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This thesis concerns the nature and time-scale of bed morphological adjustments towards equilibrium in alluvial meandering streams. Following the prevailing approach, the stream centrelines are assumed to follow sine-generated curves, the banks are fixed, and the flow is turbulent and sub-critical. The movable bed is flat at time t = 0; at t = Tb, the bed reaches its equilibrium or developed state. The specific objectives of this thesis are: 1) to develop a predictive equation for the bed development time Tb; 2) to determine the rate of growth of pool-bar complexes in meandering streams; and 3) to determine whether or not the large-scale, curvature-induced erosion-deposition zones of developing beds migrate upstream or downstream throughout their development. This thesis builds on the preliminary work and experimental tests by Binns (2006). The duration of bed development is found to be proportional to the square of the flow width B and inversely proportional to the channel-averaged bed-load rate (qsb)av, the proportionality factor being a function of the initial deflection angle (i.e., stream sinuosity). The form of this function is revealed on the basis of an extensive series of experimental runs carried out in meandering channels of varying values of the initial deflection angle (i.e., 20, 45, 70 and 95 degrees). In the present tests, the temporal development of the bed from time t = 0 to t = Tb was monitored by periodically stopping the flow in order to measure changes in bed surface elevation. In all runs the bed was observed to deform rapidly during the early stages of the run and slow down considerably as the bed approached equilibrium conditions. Once formed, the location of the erosion-deposition zones remained invariant in flow plan with the passage of time. Results from the runs are used to provide insight into the nature of the deformed bed in meandering streams. An expression describing the temporal rate of growth of pool-bar complexes in meandering streams of varying sinuosity is also proposed. The practical application of the equation for Tb is illustrated with available field data. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-01-26 16:43:52.424

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed on June 26, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

‘Rapid review’ is an accelerated evidence synthesis approach that has emerged to meet the needs of knowledge users in healthcare settings who require timely input to support evidence-informed policy and practice questions. Although use of rapid reviews continues to expand, there is a paucity of research on this topic. This thesis addresses three identified knowledge gaps: 1) To address the lack of an established definition for rapid reviews, a modified Delphi process was used to pursue expert consensus on the defining characteristics of rapid reviews and an operational definition; 2) To further our understanding of the prevalent opinions and perceptions towards rapid reviews, a Q methodology was used to characterize the viewpoints of research producers and knowledge users; and, 3) To extend our knowledge on the characteristics, conduct and reporting quality of rapid reviews, compliance with currently accepted checklists (AMSTAR, PRISMA) was explored in a sample of recent rapid reviews.

A method is proposed which uses a lower-frequency transmit to create a known harmonic acoustical source in tissue suitable for wavefront correction without a priori assumptions of the target or requiring a transponder. The measurement and imaging steps of this method were implemented on the Duke phased array system with a two-dimensional (2-D) array. The method was tested with multiple electronic aberrators [0.39π to 1.16π radians root-mean-square (rms) at 4.17 MHz] and with a physical aberrator 0.17π radians rms at 4.17 MHz) in a variety of imaging situations. Corrections were quantified in terms of peak beam amplitude compared to the unaberrated case, with restoration between 0.6 and 36.6 dB of peak amplitude with a single correction. Standard phantom images before and after correction were obtained and showed both visible improvement and 14 dB contrast improvement after correction. This method, when combined with previous phase correction methods, may be an important step that leads to improved clinical images. / Dissertation

