphere. The obtained microstructure which provides the most important<br />properties of the application depends on the mineralogical composition of the starting raw material and the firing temperature.<br />Concerning the production of roofing tiles, clay raw materials with a high content of<br />carbonates such as the Kanjiza clay material, possess an inappropriate composition. The melt phase is formed after the decomposition of clay minerals during the common firing process. This liquid phase, due to its extent wetting characteristics, is not able to wet properly the earth alkali oxides obtained after the decomposition of the carbonates. The expected new crystalline phases, like gehlenite and anorthite, which are needed for the favorable technical properties of the roofing tiles, can not be formed in the required quality and quantity. One solution to this problem is the limebonding improvement by changing the conditions of the firing atmosphere.<br />The main aim of this work is to examine the effects of firing conditions on the<br />properties of clay roofing tiles with high carbonate content. The obtained physical and<br />mechanical properties and the obtained new crystalline phases are described in detail.<br />The experiment used dilatometry, X-ray diffractometry, 57Fe M&ouml;ssbauer<br />spectroscopy to identify the changes during the firing process in oxidizing and<br />reducing atmosphere (CO/N2 atmosphere) at temperatures between 700 and 1060&deg;C.<br />Furthermore, for industrial sample analysis, scanning electronmicroscopy with EDS,<br />XPS, Hg porosimetry, water absorption procedure, frost resistance and bending<br />measurements were applied.<br />The application of reducing atmosphere was proved to be valid. The obtained<br />roofing tiles had improved properties compared to the standard production which uses<br />oxidizing firing atmosphere.</p>

Στην παρούσα διατριβή ερευνήθηκε η αξιοποίηση μεταλλευτικών, βιομηχανικών παραπροϊόντων, των στερεών Υπολειμμάτων Βορίου (ΥΒ), που δημιουργούνται σε διάφορα στάδια κατά την παραγωγική διαδικασία προϊόντων βορίου. Τα εν λόγω παραπροϊόντα, που κατηγοριοποιούνται σε πέντε ποιότητες, SBW, DBW, SSBW, TBW και MBW, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ως πρόσθετο Α’ υλών για την παραγωγή τούβλων και κεραμιδιών, και ως Α΄ ύλη για την παρασκευή τεχνητών ελαφροαδρανών. Πραγματοποιήθηκε φυσικοχημικός χαρακτηρισμός και θερμική ανάλυση όλων των ΥΒ. Στη συνέχεια μελετήθηκε η επίδραση προσθήκης διαφορετικών συγκεντρώσεων ΥΒ (SBW και SSBW) σε αργιλούχες Α΄ ύλες. Έγινε μια πρώτη προσέγγιση παρασκευής και ελέγχου κεραμικών δοκιμίων με τη μέθοδο της ξηρής ανάμιξης και αξονικής συμπίεσης, προκειμένου να περιοριστεί το φαινόμενο διάχυσης υδατοδιαλυτών ενώσεων βορίου που περιέχονται στα ΥΒ. Η προσθήκη 5%κβ SSBW και θερμοκρασία όπτησης 900-950°C οδήγησε σε κεραμικά με παραπλήσιες ή ακόμα και βελτιωμένες ιδιότητες (αυξημένες μηχανικές αντοχές) συγκριτικά με τα κεραμικά αναφοράς. Επιπλέον εξετάστηκε η παραγωγή δειγμάτων με ΥΒ (SBW) και διάλυμα εμπορίου με βορικό (Evansite®) ακολουθώντας διαδικασία παραπλήσια της βιομηχανικής πρακτικής. Στους 1000°C, παρατηρήθηκε μείωση της απορρόφησης νερού και αύξηση της αντοχής σε κάμψη για τα δείγματα με βορικά, σε σύγκριση με τα δείγματα αναφοράς. Η προσθήκη βορικών ευνόησε τη δημιουργία νέων κρυσταλλικών κατά την όπτηση. Δεδομένης της χημικής και ορυκτολογικής σύνθεσης των ΥΒ (πλούσια σε συλλιπάσματα και υψηλές απώλειες πύρωσης), πραγματοποιήθηκε επιπρόσθετα μελέτη των φυσικοχημικών μηχανισμών θερμικής διάσπασής τους. Σε θερμαινόμενη τράπεζα παρατηρήθηκε η ικανότητα διόγκωσης και ανάπτυξης ρευστής φάσης των ΥΒ, καθώς και μιγμάτων αυτών με άλλα υλικά, με σκοπό την εργαστηριακή παραγωγή ελαφροαδρανών. Βάσει των αποτελεσμάτων προτάθηκε ένα μίγμα αποτελούμενο από 70%κβ ΥΒ, 20%κβ αργιλούχο μίγμα και 10%κβ χαλαζιακή άμμο, για τη μορφοποίηση ξηρών σφαιριδίων. Απότομη θέρμανσή τους στους 760°C οδήγησε σε πορώδη υαλοποιημένα αδρανή με φαινόμενη