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Yes / It has long been known that Tissue Factor (TF) plays a role in blood coagulation and has a direct thrombotic action that is closely related to cardiovascular risk, but it is becoming increasingly clear that it has a much wider range of biological functions that range from inflammation to immunity. It is also involved in maintaining heart haemostasis and structure, and the observation that it is down-regulated in the myocardium of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy suggests that it influences cell-to-cell contact stability and contractility, and thus contributes to cardiac dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these coagulation-independent functions have not yet been fully elucidated. In order to analyse the influence of TF on the cardiomyocitic proteome, we used functional biochemical approaches incorporating label-free quantitative proteomics and gene silencing, and found that this provided a powerful means of identifying a new role for TF in regulating splicing machinery together with the expression of several proteins of the spliceosome, and mRNA metabolism with a considerable impact on cell viability.

Les pathologies vasculaires placentaires sont fréquentes et graves. La forme maternelle prédominante est la pré-éclampsie et la forme fœtale le retard de croissance intra-utérin. Les questions posées autour de ce sujet concernent tout d'abord la prédiction de la survenue de ces pathologies suffisamment tôt afin de permettre une surveillance rapprochée, une administration de corticoïdes et une prise en charge dans une maternité de niveau adaptée. La prévention de la survenue et de la récidive ainsi que le traitement de ces pathologies la phase constituée sont aussi des problématiques encore non résolues. Notre objectif était de travailler sur ces différentes questions pa l'intermédiaire de trois études : l'étude ANGIOPRED), l'étude VOLUPLA et l'étude GROWTH. Les résultats de ces travaux et une revue d la littérature mettent en évidence une perturbation des facteurs de l'hémostase et des facteurs angiogéniques dans la pré-éclampsie et dans le retard de croissance. L'association des facteurs maternels, échographiques, angiogéniques et sériques constitue un modèle prédictif efficace principalement du fait d'une excellente valeur prédictive négative. Le volume placentaire est corrélé au taux de D- Dimères et est intéressant pour la prédiction des pathologies vasculaires placentaires. De nouveaux travaux devront poursuivre l'étude d la prédiction, de la prévention et du traitement des pathologies liées au placenta. Le traitement est notamment l'objet de l'étude Growth qui vise à évaluer l'efficacité de l'énoxaparine dans le traitement du retard de croissance vasculaire constitué. / Placenta-mediated adverse pregnancy outcomes are frequent and severe pathologies whose predominant maternal form is preeclampsia and fetal form, intrauterine growth retardation. The questions asked about this subject concern first of all the prediction of the occurrence of its pathologies in a sufficiently early way to allow for close monitoring, administration of corticosteroids, and management in an appropriate level of maternity. The prevention of the occurrence and recurrence and the treatment of its pathologies in the constituted phase are also unresolved problems. Our objective was therefore to work on its various questions through three studies: the ANGIOPREI study, the VOLUPLA study and the GROWTH study. The results of his work and of the literature show that the factors of haemostasis anc angiogenic factors are disturbed in preeclampsia and in growth retardation. The association of maternal, ultrasound, angiogenic and serum factors constitutes a predictive model that is effective mainly by an excellent negative predictive value. The placental volume is correlated with the D-dimer level and is interesting for placenta-mediated adverse pregnancy outcomes prediction. New studies will have to continue the exploration of the prediction, prevention and treatment of this pathologies related to the placenta. The treatment is notably the object of the study Growth which aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Enoxaparin for the treatment of constituted vascular growt retardation.

