This master´s thesis explores a comparison of the transmission parameters in time division networks and wavelength division networks. The paper is divided into the three sections. The first part deals with preparation of individual standards time division networks and specific wavelength division networks, along with passive components used passive optical networks. The second part briefly describes the possibility of transmission of television signals in optical networks and the last part is devoted to simulating networks GPON and WDM-PON and comparison simulated values.

Under det senaste decenniet har inomhuspositionering fått en ökad popularitet och stått i fokus för forskning och utveckling, eftersom det ger praktiska möjligheter till att spåra och navigera objekt och människor i inomhusmiljöer. Det finns ingen global lösning för inomhuspositionering baserat på en enstaka teknologi såsom det gör för utomhuspositionering med sin satellitbaserade globala positioneringssystem. Många inomhusteknologier står inför många utmaningar såsom låg positioneringsnoggrannhet samt dyr och stor hårdvara. Den här uppsatsen beskriver hur en simpel och kostnadseffektiv lösning, som addresserar problemen med noggrannheten och hårdvarukostnaden, genom en iterativ forskningsmetod, utvecklades. Vår lösning är ett ultraljudsbaserat passivt sändare-mottagare system som kombinerar multilateration som positioneringsteknik och tidsskillnad av ankomst (TDOA) som mätprincip för att beräkna en 3D-position inuti en 4x2x2 m testyta med en övergripande noggrannhet på 16 cm inom ett 95% konfidensintervall. Vi registrerade noggranna TDOA-värden med en komparatorkrets som fungerade som en amplitud-trigger. Det här tillvägagångssättet var mycket enklare än vad andra relaterade arbeten använde sig av, vilket var sampling för att bearbeta inkommande signaler från sändarna. / During the past decade, indoor positioning has gained more popularity and has become a focus of research and development as it provides practical possibilities to track and navigate objects and people in indoor environments. There is no overall solution for indoor positioning based on a single technology like the solution for outdoor positioning with its satellite-based global positioning system. Many indoor positioning technologies today face many challenges such as low positioning accuracy, expensive and large hardware. This thesis describes how a simple and cost-effective solution, that addresses the problem of accuracy and space cost with regards to hardware being used, was developed through an iterative research methodology. Our solution is an ultrasound-based passive receiver-transmitter system that combines multilateration as a positioning technique and time difference of arrival (TDOA) as a measuring principle. This combination is used to calculate a 3D position within a 4x2x2 m test area with an overall accuracy of 16 cm within a 95% confidence interval. We registered accurate TDOA values with a comparator circuit that acts as an amplitude trigger. This approach was much more simple than that of other related works which used sampling to process incoming signals from the transmitters.

Few mode fibers and multimode fibers (MMFs) are traditionally regarded as unsuitable for important applications such as communications and sensing. A major challenge in using MMFs for aforementioned applications is how to precisely control the waveguide modes propagating within MMFs. In this thesis, we experimentally demonstrate a generic method for controlling the linearly polarized (LP) modes within a two-mode fiber (TMF). Our method is based on adaptive optics (AO), where one utilizes proper feedback signals to shape the wavefront of the input beam in order to achieve the desired LP mode composition. In the first part of this thesis, we demonstrate the feasibility of AO-based mode control by using the correlation between the experimentally measured field distribution and the desired mode profiles as feedback for wavefront optimization. Selectively excitation of pure LP modes or their combinations at the distal end of a TMF are shown. Furthermore, we demonstrate that selective mode excitation in the TMF can be achieved by using only 5×5 independent phase blocks. Afterwards, we extend our AO-based mode control method to more practical scenarios, where feedback signals are provided by all-fiber devices such as a directional fiber coupler or fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). Using the coupling ratio of a directional coupler as feedback, we demonstrate adaptive control of LP modes at the two output ports of the directional coupler. With feedback determined by the relative magnitude of optical power reflected by a FBG and the transmitted power, selective excitations of the LP01 and the LP11 modes are experimentally shown. As the final component of this thesis, we experimentally combine the AO-based mode control with time-division-multiplexing. By choosing reflected pulses with appropriate arrival time for mode control, we can selectively excite the LP11 mode at different FBG locations within the TMF, based on the ratio of optical signals reflected by FBGs in the TMF and the transmitted signal. Using two lasers set at the two FBG peak reflection wavelengths associated with the LP01 and the LP11 modes, we can accomplish AO-based mode control within a TMF by using only the reflection signals from the FBG. By using the ratio of the reflected signals of two lasers as feedback, we demonstrate selective excitation of almost pure LP01 or LP11 mode at the FBG location within the TMF. The method developed in this thesis is generic and can be extended to many other applications using appropriately chosen feedback signals. It is possible to generalize the AO-based mode control method to MMF as well. This method may find important applications in MMF-based communication, sensing and imaging et. al. in the future. / Ph. D.