πυκνότητα <1g/cm3. Το ενεργειακό κόστος παραγωγής των συγκεκριμένων αδρανών είναι χαμηλότερο, καθώς παρατηρήθηκε μείωση στη θερμοκρασία σε σχέση με άλλα τεχνητά ελαφροαδρανή, που παρασκευάζονται στους 1100°C. Για την αντιμετώπιση της διάχυσης ενώσεων βορίου προς την επιφάνεια των ξηρών σφαιριδίων, που οδήγησε σε προβλήματα κατά την πειραματική διαδικασία και σε υποβάθμιση της ποιότητας των τελικών προϊόντων, εξετάστηκε η προσθήκη φρουκτόζης ως παρεμποδιστή στο μίγμα Α’ υλών, με στόχο την βελτιστοποίηση της διαδικασίας παραγωγής ελαφροαδρανών από ΥΒ. Προσθήκη έστω και 0.5%κβ φρουκτόζης οδήγησε σε ικανοποιητικό έλεγχο, ενώ οι φυσικές ιδιότητες των παραχθέντων αδρανών τα κατατάσσουν στην κατηγορία των ελαφροαδρανών, σύμφωνα με το πρότυπο ASTM 330-97. Τα αποτελέσματα οδήγησαν στην κατανόηση βασικών φαινομένων θερμικής διάσπασης και στην ανάπτυξη μιας βέλτιστης διεργασίας παραγωγής τεχνητών ελαφροαδρανών χρησιμοποιώντας ΥΒ ως εναλλακτικές Α’ ύλες, με προφανές ενεργειακό και περιβαλλοντικό όφελος. / In the present thesis, the valorisation of mining and industrial by-products, the solid boron-containing Wastes (ΒW), which are created at various stages during the production process of concentrated and refined boron products, were investigated. The by-products under consideration, existing in five types SBW, DBW, SSBW, TBW and MBW, were used as additives and raw materials in clay mixes for the production of heavy clay ceramics (bricks, tiles and artificial lightweight aggregates). The BW were characterised in means of chemical and mineralogical composition and studied for their thermal behaviour. In addition, clay mixes with different amounts of BW (SBW and SSBW) were studied. A first approach was made on the formation of ceramic samples by dry pressing in order to minimize the borate migration towards the surface. The physical and mechanical properties, as well as the microstructure of the final products were studied. For 5 wt% SSBW addition and firing at 900-950°C, the sintered bodies presented comparable or improved physical and mechanical properties with respect to the reference formulation. Moreover, SBW or a commercial available borate solution (Evansite®) were introduced in a clay-based mix aiming to investigate their behaviour during a processing cycle comparable with that followed in the heavy clay industry. For firing at 1000°C, water absorption was reduced and bending strength increased for the samples with borates, compared to the reference samples. The addition of borates resulted in the formation of new crystalline phases during firing at high temperatures. BW consist of important fluxing oxides as well as of gas producing minerals during firing. Tests were performed on the bloating behavior of BW and mixes of them with other materials, by means of heating microscopy, aiming at the laboratorial production of lightweight aggregates (LWA). A new mix was proposed, according to the obtained results, consisting of 70wt% BW, 20wt% clay mixture and 10wt% quartz sand, for the formation of pellets. Abrupt heating of the dry pellets at 760°C, for 5min, resulted in porous LWA with bulk density <1g/cm3. The process was less energy demanding as the temperature was reduced compared to the one of the synthetic aggregates produced, where the firing temperature is 1100°C. During drying a white layer of boron salts was formed on the surface of the green pellets, which result on firing of a glassy layer causing alterations of their surface and experimental difficulties. In order to address this problem, fructose was added in the raw mix as a migration inhibitor. Addition of even 0.5wt% fructose inhibited the salt formation and a glassy impervious layer was formed after firing. The physical properties of the final samples meet the requirements of LWA according to the standard ASTM 330-97. The results of this thesis, led to the development of an optimised process for the production of artificial LWA with BW, as an alternative raw material.