L'insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) est associée à une importante morbidité et mortalité cardio-vasculaire, à laquelle participent la dysfonction endothéliale. Les patients IRC présentent de plus une susceptibilité accrue aux thromboses qu’elles soient veineuses ou artérielles. Les toxines urémiques sont des solutés s'accumulant dans le sérum et les tissus des patients IRC. Parmi elles, les toxines urémiques liées aux protéines ont une toxicité endothéliale démontrée in vitro. Nous avons démontré que l’indoxyl sulfate (IS) et l’indole acetic acide (IAA), deux toxines liées aux protéines provoquent un phénotype pro coagulant de cellules endothéliales en culture via une production accrue de facteur tissulaire (FT). Le facteur tissulaire est un facteur membranaire procoagulant qui initie la cascade de la coagulation en activant le facteur VII via la voie extrinsèque. Nous avons aussi démontré que la production de FT passe par une voie cellulaire préalablement connue pour son implication dans les processus de detoxification : la voie de l’aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Dans notre travail, nous montrons que l’IS et l’IAA ont un comportement similaire à l’intoxication par la dioxine. Le lien entre FT et AHR n’avait jamais été démontré auparavant. En conclusion, l’IS et l’IAA participent à la dysfonction endothéliale des patients IRC et à la surmortalité cardiovasculaire, en augmentant la production endothéliale de FT et ainsi en provoquant un phénotype pro coagulant des cellules endothéliales. La voie AHR constitue une cible thérapeutique très intéressante dans la problématique de la surmortalité cardiovasculaire des patients IRC. / Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with significant morbidity and cardiovascular mortality, which involves chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. CKD patients have a higher risk of venous or arterial thrombosis compared to general population. Uremic toxins are molecules that accumulate in the serum and organs of CKD patients. Among them, protein-bound uremic toxins are poorly removed by dialysis, and their endothelial toxicity had been well demonstrated in vitro. In this thesis, we demonstrated that indoxyl sulfate (IS) and indole acetic acid (IAA ), two protein-bound toxins can cause a pro coagulant phenotype of cultured endothelial cells through an increased production of tissue factor (TF ) Tissue factor is a membrane procoagulant factor that initiates the coagulation cascade by activating factor VII via the extrinsic pathway. We also demonstrated that TF increase was produced via a cellular pathway previously known to be involved in the detoxification processes: the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway (AHR) . The canonical ligand of AHR is dioxin, well known for its cardiovascular adverse effects. In this work, we showed that IS and IAA had a “dioxin- like effect”. The link between FT and AHR had never been shown earlier. CKD constitutes an endogenous situation similar to dioxin poisoning. In conclusion, the IS and IAA are involved in endothelial dysfunction in CKD patients and cardiovascular mortality by increasing the endothelial production of TF and thus causing a pro- coagulant phenotype of endothelial cells. AHR pathway is a very interesting therapeutic target in the problematic of cardiovascular mortality in CKD patients .

Introdução: Pacientes com Doença de Crohn (DC) apresentam alto risco de eventos tromboembólicos (TE), muitas vezes, associados a alta morbimortalidade. É conhecido o papel da inflamação na fisiopatologia da trombose na doença Inflamatória Intestinal (DII), entretanto, o significado da inflamação subclínica ainda se mantém obscuro na literatura. Este estudo avaliou o efeito da atividade endoscópica no perfil de coagulação dos pacientes com DC em remissão clínica. Métodos: entre os dias 22 de maio de 2015 e 26 de abril de 2017, foram triados 261 pacientes com DC em possível remissão clínica, sendo realizadas ao todo 229 colonoscopias. Das 229 colonoscopias realizadas, 164 pacientes estavam realmente em remissão clínica (confirmados com CDAI <= 150) e foram alocados em dois grupos: 75 no grupo de atividade endoscópica (AE) (SES-CD >= 7), 89 no grupo de remissão endoscópica (RE) (SES-CD <= 2). Cinquenta controles saudáveis pareados por sexo e idade foram eleitos. Medimos, nos 3 grupos, além da geração de trombina - pelo método Calibrated Automated Thrombogram (CAT), com e sem trombomodulina, - a atividade do fator tecidual (FT), fibrinogênio, D-dímero, Fator VIII, ADAMTS-13, Fator de von Willebrand - antígeno e cofator de ristocetina (cWF). Coletamos dados sobre a duração da doença, extensão, comportamento, localização, tratamento farmacológico, história prévia de cirurgias, calprotectina fecal, qualidade de vida (por meio do IBDQ), além dos fatores de risco para TE, como hospitalização recente, uso de corticoide atual, status do tabagismo, assim como marcadores de trombofilia hereditária ou adquirida. Seguimos os pacientes por 1 ano de observação, avaliando a variação no CDAI e IBDQ no período. