Architects use materials to express an idea, give form and create shelter for whatever the reason might be. The architect’s arsenal comprises five main materials: steel, concrete, masonry, glass and timber. When and how these materials are used is dictated by personal preference, public opinion, legislation, environmental aspects and availability. The use of timber in the South African built environment has not taken centre stage, yielding to superior materials such as concrete and steel. Nevertheless, a mass timber building not only offers ecological and environmental advantages, but also immense skill-based advantages mainly because timber allows for component manufacturing and assembly (Green, 2019). Recent approval by the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS, 2020) of engineered wood such as cross laminated timber (CLT) has sparked interest in developing a timber research facility completely built with wood in the Pretoria central business district (CBD). The high-tech construction of such a facility would utilise manufacturing methods like the integration of building information management (BIM) programs with computer numeral control (CNC) machines to enable unskilled workers to make a building instead of constructing the building. This dissertation aims to challenge local legislation around timber construction, empower unskilled workers to make complex/ large-scale buildings and change public opinion about timber construction, as well as to create a stronger timber culture in South Africa. / Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Architecture / MArch (Prof) / Unrestricted

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I Sverige fanns, mellan 1874 och 1994, ett förbud mot att bygga bostadshus med fler än två våningar i trästomme. Under denna tid försvann större delen av hantverks- och ingenjörskunnandet och man fick därför börja från början då förbudet hävdes. Byggandet gick till en början trögt, men tog fart i och med regeringens nationella träbyggnadsstrategi och utvecklandet av byggande med massivträ i början av 2000-talet. Limnologen i Växjö är ett bra exempel på hur långt fram Sverige ligger i utvecklingen, men det pekar också på områden inom tekniken som behöver förbättras. Den här uppsatsen behandlar översiktligt hur trähusbyggandet har sett ut i Sverige och beskriver sedan Limnologen med fokus på entreprenadform, stabilisering, brandskydd och akustik. Vidare beskrivs hur massivträtekniken har utvecklats och hur byggsystemet för massivträ har tagits fram. / Between 1874 and 1994, Swedish legislation limited the use of timber in load- bearing structures of residential buildings. The use of timber was prohibited in buildings of more than two storeys. During this period, much of the knowledge of the craftsmen and engineers was lost. Therefore, when legislation changed, there was a large need for regaining old and developing new knowledge in the field of timber construction and timber engineering. The number of multi- storey projects was not very large during the first years. Partly due to that the Swedish government developed a national strategy for the increased use of wood in construction in the beginning of the 21st century, progress was made in developing new techniques and the number of projects increased. The project Limnologen in Växjö is a good example of the current status of Swedish timber engineering, but also points to the fields where there is still some work to be done. This essay reports briefly on the building of wooden houses in Sweden in general, and describes the project Limnologen in particular. Issues like type of contract, stabilization, fire protection and solutions to prevent sound from transmitting are dealt with. Also a description of the development of cross- laminated timber (CLT) and how concepts based on CLT have been developed is given.

<p>I Sverige fanns, mellan 1874 och 1994, ett förbud mot att bygga bostadshus med fler än två våningar i trästomme. Under denna tid försvann större delen av hantverks- och ingenjörskunnandet och man fick därför börja från början då förbudet hävdes. Byggandet gick till en början trögt, men tog fart i och med regeringens nationella träbyggnadsstrategi och utvecklandet av byggande med massivträ i början av 2000-talet. Limnologen i Växjö är ett bra exempel på hur långt fram Sverige ligger i utvecklingen, men det pekar också på områden inom tekniken som behöver förbättras.</p><p>Den här uppsatsen behandlar översiktligt hur trähusbyggandet har sett ut i Sverige och beskriver sedan Limnologen med fokus på entreprenadform, stabilisering, brandskydd och akustik. Vidare beskrivs hur massivträtekniken har utvecklats och hur byggsystemet för massivträ har tagits fram.</p> / <p>Between 1874 and 1994, Swedish legislation limited the use of timber in load- bearing structures of residential buildings. The use of timber was prohibited in buildings of more than two storeys. During this period, much of the knowledge of the craftsmen and engineers was lost. Therefore, when legislation changed, there was a large need for regaining old and developing new knowledge in the field of timber construction and timber engineering. The number of multi- storey projects was not very large during the first years. Partly due to that the Swedish government developed a national strategy for the increased use of wood in construction in the beginning of the</p><p>21st century, progress was made in developing new techniques and the number of projects increased. The project Limnologen in Växjö is a good example of the current status of Swedish timber engineering, but also points to the fields where there is still some work to be done.</p><p>This essay reports briefly on the building of wooden houses in Sweden in general, and describes the project Limnologen in particular. Issues like type of contract, stabilization, fire protection and solutions to prevent sound from transmitting are dealt with. Also a description of the development of cross- laminated timber (CLT) and how concepts based on CLT have been developed is given.</p>