Capes / Bem estabelecido e amplamente utilizado nas indústrias de polímeros e cerâmicas, o processo de extrusão vem sendo também explorado pela indústria de concreto. Embora a indústria de pré fabricados estruturais de concreto utilize superplastificantes, ainda não existem ensaios específicos para caracterizar o comportamento no estado fresco de concretos utilizados para extrusão. Foi observado que, mesmo em empresas de grande porte, a avaliação consiste no ensaio de abatimento em tronco de cone e na experiência intuitiva de um funcionário ao manipular o concreto com uma pá manual. No entanto o lançamento do concreto nos moldes é realizado por máquinas extrusoras que possuem maior força e constância na aplicação. Assim, a extrudabilidade do concreto é baseada no ensaio de “slump test” e na avaliação pessoal do operador, sendo confirmado num lote piloto no próprio processo industrial. Este trabalho teve como base o processo de fabricação de telhas extrudadas autoportantes. Visando simular algumas condições do processo de produção, foi realizada uma adaptação do ensaio da caixa-L, no qual foi inserido um vibrador de mangote no reservatório da caixa. O ensaio consistiu em avaliar o comportamento do concreto ao ser inserido no reservatório da caixa-L e logo após a abertura da comporta, com e sem vibração prévia do concreto no reservatório, para assim melhor definir um procedimento de ensaio. Para uma análise reológica foi proposta a realização de ensaio de squeeze-flow, realizado com argamassa e concreto da dosagem de concreto para extrusão. Foram utilizadas as mesmas configurações do ensaio utilizado para a argamassa: máquina de ensaio do tipo universal, célula de carga de 2000 N, prato superior e amostra, ambos com 10 cm de diâmetro, deformação livre, e com o diâmetro do punção igual ao diâmetro da amostra. Ensaios para adaptação da altura da amostra (5 cm) foram realizados de modo a evitar que ao invés de se deformar por cisalhamento ocorresse a compressão simples da brita. Foi realizada caracterização das matérias primas e testes de compactação, que determinaram a melhor proporção entre a areia fina natural, areia artificial e brita nas seguintes proporções: 25%: 25%: 50% e 0%: 50%: 50%, em massa. Para cada uma destas proporções, foram determinadas composições para o concreto com valores de “m” variando de 4,0, 4,5 e 5,0, que reduzem a quantidade de cimento em até 16%. Utilizou- se aditivo superplastificante de 3a geração à base de Policarboxilato. Para definir os teores de aditivo, foi realizado ensaio de slump test, referência na indústria para escolha de composição, definindo assim as 16 composições para estudo. A realização do ensaio possibilitou criar uma metodologia para verificar o comportamento do concreto sobre vibração, fornecendo informações tais como: aparência, coesão, tixotropia e o perfil do fluxo. Isso pode permitir realizar ajustes reais de trabalhabilidade do concreto com base nas características do processo de produção e perfil da peça extrudada. A análise reológica verificou que as condições de fluxo sofridas pela argamassa não são mantidas para o concreto, principalmente quanto à coesão e aderência. Outros fatores também foram observados, como a segregação, exsudação e comportamento ao longo do tempo. Os resultados mostram que ocorrem diferenças significativas, sendo que algumas características apresentadas na argamassa não se reproduzem no concreto. Ensaios de resistência mecânica à compressão mostraram que todas as composições atendem ao valor mínimo previsto em norma e quanto à trabalhabilidade observou-se que as composições somente com areia artificial apresentaram falta de coesão, perceptível no ensaio de slump test. Definiu-se o ensaio de caixa-L adaptado com vibração prévia como melhor procedimento de ensaio. Os resultados mostraram que mesmo composições com abatimento nulo, que seriam descartadas pela indústria, apresentaram trabalhabilidade e fluíram com vibração, sendo que os teores de aditivo influenciaram no perfil e no tempo do escoamento. / A well established and widely used in the industries of