The aim of the thesis is to create a model of timetable for primary school for all teachers and classes so that the timetable is in compliance with all teaching plans, the conditions of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (general education program), the school's needs and requirements of teachers. The timetable is created for a particular school, ZŠ nám. Svobody in Prague. The first part of the thesis is focused on the theoretical description of methods and procedures for dealing with the problem of timetable. The second part describes the elementary school, for which the timetable is made, it's classes, teachers and conditions of the tuition. It is also formulated and described a mathematical model of the problem that is solved by using the program Lingo.

No description available.

Effective commuting is an important part of regional development and attractiveness, where railway traffic is a favourable mode of transportation owing to it being energy efficient and environmentally friendly. Attaining more people to choose the train to commute is therefore desirable. A concept aiming to increase the use of railway traffic is cyclic timetable. At present the concept is most frequently used on a national level but there are possibilities to implement the ideas on a more regional level. The purpose of this thesis is to study if and how a cyclic timetable for railway traffic can be constructed and optimised for a region, more specifically the region “Fyra Mälarstäder”. Challenges and opportunities to implement this type of timetable on a regional level are also discussed. In order to construct a timetable for railway traffic several infrastructural limitations must be taken into account. An example that extensively limits railway capacity is single tracks. Hence, to be able to construct and optimise the timetable these limitations were formulated, together with a number of other criteria, mathematically as constraints for an optimisation problem. For the optimisation setup the objective function consisted of a sum of weighted trip times within the system, which in turn was minimised. Results conclude that a cyclic timetable could successfully be used for “Fyra Mälarstäder”. However, some aspects remain to be investigated, including train line continuation beyond the system boundaries of the study. As for the optimisation, it appears that the weighting of the objective function plays a considerable role to obtain a satisfying timetable. Varying and adjusting certain parameters may also be favourable to achieve a timetable as beneficial as possible. / Allt fler arbetspendlar i Sverige och Trafikverkets prognoser visar att ökningen kommer att fortsätta. För att pendlingen ska vara hållbar behöver allt fler resor göras kollektivt, och tåget som transportmedel är på många sätt ett bra alternativ. Tåget är snabbt och effektivt, samtidigt som det är ett mer miljövänligt trafikslag. Att få ännu fler att välja tåget, framför exempelvis bil, är därför önskvärt. Pendling sker idag både över kommun- och länsgränser, vilket innebär att regionala samarbeten kan underlätta för att åstadkomma så goda pendlingsmöjligheter som möjligt. Ett exempel på en sådant samarbete är Fyra Mälarstäder i samverkan (Eskilstuna, Västerås, Enköping, Strängnäs), vars förhoppning är att kunna utveckla regionen bland annat genom att förbättra kollektivtrafiken mellan städerna. Ett sätt att förbättra pendlingsmöjligheterna är att försöka åstadkomma en så gynnsam tidtabell som möjligt. Takttidtabell är ett intressant koncept, utvecklat för tågtrafiken i Schweiz, vilket kortfattat innebär att tåg avgår samma minut varje timme, och med jämna intervall. Konceptet innebär ofta också att låta tåg mötas vid knutpunkter i järnvägsnätet för att underlätta för byten till andra tåglinjer för fortsatt resa, vilket därmed knyter ihop tågtrafiken i ett större system. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om och hur en takttidtabell kan konstrueras och optimeras för en region som Fyra Mälarstäder. Optimeringen spelar en central roll för att få till en tidtabell som är så bra som möjligt. Därtill diskuteras även vilka utmaningar, men också vilka möjligheter det finns med att applicera takttidskonceptet på en regional nivå, eftersom det idag allt som oftast tillämpas nationellt. För att konstruera en tidtabell för järnvägstrafik måste flera begränsningar på järnvägen tas i hänsyn. Ett exempel som i hög grad begränsar kapaciteten är enkelspår, vilket följaktligen gör att tåg inte kan mötas på vissa sträckor. För att kunna konstruera takttidtabellen genom optimering formulerades dessa begränsningar, tillsammans med en rad andra kriterier, matematiskt som bivillkor till ett optimeringsproblem. För optimeringsuppställningen bestod målfunktionen av summan av viktade restider inom systemet, vilken i sin tur minimerades. Optimeringsproblemet implementerades i MATLAB som användes för att lösa problemet. Resultaten visar att takttidtabell med de kriterier som ställts upp i studien kan konstrueras, och möjligheter finns för att implementera denna för järnvägstrafiken mellan fyra Mälarstäder. Vissa aspekter återstår dock att utreda, däribland tåglinjers fortsatta sträckning utanför studiens systemgränser. Vad gäller optimeringsuppställningen framgår det att en viktning av målfunktionen spelar en ansenlig roll. Att variera och justera parametrar kan också vara en god idé för att få till en så tillfredsställande tidtabell som möjligt.

No description available.