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os tempos de tratamento da má oclusão de Classe II completa, realizado com extrações de quatro pré-molares e sem extrações. Para tanto, selecionou-se, a partir de aproximadamente 4000 documentações ortodônticas do arquivo da disciplina de ortodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, uma amostra composta pelas documentações de 91 pacientes com má oclusão de Classe II completa. Em seguida, dividiu-se esta amostra em dois grupos, apresentando as seguintes características: Grupo 1, constituído por 48 pacientes, 27 do gênero masculino e 21 do gênero feminino, tratados com extrações de quatro pré-molares e com idade inicial média de 13,03 ± 1,70 anos (idade mínima de 10,67 e máxima de 18,33) e Grupo 2 composto por 43 pacientes, 22 do gênero masculino e 21 do gênero feminino, tratados sem extrações e com idade inicial média de 12,64 ± 1,46 anos (idade mínima de 9,40 e máxima de 16,04). Para que fossem quantificadas à severidade inicial da má oclusão e a qualidade da oclusão final, foi calculado o IPT, Índice de Prioridade de Tratamento, nos modelos de gesso, iniciais e finais desses pacientes. O tempo despendido no tratamento de cada grupo foi calculado a partir das anotações clínicas presentes nos prontuários. Os tempos de tratamento dos grupos foram comparados por meio do teste t. Os resultados demonstraram que não há diferença estatisticamente significante entre os tempos de tratamento da má oclusão de Classe II tratada com extrações de quatro pré-molares ou sem extrações. Os resultados suportam a especulação de que o principal fator responsável pela semelhança entre os tempos de tratamento de casos de Classe II sem extrações e com extrações de quatro pré-molares é a necessidade da correção ântero-posterior da relação molar, que é semelhante em ambos os protocolos. / The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the treatment time of complete Class II malocclusion treated nonextraction and with four-premolar extraction protocols. For that purpose, ninety-one patients were selected and divided into two groups, according to the extraction criteria. Group 1, treated with four premolar extractions consisted of 48 patients (27 male; 21 female) with a mean age of 13.03 years. Group 2, treated nonextraction consisted of 43 patients (22 male; 21 female) with a mean age of 12.64 years. The IPT, Index of Priority of Treatment, was calculated in the initials and finals dental casts of those patients to quantify the initial malocclusion and the final occlusion. Treatment times of the groups were compared by means of the t test. Results demonstrated that treatment time was not significantly different between the treatment protocols. It was speculated that the main responsible factor for the similarity among the nonextraction and with four-premolar extraction protocols treatment times is the need of the molar relationship correction, which is similar in both protocols.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os tempos de tratamento da má oclusão de Classe II completa, realizado com extrações de quatro pré-molares e sem extrações. Para tanto, selecionou-se, a partir de aproximadamente 4000 documentações ortodônticas do arquivo da disciplina de ortodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, uma amostra composta pelas documentações de 91 pacientes com má oclusão de Classe II completa. Em seguida, dividiu-se esta amostra em dois grupos, apresentando as seguintes características: Grupo 1, constituído por 48 pacientes, 27 do gênero masculino e 21 do gênero feminino, tratados com extrações de quatro pré-molares e com idade inicial média de 13,03 ± 1,70 anos (idade mínima de 10,67 e máxima de 18,33) e Grupo 2 composto por 43 pacientes, 22 do gênero masculino e 21 do gênero feminino, tratados sem extrações e com idade inicial média de 12,64 ± 1,46 anos (idade mínima de 9,40 e máxima de 16,04). Para que fossem quantificadas à severidade inicial da má oclusão e a qualidade da oclusão final, foi calculado o IPT, Índice de Prioridade de Tratamento, nos modelos de gesso, iniciais e finais desses pacientes. O tempo despendido no tratamento de cada grupo foi calculado a partir das anotações clínicas presentes nos prontuários. Os tempos de tratamento dos grupos foram comparados por meio do teste t. Os resultados demonstraram que não há diferença estatisticamente significante entre os tempos de tratamento da má oclusão de Classe II tratada com extrações de quatro pré-molares ou sem extrações. Os resultados suportam a especulação de que o principal fator responsável pela semelhança entre os tempos de tratamento de casos de Classe II sem extrações e com extrações de quatro pré-molares é a necessidade da correção ântero-posterior da relação molar, que é semelhante em ambos os protocolos. / The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the treatment time of complete Class II malocclusion treated nonextraction and with four-premolar extraction protocols. For that purpose, ninety-one patients were selected and divided into two groups, according to the extraction criteria. Group 1, treated with four premolar extractions consisted of 48 patients (27 male; 21 female) with a mean age of 13.03 years. Group 2, treated nonextraction consisted of 43 patients (22 male; 21 female) with a mean age of 12.64 years. The IPT, Index of Priority of Treatment, was calculated in the initials and finals dental casts of those patients to quantify the initial malocclusion and the final occlusion. Treatment times of the groups were compared by means of the t test. Results demonstrated that treatment time was not significantly different between the treatment protocols. It was speculated that the main responsible factor for the similarity among the nonextraction and with four-premolar extraction protocols treatment times is the need of the molar relationship correction, which is similar in both protocols.