Ett sekellångt förbud mot att bygga hus med trästomme högre än två våningar har gjort att värdefulla kunskaper om träbyggandet gått förlorat samtidigt som andra material istället etablerat sig på marknaden.För utvecklingen av flervåningshus i trä har Växjö blivit en förebild för andra städer i Sverige och resten av världen. Med denna studie vill författarna skapa en uppfattning om var i utvecklingen vi står idag samt tillvarata erfarenheter från fyra representativa projekt.Målet har varit att ta fram faktorer i produktionsprocessen som påverkar tid, kvalitet och ekonomi för flervåningshus i trä. Dessutom har det undersökts i vilken grad och på vilket sätt erfarenheter från tidigare projekt omsatts i senare projekt.Arbetet resulterar i ett antal punkter som är viktiga att ta ställning till vid en byggnation av flervåningshus med en träbaserad stomme. Dessa punkter berör bl a vad som behöver beaktas vid hög prefabriceringsgrad, varför och hur väderskydd bör användas samt hur sättningar påverkar en träbyggnad. Utvecklingen är starkt beroende av kontinuitet och av att fler hus av denna sort byggs. Detta skapar förutsättningar för att det skall gå snabbare och bli mindre kostsamt att bygga med trä.

The project describes the design of a new town hall in the new proposed urban structure on the site of a dilapidated complex of military barracks in Brno in Cerna Pole. It derives the mass of the town hall from the proposed urban structure in an exposed corner of the area. Its volume solution reflects the openness and transparency of the town hall building, its structural and material solution speaks about social responsibility and the intention to "lead by example".

Im Rahmen dieser Bachelorarbeit wurden die Organisations- und Prozessstrukturen von klein- und mittelständischen Unternehmen sowie die Einflüsse der Digitalisierung auf interne Strukturen im Holzbau analysiert. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist die Identifikation der bestimmenden Prozesse und der Einfluss der Organisationsform auf die Kostenentstehung in kleinen Unternehmen sowie eine Gegenüberstellung dieser zu Großunternehmen. Dazu wurden zunächst die verschiedenen Prozesse und Wertschöpfungsschritte eines Holzbauunternehmens systematisch und strukturiert beschrieben, um diese im Anschluss in ein Verhältnis zum Zeitaufwand und den damit verbundenen Kosten zu setzen. Danach wurden in einer ähnlichen Vorgehensweise verschiedene Organisationsformen dargestellt, um deren Einfluss auf die Kostenentstehung im Vergleich zu Großunternehmen zu analysieren. Auch in Hinblick auf die Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung für klein- und mittelständische Unternehmen wurden abschließend Optimierungsmöglichkeiten in diesem Kontext untersucht. Im Zuge der Gegenüberstellung dieser beiden Unternehmensformen konnten signifikante Unterschiede bezüglich der Kostenentstehungsprozesse festgestellt werden, auch die Organisationsstruktur in Großunternehmen beeinflusst diese Prozesse maßgeblich. Trotz der begrenzten Verfügbarkeit von personellen und finanziellen Ressourcen kleinerer Unternehmen und der dadurch erschwerten Implementierung digitaler Lösungen bietet die Digitalisierung völlig neue Potenziale zur Verbesserung von Strategien und Prozessen und sollte deshalb als Chance angesehen werden, um die eigene Wettbewerbsposition zu stärken.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung 1.2 Ziele und Struktur der Arbeit 2 Klein- und mittelständische Unternehmen 2.1 Begriff der KMU 2.2 Bedeutung und Besonderheiten von KMU im Holzbau 3 Prozessstrukturen 3.1 Bedeutung von Prozessen in KMU 3.2 Vorherrschende Prozesse in KMU 3.2.1 Managementprozesse 3.2.2 Leistungserstellungsprozess 3.2.3 Supportprozesse 3.3 Einfluss interner Prozesse auf die Kostenentstehung 4 Organisationsstrukturen 4.1 Grundlagen zur Organisationsstruktur 4.2 Vorherrschende Organisationsformen in KMU 4.2.1 Verbreitete Organisationsformen 4.2.2 Alternative Organisationsformen 4.3 Einfluss interner Organisationsstrukturen auf die Kostenentstehung 4.4 Vergleich zu Großunternehmen 5 Digitalisierung in der Holzbaubranche 5.1 Bedeutung der digitalen Transformation für KMU 5.2 Einflüsse der Digitalisierung 5.2.1 Geschäfts- und Leistungserstellungsprozesse 5.2.2 Organisations- und Personalstrukturen 5.3 Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung für KMU 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Eidesstaatliche Erklärung / This bachelor’s thesis analyzed the organizational and process structures of small and mediumsized companies as well as the influence of digitization on internal structures in timber construction. The aim of the work is to identify the determining processes and the influence of the organizational form on the formation of costs in small companies and to compare them with large companies. To this end, the various processes and value creation steps of a timber construction company were described in a systematic and structured manner, in order to compare them to the time required and the associated costs. In a similar way, different organizational forms were then presented in order to analyze their impact on cost formation in comparison with large companies. Finally, with a view to the challenges of digitization for small and medium-sized enterprises, optimization possibilities in this context were investigated. In the course of the comparison of these two forms of enterprise, significant differences in the costcreation processes were found, and the organizational structure in large companies also significantly influences these processes. Despite the limited availability of human and financial resources of smaller companies, which makes it difficult to implement digital solutions, digitization offers completely new potential for improving strategies and processes and should therefore be seen as an opportunity to strengthen one’s competitive position.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung 1.2 Ziele und Struktur der Arbeit 2 Klein- und mittelständische Unternehmen 2.1 Begriff der KMU 2.2 Bedeutung und Besonderheiten von KMU im Holzbau 3 Prozessstrukturen 3.1 Bedeutung von Prozessen in KMU 3.2 Vorherrschende Prozesse in KMU 3.2.1 Managementprozesse 3.2.2 Leistungserstellungsprozess 3.2.3 Supportprozesse 3.3 Einfluss interner Prozesse auf die Kostenentstehung 4 Organisationsstrukturen 4.1 Grundlagen zur Organisationsstruktur 4.2 Vorherrschende Organisationsformen in KMU 4.2.1 Verbreitete Organisationsformen 4.2.2 Alternative Organisationsformen 4.3 Einfluss interner Organisationsstrukturen auf die Kostenentstehung 4.4 Vergleich zu Großunternehmen 5 Digitalisierung in der Holzbaubranche 5.1 Bedeutung der digitalen Transformation für KMU 5.2 Einflüsse der Digitalisierung 5.2.1 Geschäfts- und Leistungserstellungsprozesse 5.2.2 Organisations- und Personalstrukturen 5.3 Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung für KMU 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Eidesstaatliche Erklärung