This thesis examines the university timetable generation problem. It begins with a discussion on the conflicting terminology used and differentiates between the terms scheduling and timetabling. This discussion integrates with an overview of the problem itself both from practical and academic perspectives. This is followed by a summary of the apparently effective timetable solution generation algorithms. The literature is then examined in detail from that perspective. This literature review is then summarised in a form to highlight the use of these different solution algorithms. A classification schema is developed and the summary of the literature presented within the framework of this schema. Trends in the research literature result from this presentation and an extrapolation to future research trends are suggested. An information system based upon the need to support timetable production and maintenance is presented. Given the very practical outcomes expected of timetable research, the information system was designed to enable the whole range of administrative functions performed by teachers to be either directly supported or readily modified to prove such support. The implementation of this particular system is given and resulting timetables are presented and discussed. The system generated manual and automated timetables and these were produced by trailing a number of objective functions. It was noted that the determination of the optimal objective function is dominated by specific individual institutional criteria. It is suggested that this would make a more than significant project for future information systems research. From the literature it is noted that the timetable generation problem, as reported time and time again in the literature, has been solved. Such claims lead to a benchmark which is proposed to enable an initial comparison of the effectiveness of proposed solutions by different researchers. The thesis then presents a summary of the work that was carried out and offers direction for future research. It is noted that despite the fifty years of research conducted into this area there exists a significant number of research avenues still to be pursued.

Ο κύριος σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να διερευνηθεί η χρήση ενός εναλλακτικού νέου γενετικού αλγορίθμου, που εφαρμόζεται στο ωράριο εργασίας και στον χρονοπρογραμματισμό των αστικών και υπεραστικών λεωφορείων στην Ελλάδα. Φαίνεται ότι η απόδοση επηρεάζεται από διάφορες παραμέτρους, όπως ισχυρούς ή ελαστικούς περιορισμούς, δεδομένου ενός συνόλου των οδηγών λεωφορείων, και ενός συνόλου δρομολογιών προς εκτέλεση. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η μέθοδος που επιλέχθηκε για τη διεξαγωγή της παρούσας εργασίας είναι μια προσομοίωση των υπεραστικών λεωφορείων της πόλης της Πρέβεζας. Τέλος, τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης δείχνουν ότι ο συνδυασμός των τεχνικών που παρουσιάστηκαν λειτουργεί αποτελεσματικά και να ξεπερνά όλα τα προηγούμενα μοντέλα σε μια απλή προσομοίωση. / The main target is to expand the usage of an alternative new generic algorithm, that is used in the timetable scheduling of urban and intercity buses in Greece. The performance is influenced by several factors. The method used is a simulation of the intercity buses of the city of Preveza. Finally, the results of the study shows that the combination of the techniques implemented works efficiently and overcomes the previous methods in a simple simulation.

Travelling in the city is a part of everyday life for many people. It is sometimes difficult to choose the right combination of walking and public transport especially in unfamiliar parts of the city. We processed publicly available data and made a search engine for multimodal paths. The search engine was designed to be able to personalise results according to user needs and could be used as a web application or a shared library.

<p>During the development and lifecycle of multicellular organisms, cells have to die, and this occurs by a process called programmed cell death or PCD, which can be separated from necrosis or accidental cell death (Pennell and Lamb, 1997). Senescence is the terminal phase in the development of an organism, organ, tissue or cell, where nutrients are remobilized from the senescing parts of the plant into other parts, and the cells of the senescing organ or tissue undergo PCD if the process is not reversed in time. Leaf senescence involves cessation of photosynthesis, loss of pigments and proteins, nutrient remobilization, and degradation of the plant cells (Smart, 1994). Initiation of leaf senescence is triggered by a wide range of endogenous and environmental factors, that through unknown pathways controls the process, and regulates the expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) (Buchanan-Wollaston, 1997). Autumn leaf senescence in deciduous trees is regulated by photoperiod and temperature, and is an attractive experimental system for studies on senescence in perennial plants.</p><p>We have studied the process of autumn senescence in a free-growing aspen (Populus tremula) by following changes in pigment, metabolite and nutrient content, photosynthesis, and cell and organelle integrity. All data were combined in a cellular timetable of autumn senescence in aspen. The senescence process started on September 11 with degradation of pigments and other leaf constituents, and once initiated, progressed steadily without being affected by the environment. Chloroplasts were rapidly degraded, and mitochondria took over energy production after chlorophyll levels had dropped by 50%. At the end of remobilization, around 29th of September, some cells were still metabolically active and had chlorophyll-containing plastids. Over 80% of nitrogen and phosphorus was remobilized, and a sudden change in the 15N of the cellular content on September 29, indicated that volatile compounds may have been released.</p><p>We have also studied gene expression in autumn leaves by analysing EST sequences from two different cDNA libraries, one from autumn leaves of a field-grown aspen and the other from young, but fully expanded leaves of a green-house grown aspen. In the autumn leaf library, ESTs encoding metallothioneins, proteases, stress-related proteins and proteins involved in respiration and breakdown of macromolecules were abundant, while genes coding for photosynthetic proteins were massively downregulated. We have also identified homologues to many known senescence-associated genes in annual plants.</p><p>By using Populus cDNA microarrays, we could follow changes in gene expression during the autumn over four years in the same free-growing aspen tree. We also followed changes in chlorophyll content to monitor the progression of leaf senescence. We observed a major shift in gene expression, occuring at different times the four years, that reflected a metabolic shift from photosynthetic competence to energy generation by mitochondrial respiration. Even though autumn senescence was initiated almost at the same date each year, the transcriptional timetables were different from year to year, especially for 2004, which indicates that there is no strict correlation between the transcriptional and the cellular timetables of leaf senescence.</p>