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) communication using multiple antennas has received significant attention in recent years, both in the academia and industry, as they offer additional spatial dimensions for high-rate and reliable communication, without expending valuable bandwidth. However, exploiting these promised benefits of MIMO systems critically depends on fast and accurate acquisition of Channel State Information (CSI) at the Receiver (CSIR) and the Transmitter (CSIT). In Time Division Duplex (TDD) MIMO systems, where the forward channel and the reverse channel are the same, it is possible to exploit this reciprocity to reduce the overhead involved in acquiring CSI, both in terms of training duration and power. Further, many popular and efficient transmission schemes such as beam forming, spatial multiplexing over dominant channel modes, etc. do not require full CSI at the transmitter. In such cases, it is possible to reduce the Reverse Channel Training (RCT) overhead by only learning the part of the channel that is required for data transmission at the transmitter. In this thesis, we propose and analyze several novel channel-dependent RCT schemes for MIMO systems and analyze their performance in terms of (a) the mean-square error in the channel estimate, (b) lower bounds on the capacity, and (c) the diversity-multiplexing gain tradeoff. We show that the proposed training schemes offer significant performance improvement relative to conventional channel-agnostic RCT schemes. The main take-home messages from this thesis are as follows: • Exploiting CSI while designing the RCT sequence improves the performance. • The training sequence should be designed so as to convey only the part of the CSI required for data transmission by the transmitter. • Power-controlled RCT, when feasible, significantly outperforms fixed power RCT.

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) facilitates efficient and cost-effective e-health care and well-being applications. The WBAN has unique challenges and features compared to other Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). In addition to battery power consumption, the vulnerability and the unpredicted channel behavior of the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer make channel access a serious problem. MAC protocols based on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) can improve the reliability and efficiency of WBAN. However, conventional static TDMA techniques adopted by IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6 do not sufficiently consider the channel status or the buffer requirements of the nodes within heterogeneous contexts. Although there are some solutions that have been proposed to alleviate the effect of the deep fade in WBAN channel by adopting dynamic slot allocation, these solutions still suffer from some reliability and energy efficiency issues and they do not avoid channel deep fading. This thesis presents novel and generic TDMA based techniques to improve WBAN reliability and energy efficiency. The proposed techniques synchronise nodes adaptively whilst tackling their channel and buffer status in normal and emergency contexts. Extensive simulation experiments using various traffic rates and time slot lengths demonstrate that the proposed techniques improve the reliability and the energy efficiency compared to the de-facto standards of WBAN, i.e. the IEEE 802.15.4 and the IEEE 802.15.6. In normal situations, the proposed techniques reduce packet loss up to 61% and 68% compared to the IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6 respectively. They also reduce energy consumption up to 7.3%. In emergencies, however, the proposed techniques reduce packets loss up to 63.4% and 90% with respect to their counterparts in IEEE 802.15.4 and 802.15.6. The achieved results confirm the significant enhancements made by the developed scheduling techniques to promote the reliability and energy efficiency of WBAN, opening up promising doors towards new horizons and applications.