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes apresentou comprometimento ileocolônico (43%), com comportamento inflamatório (40%), seguido de estenosante (30%) e fistulizante (30%). 67% estavam em uso de imunossupressores e 52% em uso de biológicos. Os fatores de risco para TE e todos os outros marcadores de trombofilia, incluindo deficiência de proteína C e S, anticardiolipina, resistência à proteína C, antitrombina, mutações da protrombina e do Fator V, foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, exceto pelo anticoagulante lúpico, maior no grupo de AE (8,1% vs. 1,3%, p=0,047). Como esperado, o grupo de AE apresentou níveis significativamente maiores de PCR, calprotectina fecal e plaquetas. Além disso, este grupo apresentou uma maior atividade do fator tecidual vs. o grupo de RE vs. controles (127 vs. 103 vs. 84, p = 0,001). Embora o grupo DC tivesse maiores níveis de FVW:Ag e FVW:RCo, FVW/ADAMTS-13, Fator VIII e trombomodulina vs. controles, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos de AE e RE. Os níveis de geração de trombina foram semelhantes entre os 3 grupos, com ou sem trombomodulina. Conclusão: Esses dados evidenciam que existe uma disfunção endotelial inerente à DC, e, que, em pacientes com AE, essa disfunção pode ser ainda maior pela maior exposição do FT. Embora, a presença de inflamação e dano endotelial contribuam para esse estado procoagulante, em pacientes com doença subclínica, há um estado de compensação permanente, uma vez que a quantidade de trombina gerada foi a mesma entre os grupos. Este equilíbrio pode estar comprometido diante de outros fatores tromboembólicos, aumentando, assim, o risco de trombose / Background: Crohn\'s disease patients (CD) have a high risk of thromboembolic events (TE), often associated with high morbidity and mortality. Involvement of inflammation in TE is well known, but significance of the sub-clinical inflammation in this process is not the rule. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the endoscopic activity in the coagulation profile in CD in clinical remission. Methods: Between May/2015 and April/2017, 261 CD patients in supposed clinical remission, were screened, and 229 had a colonoscopy done, resulting in the inclusion of 164 CD patients in clinical remission confirmed by a CDAI <= 150. They were allocated in two groups: 75 in the endoscopic activity (EA) group (SES-CD >= 7), and 89 in the endoscopic remission (ER) group (SES-CD <= 2). 50 healthy controls matched for sex and age were chosen. We measured in the 3 groups, in addition to the generation of thrombin - through the Calibrated Automated Thrombogram (CAT), with and without thrombomodulin, - the activity of tissue factor (TF), fibrinogen, D-dimer, Factor VIII, ADAMTS-13 and von Willebrand Factor - antigen (VWF) and ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RCo). We collected data regarding the duration of the disease, extension, behavior, location, pharmacological treatment, previous history of surgeries, fecal calprotectin, quality of life (through IBDQ), as well as risk factors for TE such as recent hospitalization, current corticoid use, smoking status, as well as markers of hereditary or acquired thrombophilia. We followed the patients for 1 year of observation, evaluating the variation in CDAI and IBDQ. Results: Most of the patients had ileocolonic involvement (43%), with inflammatory behavior (40%), followed by stenosing (30%) and fistulizing (30%). 67% were in use of immunosuppressors and 52% in use of biological drugs. Risk factors for TE besides other markers of thrombophilia, including protein C and S deficiency, anticardiolipin, protein C resistance, antithrombin, prothrombin and Factor V mutations, were similar in both groups except for the lupus anticoagulant, higher in the EA group (8.1% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.047). As expected, the EA group had significantly higher levels of CRP, fecal calprotectin and platelets. In addition, this group had a higher activity of TF vs. ER group vs. controls (127 vs. 103 vs. 84, p = 0.001). Although the DC group had had higher levels of VWF and VWF:RCo, VWF/ADAMTS-13, Factor VIII and thrombomodulin vs. controls, there was no statistical difference between the EA and ER groups. Thrombin generation levels were similar between the 3 groups, with or without thrombomodulin. Conclusion: These data show that there is an inherent endothelial dysfunction in CD, moreover in patients with EA, this dysfunction may be even greater, due to the exposure of TF. Although the presence of inflammation and endothelial damage contribute to this procoagulant condition, in patients with subclinical disease, there is a permanent compensatory state, since the amount of thrombin generated was the same between the groups. This balance may be compromised by other thromboembolic factors, thus increasing the risk of thrombosis

