Locus of Control (LOC) refers to the generalized expectancy that one controls the events in his/her life (internal orientation) or that events are controlled by other forces, such as luck (external orientation). According to many reviews of the extensive LOC literature, it is beneficial to have an internal rather than an external orientation. For example, desirable characteristics such as personal adjustment, high self-esteem, good job performance and job satisfaction are associated with internal LOC. This study was undertaken to identify and test a model which could be of use in an organizational setting for promoting the belief in internal control. A time management training model was chosen on the assumption that people who learn to manage their time better would feel more in control of their lives. The 67 University of Central Florida students who accepted the free Daytimers (a widely used professional time management system) and completed the pretest and posttest questionnaires served as the sample. The questionnaires in Rotter's LOC scale and a time management skills scale, and were administered at the beginning and end of the Spring semester. The Daytimers were distributed immediately after the pretest. Students who made frequent use of the Daytimers improved their time management skills and became more internal by the end of the semester. There were no corresponding significant changes in either time management skills or LOC for students who used the Daytimers infrequently. These results suggest that time management training can be used to promote the belief in internal control. Future research is recommended to verify the expectations that these changes in LOC will result in better personal adjustment, greater job performance and more job satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to determine the time management practices and preferred allocation of time of principals of small secondary schools in Virginia. The instructional role of the principal and his or her time spent on instruction is important. Goldring et al. (2019) found "time principals spend on instructional leadership will improve the school's culture, teaching and, ultimately, student outcomes" (p. 20). However, the time spent on instruction is limited to the needs of various stakeholders within the school community. "Principals are responsible for organizing and managing staff, managing student and staff well-being, responding to the needs of various stakeholders, and promoting school achievement" (Collie et al., 2020, p. 417). By identifying connections between principals' experiences with time spent on tasks and how principals wished to spend their time, a better understanding of how principals could impact their stakeholders may be discovered. The study involved a survey of 25 principals of small secondary school in Virginia. Data collection also included one focus group. Survey and interview questions explored the perceived tasks and activities that limited a principal's ability to spend time on necessary tasks, changes that would need to occur in the school, and the impacts these changes. This study finds principals of small secondary schools in Virginia indicated a preference for spending time as instructional leaders. The majority of the participants' responses (58.76%) were related specifically to tasks and activities involving Teaching and Learning when asked about their preference of how to spend their time. Previous research on time spent on instruction indicates that, "Despite minor changes over the years, time devoted by principals to purposeful, instructional activities remains below one-fifth of the typical school day" (Goldring et al., 2019, p. 21). By analyzing principal perceptions of tasks and activities that limited the amount of time spent on instruction, school leadership might consider a restructure or increase of staffing. Further, universities might consider revisions to principal preparation coursework to include time management skill development. By considering ways to address time challenges of principals, their positions may be altered for improving the quality of instructional leadership in schools. / Doctor of Education / The primary role of the principal is instructional leadership, but the majority of their time is not spent on instruction. Grissom et al. (2015) found that when principals are out of their offices "only about 13 percent of the average principal's day is spent on instruction-related tasks" (p. 16). The needs of school stakeholders can have an effect on the amount of time spent by leaders adding to the gap in time spent on instruction. Sebastian et al. (2018) indicated that outside of the instructional leadership role, "principals must spread their time over many responsibilities and must work with a wide array of stakeholders" (p. 48). This study sought to identify the perceptions of principals' of small secondary schools in Virginia time management practices. The use of a phenomenological approach in this qualitative study allowed the principals' experiences to be focused on from their perspective. The influences of the principal, time management practices, and the challenges faced by the principal were identified in the literature review. Survey and interview questions explored the perceived tasks and activities that limited a principal's ability to spend time on necessary tasks, changes that would need to occur in the school, and the impacts these changes would have on school stakeholders. Data were collected through a survey and focus group interviews with 25 principals of small secondary schools in Virginia. The data gathered and analyzed in this study identified eight findings and six implications. One limitation of this study was the response rate of 25 participants out of 105 principals meeting the study's criteria. The findings included principals of small secondary schools in Virginia reported working beyond a typical 40-hour work week and school divisions could consider ways to address additional time that principals commit to work, including time-management and additional support staff. A suggestion for future research would be an investigation of how faculty and staff perceive principals of their time.