Tese de mestrado. Mestrado integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2012

Thesis (M.App.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-63). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

La red en el chip (NoC) se han convertido en el elemento clave para la comunicación eficiente entre los núcleos dentro de los chip multiprocesador (CMP). Tanto el uso de aplicaciones paralelas en los CMPs como el incremento de la cantidad de memoria necesitada por las aplicaciones, ha impulsado que la red de comunicación gane una mayor importancia. La NoC es la encargada de transportar toda la información requerida por los núcleos. Además, el incremento en el número de núcleos en los CMPs impulsa las NoC a ser diseñadas de forma escalable, pero al mismo tiempo sin que esto afecte a las prestaciones de la red (latencia y productividad). Por tanto, el diseño de la red en el chip se convierte en crítico. Esta tesis presenta diferentes propuestas que atacan el problema de la mejora de las prestaciones de la red en tres escenarios distintos. Los tres escenarios en los que se centran nuestras propuestas son: 1) NoCs que implementan un algoritmo de encaminamiento adaptativo, 2) escenarios con necesidad de tiempos de acceso a memoria bajos y 3) sistemas con previsión de seguridad a nivel de aplicación. Las primeras propuestas se centran en el aumento de la productividad en la red utilizando algoritmos de encaminamiento adaptativos mediante un mejor uso de los recursos de la red, primera propuesta SUR, y evitando que se ramifique la congestión cuando existe tráfico intenso hacia un único destinatario, segunda propuesta EPC. La tercera y principal contribución de esta tesis se centra la problemática de reducir el tiempo de acceso a memoria. PROSA, mediante un diseño híbrido de conmutación de paquete y conmuntación de circuito, permite reducir la latencia de la red aprovechando la latencia de acceso a memoria para establecer circuitos. De esta forma cuando la información llega a la NoC, esta es servida sin retardos. Por último, la propuesta Token Based TDM se centra en el escenario con redes de interconexión seguras. En este tipo de NoC las aplicaciones esta divididas en dominios y la red debe garantizar que no existen interferencias entre los diferentes dominios para evitar de este modo la intrusión de posibles aplicaciones maliciosas. Token-based TDM permite el aislamiento de los dominios sin tener impacto en el diseño de los conmutados de la NoC. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran como estas propuestas han servido para mejorar las prestaciones de la red en los diferentes escenarios. La implementación y la simulación de las propuestas muestra como mediante el balanceado de la utilización de los recursos de la red, los CMPs con algoritmos de encaminamiento adaptativos son capaces de aumentar el tráfico soportado por la red. Además, el uso de un filtro para limitar el encaminamiento adaptativo en situaciones de congestión previene a los mensajes de la ramificación de la congestión a lo largo de la red. Por otra parte, los resultados demuestran que el uso combinado de la conmutación de paquete y conmutación de circuito reduce muy significativa de la latencia de red acceso a memoria, contribuyendo a una reducción significativa del tiempo de ejecución de la aplicación. Por último, Token-Based TDM incrementa las prestaciones de las redes TDM debido a su alta flexibilidad dado que no requiere ninguna modificación en la red para soportar una cantidad diferente de dominios mientras mejora la latencia de la red y mantiene un aislamiento perfecto entre los tráficos de las aplicaciones. / The Network on Chip (NoC) has become the key element for an efficient communication between cores within the multiprocessor chip (CMP). The use of parallel applications in CMPs and the increase in the amount of memory needed by applications have pushed the network communication to gain importance. The NoC is in charge of transporting all the data needed by the processors cores. Moreover, the increase in the number of cores pushes the NoCs to be designed in a scalable way, but at the same time, without affecting network performance (latency and productivity). Thus, network-on-chip design becomes critical. This thesis presents different proposals that attack the problem of improving the network performance in three different scenarios. The three scenarios in which our proposals are focused are: 1) NoCs with an adaptive routing algorithm, 2) scenarios with low memory access time needs, and 3) high-assurance NoCs. The first proposals