Haemostasis is a complex physiological process involving cellular and plasma protein components that interact to keep the blood fluid under normal conditions and prevent blood loss after vessel injury by promoting clot formation. Primary haemostasis encompasses the activation and aggregation of platelets and is supported by secondary haemostasis, in which the coagulation factors of the plasma interact in a complex series of reactions. Secondary haemostasis is initiated by the exposure of tissue factor (TF) to the blood after vessel injury. TF forms a complex with activated factor VII (FVIIa), which in turn activates factor X (FXa) and ultimately results in fibrin formation. The TF-FVIIa complex and FXa are tightly regulated by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), a trivalent Kunitz-type protease inhibitor. The endothelium, consisting of endothelial cells (ECs), constitutes the inner lining of all blood vessels. As such, it is in constant contact with the blood and plays a major role in haemostasis by synthesising and storing both pro- and anti- coagulant substances, including TF and TFPI. Release of TFPI from ECs is increased after exposure to both unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins, though the mechanisms are not clearly defined. TFPI circulates in plasma, predominantly bound to lipoproteins, though the effect of the three major lipoproteins [low density (LDL), very low density (VLDL) and high density (HDL)] on the release of TFPI from ECs is not well established. Furthermore, previous studies have not systematically investigated the effect of these lipoproteins on both TF and TFPI. The initial aim of this project was to establish assays for the measurement of TF activity and TFPI antigen to supplement the TFPI activity assay that is well established in our laboratory. / These assays were then used to determine the effects of heparin and the major lipoproteins on the expression of TF and the release of TFPI on/from ECs. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used as the EC model because their collection and isolation is well established and they have biochemical and physiological properties representative of in vivo conditions. A TF activity assay, based on a previously published method, was successfully modified and validated for the measurement of cell surface TF (standard curve R2 = 0.997). Despite exhaustive attempts, adaptation of this assay for plasma TF was unsuccessful, raising doubts regarding the plasma fractionation procedure of the originally published assay [Fukuda, C., Iijima, K. and Nakamura, K. (1989). "Measuring tissue factor (factor III) activity in plasma." Clinical Chemistry 35(9): 1897‐1900]. A novel insect cell expression system was used to produce well defined recombinant TFPI standards for use in TFPI activity and antigen assays. For the first time, truncated TFPI variants, containing the first Kunitz domain only, the first and second Kunitz domains only, and the first through third Kunitz domains minus the carboxyl terminus, were successfully produced in insect cells, though the full length molecule was not. Possible reasons for this include codon bias, protein instability and/or the signal peptide used. An ELISA to measure TFPI antigen was designed using a monoclonal anti‐TFPI antibody directed against the N‐terminus for protein capture and a polyclonal anti‐ TFPI antibody for detection. The assay was successfully optimised (standard curve R2 = 0.978, intra‐assay CV = 4.8%), however it produced inaccurate results (normal range = 498.7 ± 156.3 ng/mL), probably due to the antibody combination used. / TF and TFPI activity assays were used to determine the effect of both unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins (UFH and LMWH, respectively) on the release of TFPI and the expression of TF from/on ECs. A significant increase in the secretion of functional TFPI from ECs due to heparin (0 U/ml vs 1 and 10 U/mL) was demonstrated only in the presence of serum (UFH: 9.0 mU/mL vs 18.3 and 18.4 mU/mL, p < 0.0001; LMWH: 8.8 mU/mL vs 13.3 and 21.4 mU/mL, p < 0.05), suggesting, for the first time, that a component of serum is required for the heparin‐dependent release of TFPI. The effect of LDL, VLDL and HDL on the release of TFPI and the expression of TF from/on ECs was also investigated. All three lipoprotein fractions increased the secretion of functional TFPI after one hour incubation (LDL: 12.5 μg/mL, p < 0.01; 25 μg/mL, p < 0.05; VLDL: 50 μg/mL, p < 0.01; HDL: 50 μg/mL, p < 0.05). This is the first data to demonstrate a HDL‐dependent increase in released TFPI. After 24 hours, both LDL and VLDL decreased levels of secreted functional TFPI (LDL: 25 μg/mL, p < 0.01; 50 μg/mL, p < 0.01; VLDL: 12.5 μg/mL, p < 0.01), probably due to the oxidation and subsequent association of both lipoprotein species with TFPI. Surprisingly, both LDL and VLDL decreased cell surface TF, though this effect was not dose dependent. These results suggest that the major lipoproteins have a short term