Wood construction platforms are a common method for inexpensive, temporary soil stabilization under heavy machinery; however, platforms are not typically thought of as an engineered product. Review of literature has shown that only one design method is currently available and is specific to one type of platform configuration. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a design method that is simple, versatile and accurate. The proposed design method was intentionally developed so that the designer would have input in multiple areas of the design. Instrumentation allowed for increased insight into the mechanical behavior of the platforms. The objective of this research is to use measured strain, load, and deflection in conjunction with fundamental engineering mechanics principles to predict a single platform’s mechanical behavior on the ground. Results from this method compare favorably with the only other design guide available and improves the knowledge base by developing design guidance for any type of wood construction platform.

Background:      Previous experience with the construction industry tells us that it’s often conservative and slow to adopt changes or use radical new ideas. This is a problem faced by Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT), as it’s provides a new way of working with wooden construction, that is still unfamiliar to most companies. Marketing this new solution is therefore hard, especially since a lot of the public is still unsure about the qualities and properties of the product. Purpose:               The purpose of this thesis is to identify the different selling points of CLT to see how this product can be marketed towards an audience that is still sceptical towards the wooden material. Method:                Results are gathered with the help of an interview study with six different companies that all in some way worked with CLT. The results are then put through a grounded analysis. Conclusion:                   The results show us that the most important thing to do when marketing a product that few people know of, or are sceptical towards, is to make sure that information about the benefits of using the product gets out. The most important marketing point for CLT seems to be the environmental advantage compared to concrete and the speed of which buildings can be erected.

Folkhem is a Swedish company exclusively building timber residential buildings in the Stockholm area. The company is currently in the planning stages of what would be the world’s tallest timber building, a 22-storey timber residential buiding in Hallonbergen, Sundbyberg. In this master thesis, this proposed building has been analyzed with regards to its wind-induced dynamic response. The work includes studies of stabilization of tall structures, case studies of existing buildings and developed systems for tall timber construction and analyzed options for structural design of the Hallonbergen project. Eleven different structural systems have been investigated with regards to their displacement at the top and their peak acceleration when subject to wind loading. The peak acceleration has been calculated using both Eurocode and ISO 4354. The values have been assessed against ISO 6897 and ISO 10137. The results indicate that it is possible to construct the Hallonbergen project without risk of unacceptable dynamic response, using any of the following options; The Martinson’s system with 259 mm CLT plates The Kauffmann system The structural system presented in “The Case for Tall Wood Buildings” The structural system presented in “The Timber Tower Research Project”