ceramics and polymers, the extrusion process has been also explored by the concrete industry. Although the industry of prefabricated structural concrete using superplasticizers, there are still no specific tests to characterize the behavior in the fresh concrete used for extrusion. Although the industry prefabricated concrete structural use superplasticizers, there're not no specific tests to characterize the behavior of the fresh concrete used for extrusion. It was observed that, even in large companies, the evaluation consists of the slump test in truncated cone and the intuitive experience of an employee to handle the concrete with a shovel manual. However the concrete cast in molds is done by extruding machines that have greater strength and consistency in application. Thus extrudability of concrete is based on the testing of "slump test" and the personal evaluation of the operator, being confirmed in a pilot batch in industrial process itself. This work was based on the manufacturing process of extruded tiles freestanding. Aiming to simulate some of the conditions of the production process, there was an adaptation of the test box-L, which was inserted in the reservoir hose vibrator housing. The test consisted in assessing the behavior of the concrete to be inserted into the reservoir from the L-box and immediately after opening the gate, with and without prior vibration of concrete in the tank, so as to better define a test procedure. For a rheological analysis was proposed to carry out squeeze flow test conducted with concrete mortar and concrete strength for extrusion. We used the same settings as used for the test mortar testing machine universal type, load cell 2000 N, and sample top plate, both 10 cm in diameter, free deformation, and the punch diameter equal to the diameter sample. Assays for adjusting the height of the sample (5 cm) were made in order to avoid that instead of being deformed by the compressive shear occur in the gravel. Was performed characterization of raw materials and compression testing which determined the best ratio between the fine sand natural, artificial sand and gravel in the following proportions: 25%: 25%: 50% to 0%: 50%: 50% by mass. For each of these ratios were determined for concrete compositions with values of "m" ranging from 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0, which reduces the amount of cement up to 16%. We used superplasticizer 3rd generation based Polycarboxylate. To set the content of admixture slump test was performed test, the industry benchmark for the choice of composition, thereby setting the 16 estudo.Para compositions for each of these ratios were determined for concrete compositions with values of "m" varying from 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0, which reduces the amount of cement up to 16%. We used superplasticizer 3rd generation based Polycarboxylate. The main test possible to create a methodology to assess the behavior of concrete on vibration, providing information such as: appearance, cohesion, thixotropy and flow profile. This can make adjustments allow real concrete workability based on the characteristics of the production process and extruded profile part. The rheological analysis verified that the flow conditions experienced by the cement is not retained in the concrete, especially in regard to cohesion and adhesion. Other factors were also observed, such as segregation, exudation and behavior over time. The results show that significant differences occur, and some features disclosed in the mortar on the concrete not reproduced. Testing of mechanical strength showed that all compositions meet the minimum standards set out in and about the workability was observed that the compositions only with artificial sand showed a lack of cohesion noticeable slump test. Set up the test L-box pre adapted as best vibration test procedure. The results showed that even compositions with zero rebate which would be discarded by the industry had flowed workability and vibration, and the admixture levels and influence the time profile of the flow.