anticoagulant effect which is reversed in the longer term due to lipid oxidation. In summary, this thesis describes the successful adaptation of a chromogenic assay for the measurement of cell surface TF activity and the production of truncated TFPI variants. / Both will be used for the measurement of TF and TFPI, their association with thrombus formation and propagation, and investigations into potential therapeutic applications of TFPI. The results presented in this thesis extend the current knowledge on the expression and release of TF and TFPI on/from ECs by heparin, highlighting the importance of serum in the heparin dependent release of TFPI in vitro. Furthermore, it describes for the first time the effects of the major lipoprotein fractions on TFPI release and TF expression. The data support novel mechanisms by which LDL and VLDL are procoagulant, and HDL anticoagulant. This study provides a foundation for future research of the TF pathway in cellular models, which is critical in increasing the understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of thrombotic disease. vitro. Furthermore, it describes for the first time the effects of the major lipoprotein fractions on TFPI release and TF expression. The data support novel mechanisms by which LDL and VLDL are procoagulant, and HDL anticoagulant. This study provides a foundation for future research of the TF pathway in cellular models, which is critical in increasing the understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of thrombotic disease.

<p>Clinical islet transplantation is an emerging procedure to cure type 1 diabetes. The graft is implanted by infusion into the liver through the portal vein. A major obstacle that still needs to be overcome is the requirement for islets from multiple donors to achieve insulin independence. </p><p>An innate inflammatory reaction, the IBMIR, is elicited when islets are exposed to blood. The IBMIR has been described as a clotting reaction culminating in disruption of islet morphology and is a plausible cause for loss of tissue during the early post-transplant period. </p><p>In this thesis, the underlying mechanisms of the IBMIR were characterized. The IBMIR was for the first time demonstrated in patients undergoing an islet transplant, and a number of clinically applicable strategies to limit this reaction were identified.</p><p>The thrombin inhibitor melagatran completely blocked the IBMIR in an <i>in vitro</i> tubing blood loop system, indicating that thrombin is the driving force in the reaction. Interestingly, islets were shown to produce and secrete tissue factor (TF), the physiological trigger of coagulation. Inactivated FVIIa, a specific inhibitor of TF, successfully blocked initiation of the IBMIR. An alternative approach to limit the IBMIR was to pre-treat islets in culture prior to transplantation. Nicotinamide added to the culture medium effectively decreased the level of TF in human islets. Infiltration of immune cells, also a part of the IBMIR, was characterized in detail. The predominant cell types infiltrating the islets were neutrophilic granulocytes and, to a lesser degree, monocytes. Both cell types may exert direct cytotoxic effects, and the antigen-presenting monocytes may also be important for directing the specific immune system to the site of inflammation. </p><p>These findings have provided new insight into the nature of the IBMIR and offer several new strategies to improve the outcome of clinical islet transplantation.</p>

<p>Prostasomes are extracellularly occurring submicron, membrane-surrounded organelles produced by the epithelial cells of the prostate and present in semen. Their precise physiological role is not known, although some of their properties assign them to important physiological and patho-physiological functions. In this thesis, some new properties of seminal and malignant cell line (DU145, PC-3 and LNCaP) prostasomes have been identified. </p><p>Differences in the expressions and activities of prostasomal CD59, ATPase, protein kinases and tissue factor (TF) have been characterized. The transfer of prostasomal CD59 to CD59-deficient erythrocytes (rabbit and human PNH erythrocytes) has been established. CD59, protein kinases and TF were overexpressed by malignant cell prostasomes. ATPase activity was highest on seminal prostasomes with minimal expression by malignant cell prostasomes resulting in more residual ATP available for phosphorylation reactions. Several proteins were phosphorylated by prostasomal protein kinases, <i>viz.</i> complement component C3, fibrinogen, vitronectin and E-cadherin. Furthermore, TF was identified as the main endogenous phosphorylation substrate on prostasomes. In addition, prothrombotic effects of prostasomes were established. DU145 and PC-3-derived prostasomes exerted a higher clotting effect on whole blood and plasma compared to LNCaP and seminal prostasomes.</p><p>In conclusion, malignant cell prostasomes showed higher ability to interact with the biological system in favor of prostate cancer cell promotion and survival. The roles played by prostasomes in this context may improve the understanding of the mechanisms that help the prostate cancer cells to avoid the complement attack (CD59 transfer and phosphorylation of C3), to promote angiogenesis (TF) and to metastasize. It may also provide a better understanding of some of the complications usually seen in some terminal prostate cancer patients like thrombotic events and tendency to develop disseminated intravascular coagulation.</p>