This study investigated the influence of computer-generated reminders on the rate in which distance learners submitted assignments and completed courses. The computer-generated reminders, sent via email, served as a time management support strategy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: control and treatment. Both groups received a list of target due dates for course assignments. The control group did not receive reminders. The treatment group received reminders when they failed to submit an assignment by a target due date. The results indicated no significant difference between the control and treatment groups in terms of assignment submission rates and course completion rates. However, results of this study did reveal that the number of assignments in a distance course influences the timeliness of assignment completion and the likelihood of course completion. / Ph. D.

Scheduling workers in a trucking system for stripping and loading trucks is a difficult and time consuming task that involves determining the optimal number of workers. Once the number has been determined the operations manager has to assign different trucks to the workers and has to determine the schedule of the workers. In the thesis,we develop a mathematical model to solve the scheduling problem, with attention focused on minimizing the number of workers required on a particular shift and on finding the feasible assignments of workers to trucks and vice-versa. We show that this is a set partitioning problem with an additional feasibility constraint which can be solved using the column generation technique. An inherent characteristic of this problem that makes it different from other set partitioning problems is that the arrival time and scheduled departure tin1e is different for different trucks. We illustrate the model and the proposed algorithmic approach by generating a schedule based on real data obtained from a trucking company. / Master of Science

The purposes of the study were to (1) investigate similarities and differences in household production of men and women in Finland and the United States, and (2) develop and test a structural equation model of socioeconomic factors (age, education, employment and family situation) for household production across countries and across sexes. The results indicate that (a) total household production of Finnish men is only slightly more than that of U.S. men (7 minutes); (b) total household production of U.S. women (417 minutes) is noticeably more than that of Finnish women (323 minutes; (c) equality ratios strongly suggest differences at almost all employment levels being smaller in Finland than in the United States and indicate that men contribute less time to household production; (d) socioeconomic variables explain a modest amount (3-5 percent) of men's household production but a substantial amount (21-23 percent) of women's household production; (e) the fit of the structural model across sexes and across cultures is significant, i.e., the variables explained similarly the causal effects for household production over groups. The results have implications for further development of cross-national time-use research tools and methods; for the development of a theoretical framework that includes both quantitative and qualitative factors related to sex role behavior in household production; and for the need to design separate models for the study of men and women. Data supported the conclusion that women in both countries still contribute the most time to household production. / Ph. D.

This study attempted to determine the amount of time spent on nonpaid daily activities by retired people and to identify management problems encountered while performing daily activities. Time use data were collected by daily records completed by the subjects. Variables examined were age, sex, health, education, level of income, and living arrangements. Age and sex were related to total time spent on household activities and family care. Those in the oldest age group spent the least amount of time on household activities and family care and men spent less time than women on these activities. Health, living arrangements, income, and transportation were identified as management problems. These problems were not incapacitating and most elderly were able to live independently at home.

El presente informe está dividido en 6 capítulos. El contenido del primer capítulo se centra en explicar conceptos teóricos claves, como el comercio internacional, logística, transporte marítimo y también las características del área de operaciones de una línea naviera: su estructura, funciones y los principales agentes dentro de su cadena de procesos. Por motivos de la investigación se tomaron como referencia cuatro líneas que operan actualmente en APM Terminals: ONE, MSC, HLC & HMM. Además, se tratará el tema de gestión del tiempo, detallando también técnicas y modelos (como la Matriz de Eisenhower) propuestos por expertos en los temas de eficiencia y productividad. En el segundo capítulo presentamos el objetivo principal y específicos que serán la base de nuestra investigación. Dentro de los objetivos secundarios buscamos identificar posibles causas de pérdida de tiempo que puedan afectar al área, en particular cuando se ejecuta su tarea más importante: el proceso de llenado del CAL (Lista de Embarque de Contenedores). En el tercer capítulo se explicará la metodología usada, detallando el tipo de estudio, técnica de muestreo y los métodos de recopilación de datos. En este caso, se optó por un estudio mixto. Finalmente, en el capítulo cuarto, quinto y sexto se presentan los formatos de las herramientas de investigación, los resultados obtenidos, y las conclusiones y recomendaciones, respectivamente. Se tiene la expectativa que los hallazgos obtenidos puedan servir de base para otras investigaciones, o incluso ayudar a las líneas navieras a identificar posibles deficiencias en sus políticas de manejos de tiempo para aumentar así su productividad. / This report is divided into 6 chapters. The content of the first chapter focuses on explaining key theoretical concepts, such as international trade, logistics, maritime transport and also the characteristics of a shipping lines’ operations department: its structure, functions and the main agents within its process chain. For research purposes, four lines that currently operate in APM Terminals were taken as reference: ONE, MSC, HLC & HMM. In addition, the topic of time management will be discussed, detailing techniques and models (such as the Eisenhower Matrix) proposed by experts in the areas of efficiency and productivity. In the second chapter we present the main and specific objectives that will be the basis of our research. Within the secondary objectives we seek to identify possible causes of time mismanagement that may affect the area, particularly when its most important task is executed: the process of filling the CAL (Container Announcement List). The third chapter explains the methodology used, detailing the type of study, sampling technique and data collection methods. In this case, a mixed study was chosen. Finally, the research tools’ formats, the results obtained, and the conclusions and recommendations, respectively, are presented in the fourth, fifth and sixth chapters. It is expected that the obtained findings may serve as a basis for further research, or even help shipping lines identify possible deficiencies in their time management policies to increase their productivity. / Tesis