focus on increasing network throughput with adaptive routing algorithms via the improvement of the network resources utilization, the first proposal SUR, and avoiding congestion spreading when an intense traffic to a single destination occurs, second proposal ECP. The third one and main contribution of this thesis focuses on the problem of reducing memory access latency. PROSA, through a hybrid circuit-packet switching architecture design, reduces the network latency by getting benefit of the memory access latency slack and to establishing circuits during that delay. In this way the information when arrives to the NoC is served without any delay. Finally, the proposal Token-Based TDM focuses on the scenario with high assurance networks on chips. In this type of NoCs the applications are divided into domains and the network must guarantee that there are no interferences between the different domains avoiding this way intrusion of possible malicious applications. Token-based TDM allows domain isolation with no design impact on NoC routers. The results show how these proposals improve the performance of the network in each different scenario. The implementation and simulations of the proposals show the efficient use of network resources in CMPs with adaptive routing algorithms which leads to an increasement of the injected traffic supported by the network. In addition, using a filter to limit the adaptivity of the routing algorithm under congested situations prevents messages from spreading the congestion along the network. On the other hand, the results show that the combined use of circuit and packet switching reduces the memory access latency significantly, contributing to a significant reduction in application execution time. Finally, Token-Based TDM increases network performance of TDM networks due to its high flexibility and efficient arbitration. Moreover, Token-Based TDM does not require any modification in the network to support a different number of domains while improving latency and keeping a strong traffic isolation from different domains. / La xarxa en el xip (NoC) s'ha convertit en un element clau per a una comunicació eficient entre els diferents nuclis dins d'un xip multiprocessador (CMP). Tant la utilització d'aplicacions paral·leles en el CMP com l'increment de la quantitat de memòria necessitada per les aplicacions, hi ha produït que la xarxa de comunicació tinga una major importància. La NoC és l'encarregada de transportar tota la informació necessària pels nuclis. A més, l'increment del nombre de nuclis dins del CMP fa que la NoC haja de ser dissenyada d'una forma escalable, sense que afecte les prestacions de la xarxa (latència i productivitat). Per tant, el disseny de la xarxa en el xip es converteix crític. Aquesta tesi presenta diferents propostes que ataquen el problema de la millora de les prestacions de la xarxa en tres escenaris distints. Els tres escenaris en els quals se centren les nostres propostes són: 1) NoCs que implementen un algoritme d'encaminament adaptatiu, 2) escenaris amb necessitat de temps baix d'accés a memòria i 3) sistemes amb previsió de seguretat en l'àmbit d'aplicació. Les primeres propostes se centren en l'augment de la productivitat en la xarxa utilitzant algoritmes d'encaminament adaptatiu mitjançant una millor utilització dels recursos de la xarxa, primera proposta SUR, i evitant que es ramifique la congestió quan existeix un trànsit intens cap a un únic destinatari, segona proposta EPC. La tercera i principal contribució d'aquesta tesi es basa en la problemàtica de reduir el temps d'accés a memòria. PROSA, mitjançant un disseny híbrid de commutació de paquet i commutació de circuit, redueix la latència de la xarxa aprofitant la latència d'accés a memòria i establint els circuits durant aquesta latència. D'aquesta forma la informació quan arriba a la NoC pot ser enviada sense cap retràs. Per últim, la proposta Token-based TDM se centra en l'escenari amb xarxes d'interconnexió d'alta seguretat. En aquest tipus de NoC les aplicacions estan dividides en dominis i la xarxa deu garantir que no existeixen interferències entre els diferents dominis per a evitar d'aquesta forma la intrusió de possibles aplicacions malicioses. Token-based TDM permet l'aïllament dels dominis sense tindre impacte en el disseny dels encaminadors de la NoC. Els resultats demostren com aquestes propostes han servit per a millorar les prestacions de la xarxa en els diferents escenaris. La seua implementació i simulació demostra com mitjançant el balancejat de la utilització dels recursos de la xarxa, els CMP amb