<p>BACKGROUND: Tissue factor (TF) is a 47 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein known as the main initiator of blood coagulation. CD40 ligand is another membrane molecule, which ligates to cell types associated with atherosclerotic plaques thereby mediating intraplaque inflammation and weakening of the fibrous cap. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a multi-factorial disease in which TF and CD40 ligand have prominent roles. Single nucleotide poly-morphisms (SNPs) in the TF and CD40 ligand genes may influence the development, pro-gression and outcome in ACS. AIM: The aim of this thesis was to investigate the genetic and molecular control of TF expression in healthy individuals and in patients with ACS. More-over, the aim was to investigate whether SNPs in the TF and CD40L genes respectively were associated with risk and outcome in ACS and / or with plasma concentrations of these pro-teins. RESULTS: A real-time PCR method that allowed sensitive and dynamic quantification of TF mRNA was established and used for the identification of a high and low response phe-nomenon of TF mRNA. The TF high and low response correlated with the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) thus linking TF to innate immunity in a novel fashion. Investigation of several SNPs in the TF and CD40L genes led to the identification of the 5466 A>G in the TF gene and the -3459 A>G SNP in the CD40L gene. The 5466 G allele was associated with cardiovascular death in patients with ACS and increased TF procoagulant activity in human monocytes, which explained the clinical association. The -3459 G allele regulated the produc-tion of soluble CD40L but was not related with patient outcome. Soluble CD40L levels above median were associated with the risk of MI in patients with ACS. A prolonged treatment with dalteparin was more efficient in patients presenting with high levels of sCD40L, which further supports sCD40L as a marker of a prothrombotic state. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this thesis adds to our current knowledge of factors influencing TF expression and activity by demonstrating the effects of TF gene variants, cell signalling molecules, CD40 ligand protein and gene variation. All of these effects have the potential to modify the risk of development, progression and outcome in the acute coronary syndrome and exemplify the interplay between coagulation and inflammation, in which both TF and CD40 ligand are active.</p>

<p>Intraportal transplantation of isolated islets of Langerhans is a procedure approaching clinical acceptance as a treatment for patients with type I diabetes mellitus. One major problem with this treatment is that large amounts of cells are lost at the time of infusion into the portal vein, resulting in a low level of engraftment of the islets. One likely explanation for this loss is the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR), a thrombotic/inflammatory reaction occurring when islets come in contact with blood. The IBMIR is characterized by coagulation and complement activation, leading to platelet consumption, leukocyte infiltration of the islets, and disruption of islet integrity.</p><p>In this thesis, the IBMIR is shown to be triggered by tissue factor (TF), the main initiator of blood coagulation<i> in vivo</i>. TF is expressed in two forms by the endocrine cells of the pancreas, a full-length membrane-bound and an alternatively spliced soluble form. Blocking TF <i>in vitro</i> efficiently reduces the macroscopic clotting, expression of coagulation activation markers, and leukocyte infiltration. This blockade can be achieved by adding either an active site-specific anti-TF antibody or site-inactivated FVIIa that competes with active FVIIa in the blood. TF may be secreted from the islets, since it is colocalized with insulin and glucagon in their granules. The IBMIR has also been demonstrated <i>in vivo</i> in patients transplanted with isolated islets.</p><p>There are two ways to block the IBMIR in transplantation: systemic treatment of the patients, or islet pretreatment before transplantation to reduce their thrombogenicity. In this thesis, low molecular weight dextran sulfate (LMW-DS) is shown to reduce activation of the complement and coagulation systems and decrease the cell infiltration into the islets <i>in vitro</i> and<i> in vivo</i>, in both a xenogenic and an allogenic setting. Based on these results, LMW-DS is now in clinical trials. </p>