Nyckelord: Akutmottagning, sjuksköterska, tidsfaktorer, stress, välmående   Bakgrund: Stress och tidsbrist är vanligt förekommande inom sjukvården, och arbetet som sjuksköterska på akutmottagning genererar höga nivåer av stress.   Syfte: Att undersöka hur sjuksköterskor på en akutmottagning upplever att tidsbrist och stress påverkar deras välmående.   Metod: Kvalitativ studie där tolv stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med sjuksköterskor på akutmottagningen på Akademiska sjukhuset. Intervjuerna analyserades med latent innehållanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundman samt Aaron Antonovskys hälsomodell.   Huvudresultat: Sjuksköterskornas intervjuer resulterade i fyra kategorier och tio underkategorier vilka tillsammans bildade två domäner och ett tema. Kategorier som erhölls var hanterbarhet, meningsfullhet, begriplighet samt brist på hanterbarhet. Sjuksköterskornas välmående påverkades positivt av stress som upplevdes som hanterbar, meningsfull och begriplig, medan välmåendet påverkades negativt av brist på hanterbarhet. Tidsbrist påverkade sjuksköterskornas välmående endast negativt.   Slutsats: Tidsbrist påverkade sjuksköterskornas välmående negativt, medan sjuksköterskorna upplevde att stress kunde ha både positiv och negativ inverkan på deras välmående. / Keywords: Emergency Service, Hospital, Nurse, Occupational stress, Time factors, Mental health.   Background: Stress and lack of time often occur in medical care treatment, and working as a nurse at the hospital´s emergency service generates high levels of stress.   Aim: To explore nurses´ perceptions about how lack of time and occupational stress at a hospital´s emergency service affect their mental health. Method: A qualitative study with twelve semi structured interviews with nurses were carried out at Uppsala University Hospital´s emergency service. The interviews were analysed with latent content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman, and Aaron Antonovsky`s health model.   Main results: The interviews with the nurses lead to four categories and ten sub categories which altogether made two domains and one theme. The categories that were derived were manageability, meaningfulness, comprehensibility and lack of manageability. The nurses’ mental health was affected in a positive way by stress which was perceived as manageable, meaningful and comprehensable, while a lack of manageability affected the mental health in a negative way. Lack of time affected the nurses’ mental health only in a negative way. Conclusions: Lack of time affected the nurses´ mental health in a negative way, while the nurses experienced that stress could affect their mental health both in a positive and a negative way.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether a prolonged delay in diagnosis of bladder cancer will result in worse outcomes for those patients, compared to those patients with a shorter diagnostic time interval. Data was collected on 247 patients newly diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder from January 1996 to December 2006 (10 years). The medical records of these patients were reviewed for demographics, pathological stage, date of consultation to the genitourinary (GU) service, and date of diagnosis by transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). The specialty delay was calculated as the time between the date of consultation to the GU service to the establishment of a diagnosis by TURBT. Univariate analyses were performed to test the association of specialty delay with clinical features and all-cause mortality. The median specialty delay in this study was 100 days. There was a trend towards a longer specialty delay for muscle-invasive disease (T2-T4) in comparison to superficial disease (Ta and T1). There was a significant correlation between all-cause mortality and increasing clinical stage (p=0.01). There was a paradoxical finding that patients with a specialty delay greater than 100 days had a significant reduction in all-cause death in comparison to patients with a specialty delay of 100 days or less (relative risk=0.59; 95% CI 0.36-0.90; p=0.01). In conclusion, this study did not confirm the hypothesis that a prolonged specialty delay in patients diagnosed with bladder cancer would result in a worse prognosis. In fact, there was a paradoxical finding that patients with a specialty delay greater than the median delay of 100 days had a better prognosis.

Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 47-06, page: 3544. Advisers: Maria E. Fernandez; Belinda M. Reininger. Includes bibliographical references.