This thesis discuss the ways in which career-driven women balance their professional lives with that of their families, with focus on women working in managerial positions in healthcare facilities. As well as the definition of theoretical concepts, basic time management strategies and a close analysis of planning I., II., III., and IV. generations of time- management, attention will be given to the history of time management and the developmental needs of children. From the research point of view, the question: What strategies for balancing work and family do women in management positions working in healthcare rely on? Outlined in this work is the research plan, data collection, analysis and the summary of results. Also included is a chapter devoted to the ethical aspects of this research. Utilized research methods include: interviews, observation and analysis of time-frames. Key words: time-management, woman, mother, manager, balancing of roles

The overall aim of this master project was to create an audio record consisting of seven tracks that are both cohesive and very individual at the same time. The pieces are thought to showcase the diversity of my creative identity as a composer and music producer and will represent my individual way of composing and producing music freed from all external influences in the best way possible. This written part of the thesis is a documentation and critical reflection as well as investigation of the creation process: from sorting out the original material, writing, producing and arranging over to mixing and mastering. The observations I make are the essential part of investigating my own creative identity as a music producer and composer. In addition to the audio record and its critical reflection, this thesis will also state remarks on three time management methods I apply onto my creation process in order to observe their effects on my working routine. / Det övergripande målet för detta examensarbete var att skapa en ljudinspelning bestående av sju låtar som är både sammanhängande och mycket individuella samtidigt. Låtarna ska presentera mångfalden av min kreativa identitet som kompositör och musikproducent och ska representera mitt individuella sätt att komponera och producera musik befriad från alla yttre influenser på bästa möjliga sätt. Denna masteruppsats är en dokumentation och kritisk reflektion samt en undersökning av skapandeprocessen: från att sortera ur originalmaterialet, skriva, producera och arrangera till mixning och mastering. Observationerna jag gör är den väsentliga delen av att undersöka min egen kreativa identitet som musikproducent och kompositör. Förutom ljudinspelningen och dess kritiska reflektion kommer denna masteruppsats också att ge kommentarer om tre metoder för time management som jag använder under min skapandeprocess för att observera effekterna på min arbetsrutin.

Part One is an investigation of the dawn chorus in the Great Tit. The major conclusions are as follows: Foraging and singing are partly incompatible because of the temporal and spatial separation of microhabitat conditions required for each activity. The dawn chorus occurs at a time of day when: a) foraging efficiency is limited by low light intensity and possibly by lack of mobility of the prey due to low temperature; b) acoustic communication is more efficient than visual displays because of poor visibility and an enhanced sound transmission; c) the rate of territorial intrusion is at its daily peak. Great Tit's readiness to sing and react agonistically towards a territorial intruder is enhanced by experimentally lowering profitability of feeding, but it does not appear to be affected by time of day. Restricting access to food early in the morning leads to higher body weight in the evenings as an anticipatory compensation. Part Two is a study of sampling strategies based on the statistical decision paradigm known as the Two-Armed Bandit problem. I studied transition behaviour in foraging experiments using concurrent variable ratio schedules. The birds' foraging behaviour approximated the predictions of a dynamic programming algorithm that calculates the optimal balance between exploring and exploiting for finite time horizons. The birds' response to patch diversity and time horizon was closer to molar maximization (total rewards over a certain period) than to molecular maximization (maximising the instantaneous probability of reward). When the environment is not totally stable these two possibilities conflict, and my results supported molar maximization. Part Three investigates the trade-off between maximising foraging efficiency and efficient territorial defence. Great Tits behaved close to the predictions of the Marginal Value model when there were no territorial intrusions, but modified their feeding behaviour in the predicted way when the probability of intrusion was higher.