During the development and lifecycle of multicellular organisms, cells have to die, and this occurs by a process called programmed cell death or PCD, which can be separated from necrosis or accidental cell death (Pennell and Lamb, 1997). Senescence is the terminal phase in the development of an organism, organ, tissue or cell, where nutrients are remobilized from the senescing parts of the plant into other parts, and the cells of the senescing organ or tissue undergo PCD if the process is not reversed in time. Leaf senescence involves cessation of photosynthesis, loss of pigments and proteins, nutrient remobilization, and degradation of the plant cells (Smart, 1994). Initiation of leaf senescence is triggered by a wide range of endogenous and environmental factors, that through unknown pathways controls the process, and regulates the expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) (Buchanan-Wollaston, 1997). Autumn leaf senescence in deciduous trees is regulated by photoperiod and temperature, and is an attractive experimental system for studies on senescence in perennial plants. We have studied the process of autumn senescence in a free-growing aspen (Populus tremula) by following changes in pigment, metabolite and nutrient content, photosynthesis, and cell and organelle integrity. All data were combined in a cellular timetable of autumn senescence in aspen. The senescence process started on September 11 with degradation of pigments and other leaf constituents, and once initiated, progressed steadily without being affected by the environment. Chloroplasts were rapidly degraded, and mitochondria took over energy production after chlorophyll levels had dropped by 50%. At the end of remobilization, around 29th of September, some cells were still metabolically active and had chlorophyll-containing plastids. Over 80% of nitrogen and phosphorus was remobilized, and a sudden change in the 15N of the cellular content on September 29, indicated that volatile compounds may have been released. We have also studied gene expression in autumn leaves by analysing EST sequences from two different cDNA libraries, one from autumn leaves of a field-grown aspen and the other from young, but fully expanded leaves of a green-house grown aspen. In the autumn leaf library, ESTs encoding metallothioneins, proteases, stress-related proteins and proteins involved in respiration and breakdown of macromolecules were abundant, while genes coding for photosynthetic proteins were massively downregulated. We have also identified homologues to many known senescence-associated genes in annual plants. By using Populus cDNA microarrays, we could follow changes in gene expression during the autumn over four years in the same free-growing aspen tree. We also followed changes in chlorophyll content to monitor the progression of leaf senescence. We observed a major shift in gene expression, occuring at different times the four years, that reflected a metabolic shift from photosynthetic competence to energy generation by mitochondrial respiration. Even though autumn senescence was initiated almost at the same date each year, the transcriptional timetables were different from year to year, especially for 2004, which indicates that there is no strict correlation between the transcriptional and the cellular timetables of leaf senescence.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo solucionar problemas complexos em diferentes segmentos da Engenharia de Produção e Transporte a partir da utilização de técnicas de otimização. São consideradas as áreas de sistemas de saúde, transportes e análise sensorial, envolvendo problemas de formação de grade de horários e análise de clusters. De forma específica, as abordagens objetivam: (i) em relação ao setor hospitalar, alocar especialidades cirúrgicas em uma grade de horários de um hospital de modo a minimizar a variância do tempo pós-operatório; (ii) quanto à análise sensorial, desenvolver um índice capaz de identificar painelistas que necessitam de treinamento utilizando conceitos de análise de clusters; (iii) no setor aeroportuário, identificar aeroportos com baixa capacidade preditiva de demanda e relacioná-los com suas características físicas, a partir da análise de clusters. Em todos os problemas abordados, as soluções envolvendo métodos de otimização se mostraram adequadas, com resultados satisfatórios. / This study aims to solve complex problems in different segments of Production Engineering and Transportation using optimization techniques. Different areas are considered, such as the areas of health systems, transport and sensory analysis, involving the timetable scheduling problem and cluster analysis. Specifically, this works aims to: (i) in relation to the hospital sector, allocate surgical specialties in a timetable in order to minimize the variance of postoperative time; (ii) for the sensory analysis, develop an index able to identify panelists who require training, using concepts of cluster analysis; (iii) in the airport sector, identify airports with low predictive capacity of demand and relate them to their physical characteristics, using cluster analysis. In all addressed problems, solutions involving optimization methods were adequate, with satisfactory results.