algoritmes d'encaminament adaptatiu són capaços d'augmentar el trànsit suportat per la xarxa. A més, l'ús d'un filtre per a limitar l'adaptabilitat de l'encaminament adaptatiu en situacions de congestió permet prevenir els missatges de la congestió al llarg de la xarxa. Per altra banda, els resultats demostren que l'ús combinat de la commutació de paquet i commutació de circuit redueix molt significativament de la latència d'accés a memòria, contribuint en una reducció significativa del temps d'execució de l'aplicació. Per últim, Token-based TDM incrementa les prestacions de les xarxes TDM debut a la seua alta flexibilitat donat que no requereix cap modificació en la xarxa per a suportar una quantitat diferent de dominis mentre millora la latència de la xarxa i mantén un aïllament perfecte entre els trànsits de les aplicacions. / Gorgues Alonso, M. (2018). Improving Network-on-Chip Performance in Multi-Core Systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/107336 / TESIS

In-band full duplex is a new duplexing scheme that allows radio nodes to transmit and receive, utilizing the same frequency and time resources. The implementation of in-band full duplex was not feasible in practice, due to the effect of self-interference. But then, advances in signal processing made it possible to reduce this effect. However, the system level performance of in-band full duplex has not been investigated thoroughly.Through computer simulations, we investigate the performance of in-band full duplex, for indoor 5G small cell wireless networks. We examine the performance of in-band full duplex in comparison to dynamic and static time division duplexing. Additionally, we analyze the performance of the duplexing schemes with two interference mitigation techniques, namely beamforming and interference cancellation.Our results indicate that for highly utilized wireless networks, in-band full duplex should be combined with beamforming and interference cancellation, in order to achieve a performance gain over traditional duplexing schemes. Only then, in-band full duplex is considered advantageous, at any network utilization, and any downlink to uplink traffic demand proportion. Our results also suggest that in order to achieve a performance gain with in-band full duplex in both links, the transmit power of the access points should be comparable to the transmit power of the mobile stations. / Inomband hel duplex är en ny typ av duplexmetod som tillåter radionoder att sända och ta emot i samma frekvensoch tidsresurs. Att implementera inomband hel duplex har fram tills nu inte ansetts praktiskt genomförbart till följd av självstörningar. Framsteg inom signalbehandling har dock gjort det möjligt att begränsa denna självstörningseffekt. Emellertid har systemprestanda av inomband hel duplex inte undersökts tillräckligt noga i tidigare verk.Inomband hel duplex och dess prestanda för trådlösa 5G småcellsnätverk inomhus har studerats med hjälp av datasimuleringar och jämförts med dynamisk och statisk tidsdelning. Utöver detta har prestanda för de olika duplexmetoderna med avseende på två tekniker för störningsundertryckning, lobformning och störningseliminering, också undersökts.Våra resultat indikerar att för trådlösa nätverk med högt radioresursutnyttjande bör inomband hel duplex kombineras med lobformning och störningseliminering för att uppnå en prestandavinst jämfört med traditionella duplexmetoder. Bara då kan inomband hel duplex anses vara fördelaktig oberoende av radioresursutnyttjande och andelen upp- och nedlänkstrafik.Resultaten tyder också på att sändareffekten för radioaccesspunkterna bör vara jamförbar med den för mobilenheterna för att en prestandavinst med inomband hel duplex ska kunna uppnås. / Wireless networks, In-band full duplex, Static-time division duplexing, Dynamic-time division duplexing, Interference mitigation techniques, small cell, 5G, mmWave bands, Beamforming, Interference cancellation.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / Although PCM/TDM framed data is one of the most prevalent formats handled by flight test ranges, it is often required to acquire and process other types. Examples of such non-standard data types are radar position information and meteorological data from both ground based and radiosonde systems. To facilitate the process and management of such non-standard data types, a micro-processor based system was developed to acquire and transform them into a standard PCM/TDM data frame. This obviated the expense of developing additional special software and hardware to handle such non-standard data types.